Cell maturation antigen. Medical search. Frequent questions

B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA or BCM), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17 (TNFRSF17), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF17 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Serum B-cell maturation antigen (sBCMA) is the cleaved form of BCMA, found at low levels in the serum of normal patients and generally elevated in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. (wikipedia.org)
A Phase 1b/2 study of JNJ-4528, a CAR-T cell therapy directed against BCMA in myeloma patients refractory to a proteasome inhibitor or immunomodulatory drug, and who had received an anti-CD38 antibody has been completed. (wikipedia.org)
ALLO-715 is a CAR-T therapy by Allogene Therapeutics that targets B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA). (wikipedia.org)
BCMA, B cell maturation antigen, is a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. (nexelis.com)
BCMA expression has been found in immune organs and mature B cell lines. (nexelis.com)
Although some expression has been observed at the cell surface, BCMA appears to be localized to the Golgi compartment. (nexelis.com)
The binding of BCMA to APRIL or BAFF has been shown to stimulate IgM production in peripheral blood B cells and increase the survival of cultured B cells, this is suggested that BCMA may play an important role in B cell development, function and regulation. (nexelis.com)
The BCMA assay is a solid-phase ELISA that may be used to measure BCMA in cell cuture supernates, serum, plasma, and urine. (nexelis.com)
Immortalization of plasma cells leads to plasma cell malignancy diseases such as multiple myeloma (MM). B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a protein that is preferentially expressed by malignant and normal B cells and plasma cells, butnot on other cells in the body. (nih.gov)
This limited expression profile suggests that BCMA is a promising target for anticancer therapeutics for cancers in which there is excess production of plasma cells and B cells. (nih.gov)
Therapies with novel mechanisms of action are needed for multiple myeloma (MM). B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is expressed in most cases of MM. We conducted the first-inhumans clinical trial of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting BCMA. (johnshopkins.edu)
T cells expressing the CAR used in this work (CAR-BCMA) specifically recognized BCMAexpressing cells. (johnshopkins.edu)
Our findings demonstrate antimyeloma activity of CAR-BCMA T cells. (johnshopkins.edu)
A few selected segments from a 6-minute animation created for a first-in-class B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed personalized immunotherapy called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. (hybridmedicalanimation.com)
In this CAR T therapy, the T cells are engineered to target a protein called BCMA, which is found in abundance on multiple myeloma cells, but is absent from nearly all normal cells. (hybridmedicalanimation.com)
ide-cel) as the first B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma after four or more prior lines of therapy, including an immunomodulatory agent, a proteasome inhibitor, and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody. (drugs.com)
1 As an anti-BCMA CAR T cell therapy, Abecma recognizes and binds to BCMA, a protein that is nearly universally expressed on cancer cells in multiple myeloma, leading to the death of BCMA-expressing cells. (drugs.com)
Bristol Myers Squibb is now the only company with two approved CAR T cell therapies with distinct targets of CD19 and BCMA. (drugs.com)
Now, with the approval of ide-celas the first anti-BCMA CAR T cell therapy, we are excited to finally be able to offer patients a new, effective personalized treatment option that is delivered through a single infusion. (drugs.com)
GPRC5D expression on CD138 cells is independent of B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) expression and showed a membranous pattern. (bharatbook.com)
A reservoir of multiple myeloma cells lacking sufficient BCMA surface expression (antigen escape) may be implicated in relapse. (bharatbook.com)
Its FT576, is an iPSC-derived, B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted CAR NK cell product candidate for the treatment of multiple myeloma. (stockhouse.com)
Chanan-Khan noted that there are at least four ongoing trials with CAR T targeting either the B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) alone or in combination with an anti-CD19 CAR T, immune checkpoint inhibitors, or with bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone. (medscape.com)

TNFRSF17 is a cell surface receptor of the TNF receptor superfamily which recognizes B-cell activating factor (BAFF). (wikipedia.org)
This receptor is preferentially expressed in mature B lymphocytes, and may be important for B cell development and autoimmune response. (wikipedia.org)
This receptor also binds to various TRAF family members, and thus may transduce signals for cell survival and proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies are on the verge of becoming powerful immunotherapeutic tools for combating hematological diseases confronted with pressing medical needs. (nature.com)
Classical " CARs consist of an extracellular binding domain mostly derived from a monoclonal antibody fragment (single-chain variable fragment-scFv), which is linked to intracellular binding domains of the T-cell receptor complex. (nature.com)
By analysing iNKT cells from lymphoid tissues of mice and humans we demonstrate that their T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is highly diverse and is distinct for cells from various tissues resulting in differential lipid-antigen recognition. (elifesciences.org)
T-cells may recognize this complex using their T-cell receptor (TCR). (wikidoc.org)
These professional APCs are very efficient at internalizing antigen, either by phagocytosis or by receptor-mediated endocytosis , and then displaying a fragment of the antigen, bound to a class II MHC molecule, on their membrane. (wikidoc.org)
In addition, Paneth cells provide a niche for leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5)-expressing stem cells in crypts (Sato, et al. (researchsquare.com)
The Company is advancing a pipeline of iPSC-derived, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-targeted natural killer (NK) and T-cell product candidates. (stockhouse.com)
The CD45 isoforms play complex roles in T-cell and B-cell antigen receptor signal transduction. (bdbiosciences.com)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is an example of how immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment of hematologic malignancies with unprecedented response rates in patients with relapsed/refractory lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (ajmc.com)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is designed to enhance the body's immune system to effectively kill malignant cells. (ajmc.com)
Now we have game-changing T-cell-redirecting therapies, such as CAR [chimeric antigen receptor] T-cell therapies and bispecific antibodies," he explained. (onclive.com)
New results show that such patients benefit from treatment with the chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) construct ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel) (Carvykti). (medscape.com)
To elucidate the role of affinity in regulating these processes, a technique for measuring B cell receptor affinity maturation in GCs in situ was developed. (bham.ac.uk)
Specificity of gold-coated AFM cantilevers towards the targeted receptors was achieved via a bespoke modification scheme, using self-assembled amine-terminated alkanethiol to facilitate attachment of the receptor specific antigen NP. (bham.ac.uk)
Further, B cell antigen receptor (BCR) activation induced proteomic changes were studied in anti-IgM stimulated Ramos B cells in a long time series. (lu.se)

One way to achieve this is to genetically modify immune cells, mainly T cells and recently also natural killer (NK) cells, to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). (nature.com)
Initially, all antibodies are of the first form, attached to the surface of a B cell - these are then referred to as B-cell receptors (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Class II major histocompatibility complex mutant mice to study the germline bias of T cell antigen receptors. (nationaljewish.org)
2 The interaction of IVIG with a large number of components of the immune system including Fc receptors, complement molecules, cytokines, B and T lymphocytes, neutrophils and NK cells, may explain at least in part their anti-inflammatory effects. (academie-medecine.fr)
NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Subsequently, the developed AFM technique was applied in interrogation of B cells and hybridomas - expressing receptors of varying affinity towards NP - and two GCs in tissue sections (Chapter 6). (bham.ac.uk)
The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)
The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)
Like other Ly6/uPAR-related proteins, SLURP-1 folds into a particular shape and is thought to attach (bind) to other proteins called receptors to carry out signaling within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are best known for their role in chemical signaling between nerve cells, but they are also found in other tissues. (medlineplus.gov)

Still, many features of these antibodies, including their site of production and the extent of MHC class II driven T-cell help remain unclarified. (acrabstracts.org)
In this study we have assessed the specificity and the immunoglobulin gene characteristics of B cells derived from RA synovial fluid of RA by utilizing a method that allows in vitro production of monoclonal antibodies derived from single human memory B cells. (acrabstracts.org)
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (n=204) were generated from single flow cytometry purified synovial CD19+IgG+ B cells from active RA patients (n=5). (acrabstracts.org)
Frozen tissue sections from active RA synovial inflammation were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for presence of citrullinated antigens using the generated recombinant antibodies. (acrabstracts.org)
Our results demonstrate that approximately 25% of synovial IgG-expressing B-cells are specific for citrullinated autoantigens in ACPA-positive RA patients, while such antibodies were not found in seronegative patients. (acrabstracts.org)
Surprisingly, several antibodies displayed cross reactivity to several citrullinated antigens but with variable binding affinities. (acrabstracts.org)
A role for active antigen selection of the citrulline-reactive synovial B-cells was supported by the strong bias towards amino acid replacement mutations in ACPA+ antibodies and by their loss of reactivity to citrullinated autoantigens when somatic mutations were reverted to the corresponding germline sequences. (acrabstracts.org)
A type of white blood cell called a plasma cell makes antibodies that fight infections in your body. (webmd.com)
In this sequence, monoclonal antibodies are seen targeting CD38, a protein commonly expressed on the surface of cancerous plasma cells. (hybridmedicalanimation.com)
Together with B and T cells , antibodies comprise the most important part of the adaptive immune system . (wikipedia.org)
After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
It generates multi-specific antibodies to kill tumor cells and treat cancers through its ROCK platform technology. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
A Rapid Method to Characterize Mouse IgG Antibodies and Isolate Native Antigen Binding IgG B Cell Hybridomas. (nationaljewish.org)
FcRn expressed in endosomal compartment of intestinal epithelium, vascular endothelium and macrophages regulates the serum IgG levels by binding to the pinocytosed antibodies and recirculating them to cell surface without intracellular degradation. (academie-medecine.fr)
The adaptive immune system, discovered by Paul Ehrlich, involves the production of circulating antibodies that can provide long lasting, systemic immunity that is specific to antigens expressed by a given pathogen. (aacrjournals.org)
The cellular response is mainly a lymphocyte-mediated reaction, whereas the humoral response includes production of antibodies against the antigen by the plasma cells. (medscape.com)
Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)
The antibodies then specifically bind to only those particular antigens. (medscape.com)
Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)

This is when your plasma cells make too many copies of one antibody. (webmd.com)
Sequence from 5-minute MOA that provides insight and details for a monoclonal antibody (mAb) designed to induce programmed tumor cell death (apoptosis) and immunomodulatory activity. (hybridmedicalanimation.com)
In vitro blockade of IL-10 with a neutralizing antibody restores T cell activation by DC. (usda.gov)
This reduction of T cell activity may result in a more potent induction of neutralizing antibody responses, clearing the viral infection. (usda.gov)
The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen . (wikipedia.org)
[2] [3] Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. (wikipedia.org)
Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion). (wikipedia.org)
To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens, the antigen-binding sites at both tips of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. (wikipedia.org)
The class hence determines the function triggered by an antibody after binding to an antigen, in addition to some structural features. (wikipedia.org)
Structurally an antibody is also partitioned into two antigen-binding fragments (Fab), containing one V L , V H , C L , and C H 1 domain each, as well as the crystallisable fragment (Fc), forming the trunk of the Y shape. (wikipedia.org)
B-cells , which express antibody, can very efficiently present the antigen to which their antibody is directed, but are inefficient APC for most other antigens. (wikidoc.org)
Anti-ICRC antibody raised by intradermal inoculation of sonicated ICRC bacilli in rabbits reacted with both human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and antigens of ICRC. (scirp.org)
Anti-ICRC rabbit antibody absorbed with anti human IgG was also tested against soluble antigens of ICRC and human IgG by the agarose gel diffusion method. (scirp.org)
Antibody- and T-cell-based approaches to targeting of B-cell maturation antigen have shown efficacy. (merckmanuals.com)
The 104 antibody has been reported to inhibit some responses of B cells, from mice expressing the CD45.2 alloantigen, to certain antigens and LPS. (bdbiosciences.com)
In fact, this type of antigen was the target of the first monoclonal antibody therapy for a malignancy (B-cell lymphoma) in 1982. (oncolink.org)
We now understand that adaptive immunity is the purview of a second set of leukocytes, T and B lymphocytes, which are responsible not only for antibody production but also for the generation of T cells that can directly identify and kill host cells infected by pathogens (e.g., viruses). (aacrjournals.org)
To facilitate interrogation of individual antibody-antigen interactions, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was chosen, offering nanometre positional resolution, and pico-Newton force sensitivity. (bham.ac.uk)
The project finds that AFM is capable of quantifying specific antibody-antigen interactions, but was unable to measure these in tissue sections. (bham.ac.uk)
Physical 'strength' of the multi-protein chain connecting immune cells: Does the weakest link limit antibody affinity maturation? (bvsalud.org)
The weakest link in the multi-protein chain facilitating antigen acquisition by B cells in germinal centres limits antibody affinity maturation. (bvsalud.org)
Variable region constitutes the antibody binding region of the molecule to the different antigens as it consists of about 110 amino acids that vary widely among the different antibody molecules. (medscape.com)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in the generation of primary T cell responses and the maintenance of immune responses. (usda.gov)
Dendritic cells , which have the broadest range of antigen presentation, and are probably the most important APC. (wikidoc.org)
After dendritic cells or macrophages swallow pathogens, they usually migrate to the lymph nodes , where most T cells are. (wikidoc.org)
The establishment of oral tolerance is dependent on the controlled uptake of food proteins through the intestinal epithelial barrier and its delivery to local dendritic cells (DC) that matured in the intestinal pro-tolerogenic environment. (frontiersin.org)
Vaccination with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells elicits antigen-specific, cytotoxic T-cells in patients with malignant glioma. (nwbio.com)
Immature dendritic cells phagocytose apoptotic cells via alphavbeta5 and CD36, and cross-present antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (nwbio.com)
Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs. (nwbio.com)
Phase I/II study of vaccination with electrofused allogeneic dendritic cells/autologous tumor-derived cells in patients with stage IV renal cell carcinoma. (nwbio.com)
Dendritic cell immunotherapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: University of Tokyo experience. (nwbio.com)
Large-scale immunomagnetic selection of CD14+ monocytes to generate dendritic cells for cancer immunotherapy: a phase I study. (nwbio.com)
Babatz J, Röllig C, Löbel B, Folprecht G, Haack M, Günther H, Köhne CH, Ehninger G, Schmitz M, Bornhäuser M. Induction of cellular immune responses against carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with metastatic tumors after vaccination with altered peptide ligand-loaded dendritic cells. (nwbio.com)
Banchereau J, Ueno H, Dhodapkar M, Connolly J, Finholt JP, Klechevsky E, Blanck JP, Johnston DA, Palucka AK, Fay J. Immune and clinical outcomes in patients with stage IV melanoma vaccinated with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells derived from CD34+ progenitors and activated with type I interferon. (nwbio.com)
Maturation and trafficking of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in monkeys: implications for dendritic cell-based vaccines. (nwbio.com)
Vaccination of prostatectomized prostate cancer patients in biochemical relapse, with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with recombinant human PSA. (nwbio.com)
Bleumer I, Tiemessen DM, Oosterwijk-Wakka JC, Völler MC, De Weijer K, Mulders PF, Oosterwijk E. Preliminary analysis of patients with progressive renal cell carcinoma vaccinated with CA9-peptide-pulsed mature dendritic cells. (nwbio.com)
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a cytokine produced by several cell types including antigen presenting cells (APC) such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. (nih.gov)
CD207 (Langerin) is an antigen described as selectively expressed by Langerhans cells (LC), a subset of immature dendritic cells (DC) formed in epidermis and mucosa. (beckman.com)
These cells, such as dendritic cells, process foreign antigens and then present them to T-cells, causing their intense activation. (oncolink.org)
However, it is likely that only mature dendritic cells perform this function efficiently. (oncolink.org)
In fact, immature dendritic cells can actually cause the suppression of responses to antigen. (oncolink.org)
Interferon- g is a potential vaccine agent that could be used, as it generates mature dendritic cells. (oncolink.org)
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is another chemical that stimulated the maturation of dendritic cells and which could be used to augment the immune response. (oncolink.org)
As noted above, a more vigorous dendritic cell presentation of antigens could trigger the immune response by T-cells. (oncolink.org)
Carbon nanotube s induce immune suppression via direct effects on dendritic cells. (cdc.gov)
SWCNT-induced inflammation facilitated the recruitment of dendritic cells (DC) to the lung tissues, increasing chances of direct DC/SWCNT interactions. (cdc.gov)
Dendritic cells (DC) are responsible for initiating all antigen-specific immune responses. (aacrjournals.org)
Upon completion of this activity, the participant should understand the critical roles of dendritic cells in guiding host immune responses, and the details of how they mature, process, and present antigens. (aacrjournals.org)
Understanding the paradoxical importance of dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance will inform the development of successful cancer immunotherapies. (aacrjournals.org)
It has long been appreciated that the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system must be coordinated, but it was not until the discovery of dendritic cells (DC) by Ralph Steinman at The Rockefeller University in the early 1980s that we truly understood conceptually how the immune system functions as a coherent unit. (aacrjournals.org)
Survivin Dendritic Cell Vaccine Safely Induces Immune Responses and Is Associated with Durable Disease Control after Autologous Transplant in Patients with Myeloma. (cdc.gov)

Starting from the zygotic genome, stage- and cell-type-specific transcription factors initiate regulatory cascades that induce cell differentiation. (nature.com)
Altered epigenomes can lead to changes in programmed cell differentiation or, when accidental, to disease (bottom right). (nature.com)
IL-6 is involved in the acute phase response, B cell maturation, and macrophage differentiation. (nih.gov)
IL-6 activates transcription mediated by nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) leading to production of IL-4 by nai;ve CD4(+) T cells and their differentiation into effector Th2 cells. (nih.gov)
IL-6 inhibits Th1 differentiation by upregulating supressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 expression to interfere with IFNgamma signaling and the development of Th1 cells. (nih.gov)
2008). Lgr5 deficiency leads to premature Paneth cell differentiation in the small intestine without detectable effects on the differentiation of other cell lineages, or on proliferation or migration (Garcia, et al. (researchsquare.com)
This myeloid differentiation antigen is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein expressed on granulocytes and macrophages. (biolegend.com)
In the skin, nAChRs regulate the activity of genes involved in the growth and division (proliferation), maturation (differentiation), and survival of cells. (medlineplus.gov)

In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
IL-27 binds to IL-27ra and gp-130 complex, which is expressed on multiple cell types, including T lymphocytes [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Tissue homeostasis is critically dependent on the function of tissue-resident lymphocytes, including lipid-reactive invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. (elifesciences.org)
Specific Treg then provide active tolerance to the harmless food proteins at all mucosal surfaces, either via cell contact or via their secretion of immunosuppressive factors that both prevent the induction of adaptive T helper (Th) lymphocytes in response to antigenic re-exposure ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Les IgIV intéragissent avec de nombreux composants du système immunitaire comme les récepteurs Fc, le complément, les cytokines, les lymphocytes T et B, les cellules dendritiques, les granulocytes et les cellules NK, ce qui explique en partie leurs effets anti-inflammatoires. (academie-medecine.fr)
One of the research areas at the MDC is immunology and inflammation, which covers tumor immunology, DNA repair in B lymphocytes, the role of tumor stroma-immune cell interaction in cancers, the role of innate immune cells in gliomas and neurodegenerative diseases, and the development of immunotherapy strategies. (mdc-berlin.de)
First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Removal, via CELL DEATH, of immature lymphocytes that interact with antigens during maturation. (bvsalud.org)

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce monoclonal immunoglobulin and invade and destroy adjacent bone tissue. (merckmanuals.com)
In certain lymphomas, the immunoglobulin antigen that the lymphoid cell is supposed to be producing becomes mutated, and hence a potential target for vaccines. (oncolink.org)

Atherosclerosis, which is characterized by chronic inflammation in the arterial wall, is driven by immune cells and cytokines. (hindawi.com)
This suggests that unique tissue-specific factors (including local lipid antigens, cytokines and/or hormones) may shape the population of iNKT cells resident in those tissues, ultimately regulating local immune responses. (elifesciences.org)
Thus, blockade of activating FcγR inhibits binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes. (academie-medecine.fr)
In conditions such as like ITP that is autoantibody-mediated, IVIG Fc fragmentmediated competitive blockade of activating FcγR might inhibit: binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes [1, 12]. (academie-medecine.fr)
Lesions are caused by bone replacement by expanding plasmacytomas or by cytokines that are secreted by malignant plasma cells that activate osteoclasts and suppress osteoblasts, leading to bone loss. (merckmanuals.com)
These cytokines are used in the immune system for cell-to-cell communication. (oncolink.org)
Cytokines, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfers, and especially checkpoint inhibitors constitute valuable elements in the immunotherapeutic armamentarium. (frontiersin.org)

Antigen specificity and affinity were determined by ELISA and Biacore respectively. (acrabstracts.org)
The stronger binding affinity allows the complex to remain kinetically stable long enough to be recognized by T cells. (wikidoc.org)
IDLV-HIV-1 Env vaccination in non-human primates induces affinity maturation of antigen-specific memory B cells. (duke.edu)
Autoreactive T cells specific for insulin B:11-23 recognize a low-affinity peptide register in human subjects with autoimmune diabetes. (nationaljewish.org)

Über Zwischenschritte führt dies zu einer Induktion der Transkriptionsfaktoren „nuclear factor-kappa of B cells" (NF-κB) und „activator protein-1" (AP-1) und einer konsekutiven Expression pro-inflammatorischer Zytokine (Abb. (springermedizin.de)
The "pro-tolerogenic" antigen-loaded DC will migrate to draining mesenteric lymph nodes, where they will present the food protein-derived peptides to naive T cells and favour the induction of a subpopulation of T cells, namely regulatory T cells (Treg). (frontiersin.org)
Their further maturation and expansion will depend on food protein re-exposure. (frontiersin.org)
B-cell depletion targets CD20, a protein expressed on B cells. (ajmc.com)
Detection of T cell responses to a ubiquitous cellular protein in autoimmune disease. (nationaljewish.org)
Diagnosis typically requires demonstration of M-protein (sometimes present in urine and not serum but rarely absent entirely) and/or light-chain proteinuria, and excessive plasma cells in the bone marrow. (merckmanuals.com)
In 15 to 20% of patients, plasma cells secrete only Bence Jones protein. (merckmanuals.com)
The recent FDA approvals of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-targeted checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab mark the latest successes in the rapidly expanding field of cancer immunotherapies. (frontiersin.org)
B cell protein samples labeled with Cy3 and Cy5 and separated in nonlinear pH gradient 3-10. (lu.se)
Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) based proteomics was used to study differential protein abundance in various B cell types during B cell maturation (cell lines are listed in Supplementary Table 1 ). (lu.se)
A total of 2063 protein spots across eight human B cell lines were clustered on the basis of the relative protein abundance ( Supplementary Figure 1 and S2). (lu.se)
Elevated programmed cell death-1 protein/ligand (PD-1/PD-L1) and variants are associated with susceptibility to multiple myeloma: a case-control study in the Chinese cohort. (cdc.gov)
This protein is found in skin cells and other cells that line the surfaces and cavities of the body. (medlineplus.gov)

Our versatile team of scientists, working with state of the art technology platforms, were instrumental in the development, qualification, validation, and large-scale sample testing of assays that supported the FDA filing of almost 350 new molecular entities, including blockbuster vaccines and biologics, anti-viral drugs, immunotherapy, gene and cell therapy products. (nexelis.com)
For this mechanism of action video, our task was to create a science story that would depict several key features: how the mAb finds and binds to myeloma cells and exposes them for elimination, how it boosts cells of the immune system, and how this targeted immunotherapy can kill myeloma cells directly. (hybridmedicalanimation.com)
Abecma will be manufactured for each individual patient using the patient's own T cells at Bristol Myers Squibb's state-of-the-art cellular immunotherapy manufacturing facility in Summit, New Jersey. (drugs.com)
Active immunotherapy against cancer is less effective, mainly because cancer cells have developed strategies to escape the normal immune response. (oncolink.org)
instead of targeting tumor cells, the goal of immunotherapy is to augment and expand the immune system's intrinsic antitumor response. (frontiersin.org)

Thus, we propose a new mechanism of virus immunity in which a non-persistent virus (FMDV) induces immunosuppression by producing IL-10 that reduces T cell function. (usda.gov)
Since iNKT cell activation can prevent or promote immunopathology in diverse disease contexts, the strict control of peripheral iNKT cell homeostasis is vital to regulate local immunity. (elifesciences.org)
Beyond the common features shared by all iNKT cells (including their CD1-restriction and innate-like properties), cells found in discrete tissues have distinct phenotypes and functions that critically modulate the outcome of immunity ( Crosby and Kronenberg, 2018 ). (elifesciences.org)
Rubtsova K, Rubtsov AV, Thurman JM, Mennona JM, Kappler JW and Marrack P. B cells expressing the transcription factor T-bet drive lupus-like immunity. (nationaljewish.org)
Rubtsova, K., Rubtsov, A. V., Cancro, M. P. & Marrack , P . Age-Associated B Cells: A T-bet-Dependent Effector with Roles in Protective and Pathogenic Immunity. (nationaljewish.org)
Immature Myeloid Gr-1+ cells play a role in the development of antitumor immunity. (biolegend.com)
Local inflammatory response in vivo was accompanied by modified systemic immunity as documented by decreased proliferation of splenic T cells. (cdc.gov)
To assess if DC could be responsible for modulation of systemic immunity in SWCNT-treated mice, we evaluated the ability of SWCNT-exposed DC to alter T cell responses in vitro. (cdc.gov)
The cells that have the inherent property of innate and adaptive immunity within the body are present at different sites including the blood, lymphatic system (lymph, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs), epithelium, and connective tissues. (medscape.com)

Epigenetic components (for example, Polycomb PRC1/2 and Trithorax group proteins) maintain the 'off' states of certain genes and the 'on' states of others, in a cell-type- and time-specific manner (the bottom panels show three genes, depicted schematically as chromatinized templates, in which transcription is triggered by specific transcription factors and silent or active states are maintained by PRC1/2 or Trithorax proteins, respectively). (nature.com)
1997). Within 14 days of postnatal development, Paneth cells mature and express cryptdin proteins as a specific marker (Bry, et al. (researchsquare.com)
One insight is the identification of tumor antigens (small proteins recognized as "foreign" by the immune system) that stimulate the T-cells of the immune system. (oncolink.org)
At each maturation stage, expression of proteins affects the commitment to move to the next stage. (lu.se)
Defects in genes and proteins important for B cell maturation block the maturation on certain stage and cause primary immunodeficiencies ( IDbase ). (lu.se)
These may be different molecules within the cells like proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleoproteins and may also be the whole cell, like a tumor cell or organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or agents containing genetic material such as nucleic acids or lipids. (medscape.com)
This review summarizes some immunological factors involved in the development and control of this oral disease, such as: the participation of inflammatory cells in local inflammation, the synthesis of chemotaxis proteins with activation of the complement system and a range of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins, cathelicidin and saposins. (bvsalud.org)

Lately, CAR-NK cell therapies have also come into focus as novel therapeutic options to address hurdles related to CAR-T cell therapies, such as therapy-induced side effects. (nature.com)
In this review, we are going to take a closer look at the commercial CAR-T cell therapies, as well as on CAR-T and CAR-NK cell products, which are currently under evaluation in clinical trials, that are being conducted in Germany. (nature.com)
CAR T cell therapies have shown transformational potential for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, and we, with our partners at bluebird bio, are proud to bring the first CAR T cell therapy to appropriate triple-class exposed patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma, offering the chance for durable response," said Samit Hirawat, M.D., chief medical officer, Bristol Myers Squibb. (drugs.com)
As our second FDA-approved CAR T cell therapy, Abecma underscores our commitment to deliver on the promise of cell therapies for patients who are battling aggressive and advanced blood cancers with limited effective treatment options. (drugs.com)
While effective, broad use of CAR T-cell therapies is limited by potential for life-threatening toxicities, challenges related to manufacturing a patient-specific product, high costs and inadequate reimbursement, and incomplete or unsustained disease response. (ajmc.com)
Managed care professionals should have an understanding of the clinical trial data and place in therapy in lymphoma, myeloma, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia as well as guideline recommendations for adverse effect management associated with CAR T-cell therapies. (ajmc.com)
CAR T-cell therapies are limited by the potential to cause life-threatening toxicities, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). (ajmc.com)
How can our knowledge of the immune system be applied to develop innovative therapies, including the identification of novel antigens for immune therapies and gene repair strategies in monogenic immune diseases? (mdc-berlin.de)
After his disease went into remission again, this patient has now received 2 different T-cell-redirection therapies when those remissions ended. (onclive.com)
T-cell-redirection therapies are now giving anywhere from 60% to 100% response rates that are lasting upward of 9 months to we don't even know how long, because they're so durable. (onclive.com)

Patients continue to be enrolled in a Phase 2 trial evaluating nirogacestat in ovarian granulosa cell tumors. (biospace.com)
There is compelling clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the recognition and eradication of tumors. (frontiersin.org)
However, as tumors progress, cancerous cells develop immunosuppressive mechanisms that circumvent NK cell-mediated killing, allowing for tumor escape and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
However, a class of important immune-modulators is conspicuously absent: agents that utilize the power of innate immune cells to eradicate tumors. (frontiersin.org)

Meanwhile IL-27 exerts proinflammatory effects by promoting Th1, CD8, natural killer (NK), T follicular helper (Tfh), and B cell proliferation/functions and by inhibiting Treg and Th2 cell generation in parasites infection [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Consistent with this, iNKT cells from different organs show distinct basal activation, proliferation and clonal expansion. (elifesciences.org)
Overview of Plasma Cell Disorders Plasma cell disorders are a diverse group of disorders of unknown etiology characterized by Disproportionate proliferation of a single clone of B cells Presence of a structurally and electrophoretically. (merckmanuals.com)
Here we demonstrate that co-culturing of T cells with SWCNT- exposed DC suppressed the T cell proliferation response upon re-stimulation with freshly generated, unexposed DC. (cdc.gov)
When LPS-exposed DC were mixed with T cells we observed facilitated T cell proliferation. (cdc.gov)
Indeed, when T cells were mixed with LPS+SWCNT treated DC we observed decreased proliferation. (cdc.gov)

Rather than attempting to determine the exact antigen on the cancer cells themselves, an alternative approach has been to isolate and to study the immunogobulins that our bodies have produced in recognition of these foreign antigens. (oncolink.org)
Importantly, DCs also help guide the immune system to respond to foreign antigens while avoiding the generation of autoimmune responses to self. (aacrjournals.org)

The cells of this cancer have features of plasma cells as well as lymphoid tissue. (webmd.com)

The development of CARs with antigen-recognition domains comprising a fully human heavy chain variable region can mitigate this potential immunogenicity against the CAR T cells, thereby enhancing therapeutic function. (nih.gov)
CAR-expression on T or NK cells allows them to specifically target cancer cells via recognition of tumor associated antigens. (nature.com)
Furthermore, the so-called adapter CARs have been developed by splitting antigen recognition and CAR-immune cell activation. (nature.com)
Despite this prototypical TCR repertoire gene usage, in recent years it has become apparent that there are variations within the iNKT cell repertoire that ultimately impact the antigen recognition capacity and consequently the functional outcomes during an immune response. (elifesciences.org)

It has been reported that IL-27 performs an anti-inflammatory function by acting on conventional CD4 + T cells to induce IL-10-producing cells that are implicated in controlling inflammatory responses [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Co-stimulatory molecules are presenting along with the antigen by APCs to induce an aggressive response by the T-cells. (oncolink.org)

Yet, if and how the tissue environment shapes the antigen specificity of iNKT cells remains unknown. (elifesciences.org)
How is the tissue specificity of immune cells generated and how is it affected by environmental influences, plasticity and the tissue microenvironment? (mdc-berlin.de)

in essence, they lose most of their ability to further swallow pathogens, and they develop an increased ability to communicate with T cells. (wikidoc.org)
The size of the plasma pool ensures the vast diversity of IgG repertoire in IVIG that interacts with a large number of self-antigens, in addition to pathogens and external antigens [2]. (academie-medecine.fr)
The cellular or innate immune system was first described by the pathologist Elie Metchnikoff who recognized the existence of cells in the blood and tissues whose role was to identify, capture, and destroy invading pathogens. (aacrjournals.org)
These cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, were found to provide a rapid response to virtually all pathogens and to initiate inflammation at sites of local infection. (aacrjournals.org)

Normally, potentially malignant cells are continuously eliminated by the immune system, but cancer cells can accumulate certain mutations, which allow them to escape these mechanisms [ 2 ]. (nature.com)
CAR-modified immune cells are expanded until sufficient cell numbers are attained and are adoptively transferred into the patient to fight malignant cells. (nature.com)
GPRC5D is expressed on malignant bone marrow plasma cells, whereas normal tissue expression is limited to skin (hair follicles and eccrine glands) and the testis (seminiferous tubules). (bharatbook.com)
This target was first described in myeloma in 2004 as a mechanism for the growth and survival of malignant plasma cells. (medscape.com)

Fusion cell vaccination of patients with metastatic breast and renal cancer induces immunological and clinical responses. (nwbio.com)

The T cell recognizes and interacts with the antigen-class II MHC molecule complex on the membrane of the antigen-presenting cell. (wikidoc.org)

In the groups (both the initiation and the progression) receiving recombinant IL-27 administration, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques was suspended, and the percentage of regulatory T cells (LAP + or Foxp3 + ) in the spleen and peripheral blood was increased. (hindawi.com)

Besides modification based on a second-generation CAR, more advanced CAR-immune cell therapeutics are being tested, which utilize precise insertion of genes to circumvent graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) or employ a dual targeting approach and adapter CARs in order to avoid therapy resistance caused by antigen loss. (nature.com)
Efforts at using NK cells as antitumor agents began over two decades ago, but recent advances in elucidating NK cell biology have accelerated the development of NK cell-targeting therapeutics. (frontiersin.org)

Viruses can specifically target DCs rendering them ineffective in stimulating T cells, which can ultimately lead to immunosuppression. (usda.gov)
Rubtsova, K, Rubtsov, AV Halemano K, Sam LX, Kappler JW , Sanitago ML and Marrack P . T cell production of IFNg in response to TLR7/IL12 stimulates optimal B cell responses to viruses. (nationaljewish.org)
However, extremely strong immune responses have been generated using a "boost" to the immune system, provided by viruses that encode antigens similar to the target. (oncolink.org)
Different pathways regulate different immune cells to help the body differentiate the bodies own healthy cells from disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancerous cells, and many more. (medscape.com)

The addition of separate adapter molecules (AMs) specific for tumor antigens and CAR-immune cells targeting these AMs allows a more precise and temporally limited therapy. (nature.com)
Although almost every cell in the body is an APC, since it can present antigen to CD8 + T cells via MHC class I molecules, the term is often limited to those specialized cells that can prime T cells (i.e., activate a T cell that has not been exposed to antigen, termed a naive T cell ). (wikidoc.org)
These cells, in general, express MHC class II as well as MHC class I molecules, and can stimulate CD4 + ("helper") cells as well as CD8 + ("cytotoxic") T cells . (wikidoc.org)
To help distinguish between the two types of APCs, those that express MHC class II molecules are often called professional antigen-presenting cells . (wikidoc.org)
Activated DCs are especially potent T H cell activators because, as part of their composition, they express co-stimulatory molecules such as B7 . (wikidoc.org)
The immune system is an inherent self-defense system consisting of cells that helps the body distinguish between self and non-self molecules. (medscape.com)
Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)

Regulatory vs. inflammatory cytokine T-cell responses to mutated insulin peptides in healthy and type 1 diabetic subjects. (nationaljewish.org)

Activation of the complement system triggers the formation of pores in the cellular membrane, leading to cell death. (hybridmedicalanimation.com)
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) suppresses cellular immune response by modulating the function of T cells and antigen-presenting cells. (usda.gov)
The process for administering CAR T-cell therapy is complex, with multiple steps including CAR T-cell manufacturing, lymphodepleting chemotherapy, cellular therapy infusion, and management of short-term and long-term toxicities. (ajmc.com)
2,3 Cellular therapy centers, manufacturers, payers, and policy makers will need to work together to address barriers to care as new CAR T-cell products with improved efficacy and tolerability are approved for use in more diverse malignancies. (ajmc.com)
The defining functional feature of NK cells remains their intrinsic ability to conduct "natural killing" of cellular targets without prior sensitization. (frontiersin.org)
The body's immune system can react adaptively against the antigen via 2 pathways: cellular or humoral. (medscape.com)
Epitopes are a component of the antigen that are recognized by the immune system and determine whether the cellular or the humoral arm of the immune system shall be activated against that particular antigen. (medscape.com)
Participant has previous history of an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or treatment with any gene therapy-based therapeutic for cancer or investigational cellular therapy for cancer or B-cell maturation antigen targeted therapy. (who.int)

Metal-specific CD4+ T-cell responses induced by beryllium exposure in HLA-DP2 transgenic mice. (nationaljewish.org)
1 CAR T-cell therapy pivotal trials demonstrated unprecedented overall response rates (ORRs) and complete responses (CRs) that led to the FDA approval of 5 CAR T-cell products: tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel), axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel), lisocabtagene maraleucel (liso-cel), brexucabtagene autoleucel (brexu-cel), and idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel). (ajmc.com)
NK cells are now accepted to play an important role in both the adaptive and innate immune responses that govern infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunosurveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)

AFM-13 is under development for the treatment of refractory and relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma, CD30+ lymphoma such as transformed mycosis fungoides, peripheral and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma, large B-cell lymphoma, B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma combination with check point inhibitors and Hodgkin lymphoma combination with lenalidomide. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
Its FT819, is an iPSC-derived CAR T-cell therapy candidate, which is in Phase I study for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed / refractory B-cell malignancies, including B-cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (stockhouse.com)

Enzymes within the cell digest the swallowed pathogen into smaller pieces containing epitopes , which are then presented to T cells using MHC. (wikidoc.org)
They are exceptionally efficient at antigen presentation and also adept at generating just the right type of T cells in response to a given pathogen. (aacrjournals.org)

Subsequently, cells are transduced with CAR-encoding genes using (mostly) viral vectors. (nature.com)
These tumor specific antigens are the result of mutations that cancer cells undergo, and in many cases that involve viral carcinogens, viral antigens. (oncolink.org)

Each of these CARs is available for licensing under a variety of conditions, including expression on autologous or allogeneic T cells. (nih.gov)
Most CAR-T cell-based gene therapy products that are under clinical evaluation consist of autologous enriched T cells, whereas CAR-NK cell-based approaches can be generated from allogeneic donors. (nature.com)
An autologous CAR-T or NK cell therapy comprises several steps as shown in Fig. 1 . (nature.com)
High-dose melphalan followed by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation may also be used. (merckmanuals.com)
Participants aged =18 with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (NDMM) who has received induction therapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), without subsequent consolidation or maintenance. (who.int)

However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) imposes different mechanisms that facilitate the impairment of DC functions, such as inefficient antigen presentation or polarization into immunosuppressive DCs. (mdpi.com)

This approach is based on the view that immune stimulation is primarily mediated by APCs rather than the tumor cells themselves. (oncolink.org)

They occur in two forms: one that is attached to a B cell , and the other, a soluble form, that is unattached and found in extracellular fluids such as blood plasma . (wikipedia.org)
The sonicated antigen was stored at 4˚C and was used as soluble antigen of ICRC. (scirp.org)

The activation of Notch signaling targets Hes-1 and Math-1 differentiates the early progenitor cells into absorptive cells and secretory cell lineages, respectively, in IECs (Fre, et al. (researchsquare.com)
This may also provide oncologists with targets for vaccines against cancer cells. (oncolink.org)

Infiltrating monocytes take up the modified low-density lipoproteins and become foam cells, which make plaques unstable, resulting in acute myocardial infarction [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)

We can speculate that SWCNT exposure may intervene with antigen capture/processing and/or presentation, thereby leading to compromised DC/T cell interactions. (cdc.gov)

An important class of innate immune cells that play a critical role in mediating the antitumor immune response is the natural killer (NK) cell. (frontiersin.org)

Binding of a tumor antigen via the scFv activates the T cell in a major histocompatibility-independent manner which leads to a cytotoxic response [ 3 ]. (nature.com)

Before treatment, the first patient on the fourth dose level had chemotherapyresistant MM, making up 90% of bone marrow cells. (johnshopkins.edu)
After treatment, bone marrow plasma cells became undetectable by flow cytometry, and the patient'sMMentered a stringent complete remission that lasted for 17 weeks before relapse. (johnshopkins.edu)
The second patient on the fourth dose level had chemotherapy-resistantMMmaking up80%of bone marrow cells before treatment. (johnshopkins.edu)
As multiple myeloma gets worse, the plasma cells spill out of your bone marrow and spread. (webmd.com)
This causes unusual plasma cells in your bone marrow, but there are fewer of them than with multiple myeloma. (webmd.com)
C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow cells were stained with anti-mouse CD11b PE and anti-mouse Ly-6G/Ly-6C (Gr-1) (clone RB6-8C5) Spark Violet™ 423 (left) or CD11b PE only (right). (biolegend.com)
Gr-1 is also transiently expressed on bone marrow cells in the monocyte lineage. (biolegend.com)

The resulting dysregulated intestinal homeostasis in the infant may significantly impede the induction of oral tolerance, a crucial process of immune unresponsiveness to food antigens. (frontiersin.org)

This continuously evolving system sometimes reacts against the bodies own cells, identifying it as foreign, which leads to healthy tissue destruction and causes autoimmune diseases and cancers. (medscape.com)

AFM-13 is under clinical development by Affimed and currently in Phase II for Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas (PTCL). (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
According to GlobalData, Phase II drugs for Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas (PTCL) have a 29% phase transition success rate (PTSR) indication benchmark for progressing into Phase III. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)

The pluripotency of the initial cell and the establishment of cell types depend to a large extent on the coordinated deployment of hundreds of transcription factors that bind to specific DNA sequences to activate or repress the transcription of cell lineage genes 1 . (nature.com)
The maintenance phase often involves a plethora of non-DNA sequence specific chromatin cofactors that set up and maintain chromatin states through cell division and for extended periods of time-sometimes in the absence of the initial transcription factors 3 . (nature.com)
Several lines of evidence indicate that Langerin is a marker specific for the acquisition of the Langerhans cell phenotype. (beckman.com)
The CD45 isoforms detected in the mouse are cell type-, maturation-, and activation state-specific. (bdbiosciences.com)
In addition, challenges related to manufacturing a patient-specific product, need for inpatient administration in a tertiary care setting, high costs and inadequate reimbursement have limited access to CAR T-cell therapy. (ajmc.com)

Stress on these hypertrophic adipocytes results in lipid spillover (fatty acid release) into the circulation, as well as proinflammatory cytokine release and immune cell recruitment. (hybridmedicalanimation.com)

Moreover, FMDV infects monocyte-DC progenitor cells, impairing their development. (usda.gov)
ISCs give rise to transient amplifying cells that become progenitor cells positioned at the bottom two-thirds of the crypts (Barker and Clevers, 2007). (researchsquare.com)

Anatomy2

Chemicals and Drugs11

Phenomena and Processes1

BCMA24

Receptor18

Receptors13

Antibodies19

Antibody22

Dendritic31

Differentiation8

Lymphocytes8

Immunoglobulin2

Cytokines7

Affinity4

Protein13

Immunotherapy5

Immunity9

Proteins7

Therapies10

Tumors4

Proliferation6

Foreign antigens2

Lymphoid1

Recognition4

Induce2

Specificity2

Pathogens4

Malignant4

Induces1

Recognizes1

Recombinant1

Therapeutics2

Viruses4

Molecules7

Inflammatory1

Cellular8

Responses3

Lymphoma2

Pathogen2

Viral2

Autologous5

Inefficient1

Tumor cells1

Soluble2

Targets2

Acute1

Interactions1

Innate1

Activates1

Bone marrow7

Induction1

Autoimmune1

Lymphomas2

Specific5

Cytokine1

Progenitor cells2