Cell lysis complement pathway alternative. Medical search. Frequent questions

The cleaved products attract phagocytes to the site of infection and tags target cells for elimination by phagocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
The complement system helps with three important immune processes: inflammation, phagocytosis, and the creation of membrane attack complexes or MACs. (osmosis.org)
Complement C3b is the major opsonin of the complement system which facilitates the phagocytosis process by coating antigens (each of the phagocytes expresses a complement receptor such as CR1, CR3, or CR4 that binds C3b, C4b, or C3bi) [ 28 , 29 ]. (hindawi.com)
Bacteria then disappear from the blood because of antibody mediated phagocytosis, lysis, and agglutination, and then the fever falls. (nanomedicine.com)
ACNVs could be internalized into tumor cells mainly via phagocytosis, but they were quickly cleared once entering the blood. (dovepress.com)
We collected 40 individual CAD patient samples and showed that TNT003 prevented cold agglutinin-mediated deposition of complement opsonins that promote phagocytosis of RBCs. (ashpublications.org)

The classical complement pathway is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes with the antibody isotypes IgG and IgM. (wikipedia.org)
The classical complement pathway can be initiated by the binding of antigen-antibody complexes to the C1q protein. (wikipedia.org)
8 , 11 - 14 Numerous stimuli can drive the activation of the complement system, including apoptotic debris, pathogens, and antibody-antigen complexes, in addition to ischemia-reperfusion injuries associated with organ transplantation. (jrheum.org)
In order to generate an antibody response, an antigen must bind to the complement receptor (CR2) on B cells and the complement protein C3d. (medscape.com)
The classic pathway is activated by the interaction of C1 with an antigen-antibody complex. (medscape.com)
Small amounts of C3b are constantly being formed in the circulation, which are inactivated by factors H and I. The binding of C3b to a foreign antigen decreases its affinity for factor H and allows for the formation of increasing amounts of the alternate pathway convertase. (medscape.com)
However in the alternative pathway the complement cascade does not require that an antibody binds to the antigen. (vetsci.co.uk)
Upon immunization with an antigen, more of these receptors are formed, and they are then shed from the cells to circulate in the blood. (wikidoc.org)
Ehrlich believed that each antigen-specific amboceptor had its own specific complement, while Bordet believed that there is only one type of complement. (wikidoc.org)
and membrane attack complexes are structures which dig into antigen surfaces and lyse them, or rupture and kill them. (osmosis.org)
Activation of the complement system in response to an infection or foreign antigen is achieved via three complement pathways, the classical pathway, which is activated by antigen-antibody complexes, the lectin pathway, which is activated by the interaction of microbial carbohydrates with mannose-binding proteins in the plasma and tissue fluids, and the alternative complement pathway, which is activated by C3b binding to microbial surfaces and to antibody molecules. (hindawi.com)
The complement system is activated via 3 different mechanisms: (1) the classical pathway, which is activated by antibody-antigen complexes, (2) the alternative pathway, which is activated by microbial cell surfaces in the absence of antibodies, and (3) the lectin pathway, which is activated by mannose residues on microbes. (medscape.com)
Positive cell lines were transferred to 12-well plates, retested by the ELISA for activity, and cloned by limiting dilution at least twice, until the cell lines were stable (as exhibited by 90% of the wells showing positive supernatants in the ELISA with whole T. foetus as the antigen). (docksci.com)
However, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which have produced unprecedented clinical benefits in a variety of different cancers, produce promising results in only some highly selected patients with PDAC. (biomedcentral.com)
After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
During classical complement is activation by antigen-antibody complex, CH 50 will be high while complement component deficiencies result in low CH 50. (acquaintpublications.com)
Soluble adult worm antigen preparation (SWAP) triggers release of cytokine IL-10 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both healthy and infected individuals [ 505 ], and the IL-10 then suppresses lymphoproliferative responses to SWAP by 90-100% [ 504 ]. (nanomedicine.com)

The classical pathway is distinct from the other complement pathways in its unique activation triggers and cascade sequence. (wikipedia.org)
Activation of the complement pathway through the classical, lectin or alternative complement pathway is followed by a cascade of reactions eventually leading to the membrane attack complex. (wikipedia.org)
The complement protein C3b, along with its cleavage product C3bi, is a potent agent of opsonization in the complement cascade. (medscape.com)
The complement system has recently emerged as a key player in triggering and maintaining the inflammatory state, but the role of this molecular cascade in severe COVID-19 is still poorly characterized. (bvsalud.org)
This invention relates to activation of the complement cascade in the body. (justia.com)
The complement system or complement cascade as it is also known is a complex system of multiple proteins involved in inflammation and immunological response. (vetsci.co.uk)
The complement system is known as a cascade because of the triggering and amplification of further components of the system. (vetsci.co.uk)
The whole complement cascade can be triggered in its entirety in a matter of microseconds. (vetsci.co.uk)
During the activation process the smaller 'a' subcomponent peptides which are formed, mediate many of the other effects caused by the complement cascade, for example acting as chemoattractants. (vetsci.co.uk)
There are three types of complement cascade, the classical and alternative pathways and the Mannan-binding lectin pathway. (vetsci.co.uk)
Activation of the complement cascade, with the formation of the effector MAC unit, results in cytotoxic and cytolytic reactions. (dadamo.com)
The main functions of the complement cascade and its role in the acute inflammatory reaction are summarized in Table 1. (dadamo.com)
The end result of this activation cascade is massive amplification of the response and activation of the cell-killing membrane attack complex . (wikidoc.org)
In all three pathways, a C3-convertase cleaves and activates component C3 , creating C3a and C3b and causing a cascade of further cleavage and activation events. (wikidoc.org)
The plasma glycoprotein factor I (C3b/C4b inactivator) is a serine protease that acts as a regulator of the complement C3 cascade. (hindawi.com)
They inhibit complement activation via different mechanisms in the complement activation cascade. (ectrx.org)
Upon proteolytic activation, an enzymatic cascade is propagated, resulting in recruitment of inflammatory cells, amplification of their phagocytic capacity, and formation of membrane attack complexes that promote lysis of microbes. (medscape.com)
It is composed of several proteins activated in a cascade that culminates with formation of the membrane attack complex and pathogen lysis. (fiocruz.br)
The differentially expressed genes included those functioning in some important immune reaction and iron metabolism pathways, such as pattern recognition receptors, regulators of the JNK pathway, components of the phagosome pathway, regulators of the melanization response, activators of complement reactions, insulin signaling cascade members, oxidative stress and detoxification proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Cold agglutinin-driven classical pathway activity terminates prior to the initiation of the terminal cascade in CAD patient blood. (ashpublications.org)
Complement activation results in an enzymatic cascade leading to the production of opsonins and anaphylatoxins responsible for clearing pathogens and initiating inflammation. (ashpublications.org)

4 , 13 Complement plays a crucial role in host defense against foreign bodies by promoting phagocyte-mediated clearance of cell debris through activation of an inflammatory response, opsonization of pathogens, and lysis of susceptible bacteria and cells. (jrheum.org)
The complement system (CS) is part of the human immune system, consisting of more than 30 proteins that play a vital role in the protection against various pathogens and diseases, including viral diseases. (bvsalud.org)
The complement system is the first line of immunological defense against foreign pathogens. (justia.com)
The complement system helps clear pathogens from an organism. (dadamo.com)
C3b binds to the surface of pathogens leading to greater internalization by phagocytic cells by opsonization . (wikidoc.org)
Kupffer cells and other macrophage cell types help clear complement-coated pathogens. (wikidoc.org)
Activation of the different pathways is mediated by pathway-specific proteins that recognize molecular patterns on pathogens. (ashpublications.org)

describes the use of a phage-displayed combinatorial random peptide library to identify a 27-residue peptide that binds to C3 and inhibits complement activation. (justia.com)
C3b binds to other complement proteins on the cell membrane to finally form the membrane attach complex (MAC), which ultimately leads to opening pores in the cell membrane and promoting cell lysis. (medscape.com)
The viral nucleocapsid protein binds to a mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2), a key protease of the MBL pathway leading to overactivation of the complement system and worsening of lung injury. (acquaintpublications.com)

The bound C3b activates the next complement component C5, which again splits up into the subcomponents C5a and C5b upon activation. (vetsci.co.uk)
The term "nocturnal" refers to the belief that hemolysis is triggered by acidosis during sleep and activates complement to hemolyze an unprotected and abnormal RBC membrane. (medscape.com)
Oncogenic Ras induces the constitutive activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which, in turn, activates other effector pathways, in particular, PI3K-mTOR signaling [ 17 ]. (aging-us.com)
This provokes endotheliopathy, which activates two independent molecular pathways: inflammatory and microthrombotic. (biomedcentral.com)

To date, there are no inhibitors of complement activation used in the clinic, though certain candidates for clinical use exist, specifically, a recombinant form of complement receptor 1 known as soluble complement receptor 1 (sCR1) and a humanized monoclonal anti-C5 antibody (5G1.1-scFv). (justia.com)
One antibody, TF1.15, also killed in the absence of complement. (docksci.com)
Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion). (wikipedia.org)
The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
This is a case of saddle pulmonary embolism in a healthy 20 years old COVID-19 patient who had significant elevation of 50 % complement hemolytic Assay with negative COVID-19 testing by PCR and positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody. (acquaintpublications.com)
Based on an article by Maurizio Costabile, the classical complement activation is measured by the 50 % complement hemolytic assay ( CH 50) which tests the functional capacity of serum complement components of the classical pathway to lyse sheep red blood cells pre- coated with rabbit anti-sheep red blood cell antibody [3] . (acquaintpublications.com)
Some authors propose a role for an antibody-mediated pathogenesis supported by: (1) reports that up to 30% of patients have antibodies against myelin proteins, (2) reports that there is deposition of immunoglobulin and complement in sural nerve biopsies, and (3) therapeutic response to intravenous immunoglobulins and plasma exchange. (medlink.com)
Allthough lysozyme is highly active against many gram-positive bacteria it is ineffective against gram-negative bacteria unless potentiated by certain cofactors (lactoferrin, antibody-complement or hydrogen peroxide-ascorbic acid). (hycultbiotech.com)
Six MG patients were monitored for subjective enhancements in MG symptoms and quality of life as well as red blood cell-acetylcholinesterase activity and acetylcholine receptor antibody binding reduction before and four weeks after the initiation of the treatment protocol. (dysona.org)
If the type or pattern of infections suggests complement deficiency, the serum dilution required to lyse 50% of antibody-coated red blood cells is measured. (ferienwohnung-uelsen.de)

Indeed, we envision a new scenario of therapeutic complement inhibition, where proximal inhibitors (either anti-C3, anti-FD or anti-FB) may prove effective for the treatment of PNH, either in monotherapy or in combination with anti-C5 agents, eventually leading to drastic improvement of hematological response. (frontiersin.org)
Dendritic cells-based therapeutic approach may be a potential strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. (medsci.org)
Therapeutic intervention aims to reverse tumor-induced NK cell suppression and sustain NK cells' tumorlytic capacities. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, exploration of the interactions between the stroma and immune cells may offer new therapeutic opportunities for PDAC. (biomedcentral.com)
Further mechanistic analysis revealed that the therapeutic effects of HPS on DKD mice may be mediated by inhibiting the high mobility group box 1/receptor for advanced glycation end‑products/toll‑like receptor 4 pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
Activation of the classical complement pathway by therapeutic anti-thymocyte globulin preparations rapidly enhances monocyte tissue factor procoagulant activity, according to the article. (acquaintpublications.com)
This has led to the need for new immunotherapy-based approaches, including adoptive cell transfer (ACT), therapeutic vaccines, and novel immune checkpoint inhibitors. (biomedcentral.com)
This has resulted in the development of additional immunotherapy-based approaches, including adoptive cell transfer (ACT), therapeutic vaccines, and inhibitors of other immune checkpoints. (biomedcentral.com)
1-3 In such indications, therapeutic intervention by preventing complement activation may have clinical utility. (ashpublications.org)
Additionally, the red blood cell-acetylcholinesterase activity was regulated in all patients within the pre-set therapeutic target of 25-35 U/g Hb. (dysona.org)

The plasma protein inhibitors are factor H and C4-binding protein, and the regulatory membrane proteins located on cell surfaces are complement receptors 1 (CR1), decay-accelerating factor (DAF), and membrane cofactor protein (MCP). (justia.com)
Different fragments, released from individual components during complement activation, operate by a non-cytolytic mechanism through specific receptors present on various cell types. (dadamo.com)
The direction and intensity of the biological response depend on the state of the receptors (affinity and density) and on the function of cells bearing receptors. (dadamo.com)
From the functional standpoint, complement receptors can be divided into two types: the adherent type and the other receptors. (dadamo.com)
Adherent receptors mediate adherence of cells and other particles with bound C3b or C4b fragments and are known as CR1 to CR5. (dadamo.com)
These receptors, present on the other cells of the immune system, are involved in a variety of immunoregulatory reactions. (dadamo.com)
The second group of receptors reacts with small complement fragments (C4a, C3a, C5a) as well as with C1q, Ba, Bb and factor H. Stimulation of these receptors results in various biological effects (chemotaxis, secretion of vasoactive amines, mediators of the inflammatory and anaphylactic reaction etc. (dadamo.com)
Over 20 proteins and protein fragments make up the complement system, including serum proteins, serosal proteins, and cell membrane receptors. (wikidoc.org)
According to this theory, the immune system consists of cells which have specific receptors on their surface to recognize antigens. (wikidoc.org)
NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Initially, all antibodies are of the first form, attached to the surface of a B cell - these are then referred to as B-cell receptors (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
Receptors are formed by genetic recombination C.) Receptors are inserted into the cell membrane Which of the following make the third line of defense different than the first and second lines of defense? (workflowdigital.com)

The role of complement dysregulation on vascular endothelial cells has been well established in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and target organ injury. (jrheum.org)
Three major types of hCRPs are DAF , MCP , and CD59 , which are expressed mainly by endothelial cells in mammals. (ectrx.org)
However, PDAC is characterized by an abundant tumor stroma that includes a heterogeneous mixture of immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, neurons and some molecular events. (biomedcentral.com)
In the host, MAC also may induce channel formation to innocent bystander endothelial cells (ECs) and ECs cannot be protected. (biomedcentral.com)

Obesity in turn results in an abnormally high level of complement activation via production of the C1 component of the classical pathway, which can lead to tissue inflammation and eventually insulin resistance, however the exact mechanisms that causes this is yet unknown. (wikipedia.org)
RESULTS: We found differential expression of genes involved in the complement system, yet with various expression patterns: whereas patients displaying moderate disease had elevated expression of classical pathway genes, severe disease was associated with increased lectin and alternative pathway activation, which correlated with inflammation and coagulopathy markers. (bvsalud.org)
The complement system is a potent mechanism for initiating and amplifying inflammation. (dadamo.com)
Increased CH 50 , C3, and C4 values may occur in the context of systemic inflammation as complement proteins are synthesized as part of the acute-phase response in connective-tissue diseases including, but not limited to, SLE and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), severe bacterial and viral infections, and other diseases such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, and myocardial infarction. (medscape.com)
The inflammation, thrombin activation, and erythrocyte lysis caused by primary injury could promote the formation of brain edema, which is associated with poor outcome, and could cause more severe and durable injury [ 3 ]. (karger.com)
Likewise, dexamethasone can reduce cerebral cell apoptosis and inhibit inflammation [ 10 ,] and deferoxamine (DFX) provides new therapy target [ 11 ]. (karger.com)
Activated inflammatory pathway promotes the release of inflammatory cytokines and triggers inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)

Because of its role in the innate immune system classical complement has been implicated in a number of pathogen related disorders. (wikipedia.org)
this is a ring which is formed by the components C5b, C6, 7, 8 and 9 on the surface of the cell of the pathogen. (vetsci.co.uk)
The classical pathway is triggered by activation of the C1-complex (which consists of one molecule C1q and two molecules C1r and C1s), either by C1q's binding to antibodies from classes M and G, complexed with antigens , or by its binding C1q to the surface of the pathogen. (wikidoc.org)
MAC causes channel formation to the cell membrane of pathogen, leading to death of microorganisms. (biomedcentral.com)

The complement system can be activated by the classical, lectin and alternative pathways. (fiocruz.br)

A further complicating factor is the cross-talk between complement, neutrophils, and coagulation pathways in the pathophysiology of TMA. (jrheum.org)
These peptides induce damage through their effects on neutrophils and mast cells. (justia.com)

Target cells for MAC action may be heterologous erythrocytes, nucleated cells (autologous or foreign), bacteria (Gram-negative, susceptible to serum), microscopic fungi, viruses with a surface envelope and virus-infected cells. (dadamo.com)
So all three pathways start out a bit differently, but end the same way - with a membrane attack complex which is a protein complex that creates a hole in a bacterial cell membrane - effectively destroying mainly gram negative bacteria. (osmosis.org)
We found that subpopulations of biofilm bacteria undergo cell death and lysis as a feature of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm life cycle. (southampton.ac.uk)
Lysozyme is able to kill bacteria by enzymatic lysis of bacterial cell walls and by a nonenzymatic mechanism. (hycultbiotech.com)
Gram-negative bacteria not only have different factors of virulence and generate products and sub-products that are toxic to apical and periapical tissues, but also contain endotoxin in the outer membrane of their cell wall. (bvsalud.org)

The classical complement pathway typically requires antibodies for activation (specific immune response), while the alternative and mannose-binding lectin pathways can be activated by C3 hydrolysis or antigens without the presence of antibodies (non-specific immune response). (wikidoc.org)
The article mentions, "Complement activation may occur early during SARS-CoV-2 infection by the direct interaction of viral proteins with mannose- binding lectin and ficolin pathway. (acquaintpublications.com)

10 This review aims to provide an assessment of the nature and extent of complement involvement in the underlying pathophysiology of TMA associated with autoimmune diseases that will help to stratify patients for targeted therapy. (jrheum.org)
The 3 major sequelae of complement deficiencies, based on the pathophysiology of each defect, are (1) defects that result in inadequate opsonization, (2) defects in cell lysis, and (3) the association of complement deficiencies with immune complex diseases. (medscape.com)
Our data uncover novel details about the differential contribution of B2 vs four integrins within the composite phenotype of chronic asthma development and contribute towards the understanding of mechanisms by which different cell subsets and molecular pathways participate in the pathophysiology and histopathology of chronic asthma. (sodiumchannel-signal.com)

Complement is responsible for immune inflammatory response in adipose tissues which has been implicated in the development of obesity. (wikipedia.org)
C5a is an important chemotactic protein , helping recruit inflammatory cells. (wikidoc.org)
Following activation, C3, the central protein of the complement system, is cleaved to form C3b, which is bound to the surface of the microbe where the complement is activated, and C3a, which is systemically released and acts as a chemoattractant for inflammatory cells. (medscape.com)
The complement system is an agent pro-inflammatory host defense mechanism that is part of both the night and adaptive immunity. (acquaintpublications.com)
Cytokines mediate a variety of processes in the immune system, for example, ________ encourages inflammatory responses and ________ suppresses the actions of immune cells, The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as. (workflowdigital.com)
Although complement is one of the first lines of defense against infection, hyperactivity of specific pathways has been described in numerous autoimmune and inflammatory disease settings. (ashpublications.org)
This mechanism plays a crucial role in the inhibition of cytokine release through a pathway known as the "cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway" [5]. (dysona.org)
The present study provides in vivo evidence that a GSH mediated pathway underlies asthma-like eosinophilic inflammatory responses to respiratory tract isocyanate exposure. (cdc.gov)

In the small number of patients studied, patients with classic pathway deficiencies (ie, deficiency of C1qrs, C2, or C4) are similar in presentation to patients with primary immunoglobulin deficiencies. (medscape.com)
In the alternative pathway, a deficiency of factor B, factor D, or properdin can result in a decreased amount of C3b. (medscape.com)
thus, PIGA mutations lead to a deficiency of GPI-anchored proteins, such as complement decay-accelerating factor (also known as CD55) and CD59 glycoprotein (CD59), which are both complement inhibitors. (medscape.com)
With complement deficiency , there's a deficiency in one or more of the complement proteins , which are part of the immune system . (osmosis.org)
A complement deficiency is a condition in which the body doesn't have enough of the proteins called complements, which work together to fight infection. (osmosis.org)
People with an inherited or acquired complement deficiency are at risk of severe infections, including meningitis , sepsis , and pneumonia . (osmosis.org)
Immune system abnormalities may be caused partly by complement system factor I deficiency. (hindawi.com)
Factor I deficiency can be conferred by a C3 deficiency, since this also increases susceptibility to pyogenic infections by Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenza, and Streptococcus pneumonia and increases the incidence of immune complex diseases due to impaired complement-mediated function [ 30 ]. (hindawi.com)
If patients have recurrent infections and lymphopenia, lymphocyte phenotyping using flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies to T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells is indicated to check for lymphocyte deficiency. (ferienwohnung-uelsen.de)

While the anaphylatoxin C3a interacts with its C3a receptor (C3aR) to recruit leukocytes, C3b contributes to further downstream complement activation. (wikipedia.org)
Identificamos e caracterizamos um receptor de C2 do complemento expresso no estágio tripomastigota metacíclico : CRIT (Complement C2 receptor inhibitor trispanning) liga ao C2 e inibe a sua clivagem pela enzima MASP2, e consequentemente, inibe a formação da C3 convertase e a lise do parasita. (fiocruz.br)
Activated complement factor 3, specifically, stimulates platelets through C3a receptor signaling and thereby amplifies thrombus formation. (acquaintpublications.com)
Transferred T cells that persist in the blood and form memory have a phenotype consistent with a less differentiated state (CD27/CD28/IL-7 receptor-α) [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

7 - 9 A TMA is called "primary" when a genetic or acquired defect in a complement protein is identified (as in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome [aHUS]) or "secondary" when occurring in the context of another disease process or factor such as infection, autoimmune disease, malignancy, or drugs. (jrheum.org)
We focus on the essential functions of dendritic cell in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. (medsci.org)
NK cells are now accepted to play an important role in both the adaptive and innate immune responses that govern infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunosurveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
A study on 5 COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms by Cynthia Magro and colleagues [5] further supports the important role complement activation plays in COVID-19 infection [6] . (acquaintpublications.com)
Moreover, in a study using virus-infected C3 -/- mice, by Gralinski and colleagues, complement activation was assessed in SARS-CoV infection with C3 activation products in the lung as early as one day after SARS-CoV infection. (acquaintpublications.com)
Laboratory studies show defects in both B- and T-cell populations, with an inability to control infection with Epstein Barr-virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). (ferienwohnung-uelsen.de)

The reference ranges for total complement (total hemolytic complement: CH 50 [CH 100 ]), complement C3, and complement C4 are listed below. (medscape.com)
CH 50 (total hemolytic complement assay) measures the ability of the serum test sample to lyse 50% of sheep RBCs coated with rabbit immunoglobulin, reflecting the functional status of the classical and terminal complement pathways. (medscape.com)
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) encompasses a group of heterogeneous conditions mainly characterized by red blood cell (RBC) lysis due to autoantibodies against surface erythrocyte's antigens. (encyclopedia.pub)
One such disorder is cold agglutinin disease (CAD), an autoimmune hemolytic anemia in which autoantibodies (cold agglutinins) bind to red blood cells (RBCs) at low temperatures. (ashpublications.org)

In addition, the C5 convertase initiates the terminal phase of the complement system, leading to the assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC). (wikipedia.org)
Subsequent interactions between C5b and other terminal components C6, C7, C8, and C9 form the membrane attack complex or the C5b-9 complex which forms pores on the target cell membranes to lysing. (wikipedia.org)
These two latter pathogenic mechanisms are the target of novel strategies of anti-complement treatments, which can be split into terminal and proximal complement inhibitors. (frontiersin.org)
Many novel terminal complement inhibitors are now in clinical development: they all target C5 (as eculizumab), potentially paralleling the efficacy and safety profile of eculizumab. (frontiersin.org)
C3b is an opsonin itself, and C3 convertase facilitates the activation of the terminal pathway and the formation of the membrane attack complex C5b-9. (medscape.com)
aHUS is associated with deregulated complement systems, and is treated with eculizumab, a terminal C5 complement inhibitor [ 1 , 2 ]. (clinmedjournals.org)
Pulmonary findings were consistent with significant deposits of terminal complement C5b-9, C4d, and MBL associated serum protease in the microvasculature consistent with sustained systemic activation of complement pathways [7] . (acquaintpublications.com)

The classical complement pathway is one of three pathways which activate the complement system, which is part of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
Of all the lectin proteins, only MBL has been shown to have the ability to activate the complement system. (medscape.com)
The MBL protein can activate the C4 and C2 components of complement by forming a complex with serine proteases known as MASP1 and MASP2. (medscape.com)
First, we identify for the first time that T. cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes activate the complement lectin pathway. (fiocruz.br)
The production of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG during approximately the second week of the disease may further activate the complement system via the classical pathway whereas IgA can trigger the MBL pathway per Dr. Marcus Bossman's article [4] . (acquaintpublications.com)
activate red blood cells. (workflowdigital.com)

The pathogenesis of pregnancy-associated aHUS associated with defects in complement regulatory systems, which may be unmasked during pregnancy, a compliment-amplifying state [ 5 , 7 ]. (clinmedjournals.org)
To analyze the protective effects against complement-mediated cytolysis of the MCP , DAF , and CD59 human complement regulatory proteins, alone and in combination, on NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. (ectrx.org)
We constructed 3 double- and 3 single-human complement regulatory protein plasmids (pIRES-h MCP -h DAF , pIRES-h MCP -h CD59 , pIRES-h DAF -h CD59 , pIRES-A-h MCP , pIRES-B-h DAF , and pIRES-B-h CD59 ). (ectrx.org)
The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to analyze the protective ability of different human complement regulatory protein plasmids on complement-dependent cytolysis. (ectrx.org)
One is to knock out the α-1,3-galactosyltransferase that expresses a Gal epitope, and the other is to introduce human complement regulatory proteins (hCRPs) into the pig. (ectrx.org)
The infiltration of multiple types of tumor-promoting immune cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs) and other immune cells, mediates immune evasion and tumor progression [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The catabolic processes regulated by mTORC1 control autophagy via a number of effector regulatory pathways [ 18 , 19 ]. (aging-us.com)

Activation of the complement system occurs through the classical (CP), lectin (LP), or alternative (AP) pathways. (jrheum.org)
This process is caused by naturally occurring human antibodies binding to the carbohydrate epitope Galα1,3Gal (Gal) on pig vascular endothelium, with subsequent activation of the complement system. (ectrx.org)

Thus, the aim of this work is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, its mechanism of action, and to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in endotoxin's recognition by the immune system and cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
3,8-9 In fact, there is a great interest in the understanding of its structure and its mechanism of action, particularly of the molecular pathways involved in its recognition and cellular signaling, 10-15 as well as the forms of its inactivation 3,16 . (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, the objective of this study is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, as well as to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in its recognition by the immune system and in cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
Environmental factors that can detect specific IgE antibodies against most low-molecular- affect the initiation of occupational asthma include the intrinsic weight agents has resulted in a search for alternative or characteristics of causative agents as well as the influence of the complementary physiopathologic mechanisms leading to airway level and route of exposure at the workplace. (cdc.gov)

Per Wolfeam Ruf on his publication on 'the blood', complement and coagulation systems play a role in eliminating perivascular and intravascular microorganisms in the process of cold Immuno- thrombosis [2] . (acquaintpublications.com)

IL-23, chitinases, and other indicators of alternative macrophage activation. (cdc.gov)

This is important for targeting the virus in its intracellular phase because the antibodies specific to the synthetic peptides can trigger the classical complement pathway and induce the death of HIV infected cells. (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies depend on complement for many of their biological activities. (vetsci.co.uk)
In the early 20th century, this controversy was resolved when it was understood that complement can act in combination with specific antibodies, or on its own in a non-specific way. (wikidoc.org)
The first two antibodies (TF3.8 and TF3.2) did not react with the surface of T. foetus, as determined by live-cell immunofluorescence, agglutination, and immobilization, whereas two other monoclonal antibodies (TF1.17 and TF1.15) did react with surface epitopes, as determined by these criteria. (docksci.com)
The latter two monoclonal antibodies also mediated complementdependent killing of T. foetus and prevented of adherence of organisms to bovine vaginal epithelial cells. (docksci.com)
Together with B and T cells , antibodies comprise the most important part of the adaptive immune system . (wikipedia.org)
In the case of the CP, activation is driven by immune complexes containing complement-fixing antibodies. (ashpublications.org)

The complement system is a tightly regulated, cascading protein network representing a key component linking the innate and humoral immune systems. (jrheum.org)
Therefore, a clearer understanding of the role of the complement system in TMA associated with other conditions will help to identify patients who would benefit from these therapies. (jrheum.org)
The complement system is a tightly regulated, cascading protein network that performs multiple roles in homeostasis and disease prevention and is a key component of both the innate and the humoral immune systems. (jrheum.org)
The normal complement system consists of the classic and alternative pathways. (medscape.com)
Activated via three pathways, the classical pathway (CP), the lectin pathway (LP), and the alternative pathway (AP), the complement system leads to the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) that disrupts the membrane of target cells, leading to cell lysis and death. (bvsalud.org)
CONCLUSION: This study sheds light on the role of the alternative pathway in severe COVID-19 and provides additional rationale for the testing of drugs inhibiting the alternative pathway of the complement system. (bvsalud.org)
The components of the complement system can be found throughout the body in fluids, providing the body with a systemic means of protection. (vetsci.co.uk)
The actions of the complement system affect both innate immunity and acquired immunity. (dadamo.com)
The complement system consists of more than 35 soluble and cell-bound proteins, 12 of which are directly involved in the complement pathways. (dadamo.com)
The complement system influence the activity of numerous cells, tissues and physiological mechanism of the body. (dadamo.com)
Anaphylatoxins are proteolytic products of the serine proteases of the complement system: C3a, C4a and C5a. (dadamo.com)
The complement system consists of a number of small proteins found in the blood, normally circulating as inactive zymogens . (wikidoc.org)
The term "complement" was introduced by Paul Ehrlich in the late 1890s, as part of his larger theory of the immune system. (wikidoc.org)
Ehrlich therefore named this heat-labile component "complement", because it is something in the blood which "complements" the cells of the immune system. (wikidoc.org)
Inherited complement deficiencies are caused by a change (mutation) in the gene that codes for one of the proteins in the complement system . (osmosis.org)
Complement factor I is a serine protease present in human plasma that is involved in the degradation of complement protein C3b, which is a major opsonin of the complement system. (hindawi.com)
The complement system comprises a group of proteins which, when activated, provide one of the first lines of defence by promoting lysis and the removal of invading microbes. (hindawi.com)
It has been shown by comparison with healthy control children that several differentially expressed proteins are related to the complement system in children with ASD [ 22 ]. (hindawi.com)
Dendritic cell as sentinel of the immune system plays an irreplaceable role. (medsci.org)
The complement system consists of a complex network of several plasma proteins that interact with each other and cell surface proteins. (medscape.com)
Most complement system proteins are synthesized in the liver, although monocytes and macrophages are also a minor source. (medscape.com)
The complement system is the main arm of the innate immune system. (fiocruz.br)
Insect-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes, T. cruzi infective stages to mammalian hosts, have to subvert the complement system and infect cells to continue their life cycle and cause disease. (fiocruz.br)
The main goal of this thesis was to understand how T. cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes evade the complement system to succeed in infecting the host. (fiocruz.br)
The prevention and elimination of cancer cells are dependent on the host's immune system. (biomedcentral.com)
Per Richard Stienm [1] , on UpToDate, the complement system plays a vital role in instructing the adaptive immune response and removal of damaged cells, tissue regeneration, and angiogenesis. (acquaintpublications.com)
According to an article in the American Journal of medicine and critical care by Marcus Bossman, MD at Boston University school of medicine, the complement system is suspected to have a critical role during the development of COVID-19. (acquaintpublications.com)
The complement system is a family of plasma proteins that mediates humoral immune surveillance. (ashpublications.org)
Immune cells have the capability to express many elements of the cholinergic system, including choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), which is responsible for the synthesis of ACh, acetylcholinesterase, which is involved in the degradation of ACh, and nAChR. (dysona.org)
Now, we know that complement system, protecting the host through innate immune system, could trigger harmful endothelial pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Peritoneal stomata constitute the principal pathways for the drainage of intraperitoneal contents from the PERITONEAL CAVITY to the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. (bvsalud.org)

C3 is unique in that it possesses a rich architecture that provides a multiplicity of diverse ligand binding sites that are important in immune surveillance and immune response pathways. (justia.com)
Complement deficiencies can either be acquired or inherited, and often result in a weaker immune response to infections. (osmosis.org)
An important class of innate immune cells that play a critical role in mediating the antitumor immune response is the natural killer (NK) cell. (frontiersin.org)
Impaired immune effector cell infiltration and inactivation of the immune response contribute to the poor prognosis of PDAC patients. (biomedcentral.com)
The use of cell therapies, drivers of immune response, and trends in immunotherapy were the focus of the Immunotherapy Bridge (November 30th-December 1st, 2022), organized by the Fondazione Melanoma Onlus, Naples, Italy, in collaboration with the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
The use of cell therapies, drivers of immune response, and trends in immunotherapy were the focus of the Immunotherapy Bridge (November 30th-December 1st, 2022). (biomedcentral.com)

However, a class of important immune-modulators is conspicuously absent: agents that utilize the power of innate immune cells to eradicate tumors. (frontiersin.org)

These proteins inhibit the C3 and C5 convertases (multi-subunit proteases), by promoting dissociation of the multisubunit complexes and/or by inactivating the complexes through proteolysis (catalyzed by factor I). Several pharmacological agents that regulate or modulate complement activity have been identified by in vitro assay, but most have been shown in vivo to be of low activity or toxic. (justia.com)
CR1 on erythrocytes may bind circulating immune complexes (that had activated complement) and transport them to the liver where the immune complexes are partially degraded and thus become more soluble. (dadamo.com)

The immunosuppressive TME of PDAC is characterized by T cell exhaustion resulting in the loss of cytotoxic effector functions. (biomedcentral.com)
These cells can be activated ex vivo to exhibit a potent antitumor effector function. (biomedcentral.com)
The study and/or manipulation of administered cells can potentially result in identification of the exact cell subpopulations and effector functions required for cancer regression in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)

Such opsonization defects can be caused by deficiencies in components of the classic, alternative, or MBL pathways, or defects may be caused by deficiencies of the C3b component itself. (medscape.com)
Opsonization defects can also be caused by alternative pathway deficiencies. (medscape.com)
The third pathway whose deficiencies can result in opsonization defects is the MBL pathway. (medscape.com)

Complement-mediated tissue injury has also been found to result from bioincompatibility situations such as those encountered in patients undergoing dialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass. (justia.com)
Complement-mediated tissue injuries are directly mediated by the membrane attack complex, and indirectly by the generation of C3a and C5a. (justia.com)
NK cell infiltration into tumor tissue is associated with better disease prognosis in colorectal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and lung carcinomas ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
Immune cells engage in extensive and dynamic crosstalk with stromal components in the tumor tissue in addition to tumor cells, which subsequently impacts tumor suppression or promotion to a large extent. (biomedcentral.com)
In this review, we discuss how infiltrating immune cells influence PDAC development and explore the contributions of complex components to the immune landscape of tumor tissue. (biomedcentral.com)
The primary function of the red cell is to carry oxygen to tissue cells and to carry carbon dioxide away. (ivis.org)
The fluidity of normal red cells allow them to traverse tortuous capillary beds leading to close approximation of red cells with tissue cells. (ivis.org)

These results suggest that the MCP + DAF and MCP + CD59 combinations could be more effective than DAF + CD59 in protecting the NIH 3T3 cells from injury caused by complement-dependent cytolysis, whereas MCP or DAF alone is stronger than CD59 alone in inhibiting membrane attack complex formation. (ectrx.org)
13, 14 To investigate the protective effects of hCRPs, alone or in combination, on complement-dependent cytolysis, we used a bicistronic pIRES vector to construct pIRES-h MCP -h DAF , pIRES-h MCP -h CD59 , pIRES-h DAF -h CD59 , pIRES-A-h MCP , pIRES-B-h DAF , and pIRES-B-h CD59 plasmids. (ectrx.org)
The main function of DAF is to protect cells from complement-mediated cytolysis and it also plays a role in T cell activation. (lu.se)

By inhibiting cold agglutinin-mediated complement deposition on the cellular membrane, TNT003 prevents RBCs from being phagocytosed. (ashpublications.org)

Immunotherapies have been developed to detect and destroy cells infected by the HIV virus via classical complement activation. (wikipedia.org)

Compounds comprising peptides and peptidomimetics capable of binding the C3 protein and inhibiting complement activation are disclosed. (justia.com)
In particular, this invention provides peptides and peptidomimetics capable of binding the C3 protein and inhibiting complement activation. (justia.com)

The clinical history of patients with classic pathway deficiencies varies slightly from other complement-deficient patients. (medscape.com)
Complement deficiencies can be inherited or acquired. (osmosis.org)
Acquired complement deficiencies can be caused by infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases such as lupus . (osmosis.org)

The classic and alternate pathway convertases cause C3 activation, forming C3a and C3b. (medscape.com)
Activation of C3 by complement pathway C3 convertases and its subsequent attachment to target surface leads to assembly of the membrane attack complex and ultimately to damage or lysis of the target cells. (justia.com)

C5a and C3a are also anaphylatoxins which means that they help basophils and mast cells degranulate, releasing proinflammatory molecules like histamine and heparin into an area. (osmosis.org)
Adult worms possess surface molecules bearing alternative pathway complement activation sites ( Section 15.2.3.2 ), but these sites are masked by adsorbed host components in vivo [ 499 ]. (nanomedicine.com)

This review aims to provide an assessment of the nature and extent of complement involvement in TMA associated with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, and scleroderma renal crisis. (jrheum.org)

However, as tumors progress, cancerous cells develop immunosuppressive mechanisms that circumvent NK cell-mediated killing, allowing for tumor escape and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
instead of targeting tumor cells, the goal of immunotherapy is to augment and expand the immune system's intrinsic antitumor response. (frontiersin.org)
First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Some tumor cell-inherent resistance mechanisms, such as the tumor mutational burden and aberrant expression of oncogenic pathways, restrain antitumor immunity [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Recent multi-omics studies have revealed the heterogeneity and complexity of tumor features such as their genetic mutations, transcriptome, proteins, and signaling pathways. (rsc.org)
We studied whether cellular senescence induced by HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate in E1a+cHa-Ras -transformed rat embryo fibroblasts (ERas) and A549 human Ki-Ras mutated lung adenocarcinoma cells would enhance the tumor suppressor effect of MEK/ERK inhibition. (aging-us.com)
This can provide Ras-expressing tumor cells additional selective advantages under stress or damage. (aging-us.com)
One is the ability to administer large numbers of highly selected cells with high avidity for tumor antigens that can recognize shared and patient-specific mutated (neo) antigens. (biomedcentral.com)
Successful TIL therapy starts with the identification, enrichment, stimulation, and expansion of potent tumor-reactive T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In the case of melanoma, circulating cells may find a suitable microenvironment in the first draining lymph node, known as the sentinel lymph node, in other lymphnodes or in distant organs, leading to secondary tumor growth (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)

Indeed, proximal inhibitors are designed to interfere with early phases of complement activation, eventually preventing C3-mediated extravascular hemolysis in addition to intravascular hemolysis. (frontiersin.org)
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare hematological disorder characterized by complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis, bone marrow failure, and severe thrombophilia ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Anemia occurs as a result of autoantibody-mediated CP activation on the surface of the erythrocyte, leading to the deposition of complement opsonins that drive extravascular hemolysis in the liver. (ashpublications.org)

however, significant amounts are also produced by monocytes, macrophages, and epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. (dadamo.com)
It is also produced by monocytes, macrophages and epithelial cells. (hycultbiotech.com)
Herein we elaborated effects of TGF-β1 on TJs of primary human bronchial epithelial cells. (springer.com)
Lung epithelial cells form a barrier that lines airway and alveolar surfaces and constitute an air-liquid interface. (springer.com)
This is achieved by mucociliary clearance, where mucus collects debris and microorganisms and the cilia of multiciliated epithelial cells create a fluid flow by coordinated beating. (biomedcentral.com)
However, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is a mixture of liquid secretions from alveolar and airway epithelial cells as well as mucus from surface goblet cells and submucosal glands and does not allow distinction of the different components. (biomedcentral.com)

Anti-complement Treatment for Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria: Time for Proximal Complement Inhibition? (frontiersin.org)
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) disease. (medscape.com)
It is deficient in red blood cells from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). (lu.se)

In vitro, bound complement is localized to infoldings of the parasite's tegument and not on its free surfaces [ 499 ]. (nanomedicine.com)

Activated microthrombotic pathway mediates platelet activation and exocytosis of unusually large von Willebrand factor multimers (ULVWF) from ECs and initiates microthrombogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is. (workflowdigital.com)

PCS (n = 17), PCS/CFS (n = 13), and healthy controls (HC, n = 14) were screened for serum anti-endothelial cell autoantibodies (AECAs) and dysregulated cytokines. (mdpi.com)

Efforts at using NK cells as antitumor agents began over two decades ago, but recent advances in elucidating NK cell biology have accelerated the development of NK cell-targeting therapeutics. (frontiersin.org)
In vivo antitumor activity and toxicity were evaluated in Hep G2 cell xenograft model. (dovepress.com)
ACNVs were found to possess specific antitumor cell proliferation activity associated with an apoptosis-inducing pathway. (dovepress.com)

In this paper, we show that the mean level of factor I activity in the ASD group is significantly higher than in the control group of typically developed and healthy children, suggesting that high activity of complement factor I might have an impact on the development of ASD. (hindawi.com)

The important protein components of complement are number C1 to C9 (they are numbered in their order of discovery however and not their order of action as you will see later). (vetsci.co.uk)

Viability of NIH 3T3 cells stably transfected with these plasmids was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. (ectrx.org)

Probably the most abundant viral transcripts in latency will be the U RNAs, which are selelck kinase inhibitor transcribed by DNA poly merase III and reach copy numbers of as much as two 104 copies per cell even though they aren't vital for transformation. (sodiumchannel-signal.com)

Clinical presentations are similar for the three types of MPGN, but they manifest somewhat different mechanisms of complement activation and predisposition to recur in kidney transplants. (medscape.com)
Cancer cells exploit a variety of protective mechanisms that allow them to acquire selective advantage and proliferate under unfavorable conditions. (aging-us.com)
One of the mechanisms of high basal autophagy activity in cancer Ras-expressing cells might be associated with high PP2A phosphatase activity targeting directly ULK1-Ser757 that could explain apparent contradiction: maintenance of high mTORC1 functions and high autophagic activity simultaneously [ 22 ]. (aging-us.com)
The mechanisms by which isocyanates cause asthma remain unclear, hampering disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.7 It is assumed the reactive nature of N=C=O groups underlies isocyanate asthma, with a hapten-based mechanism as the most obvious pathway to pathogenesis.8 However, the critical "self" reaction targets for isocyanate in vivo remain uncertain. (cdc.gov)

10 This distinction is not absolute because genetic defects in complement proteins have been identified in secondary TMA. (jrheum.org)

Patients also have a decrease in classic pathway production of the opsonin C3b, but the alternative and MBL pathways seem to compensate for this defect because opsonin is not completely absent. (medscape.com)
This interaction results in the formation of C4b2a, which is the classic pathway C3b convertase. (medscape.com)

The new cells are young and morphologically distinct (large, polychromatophilic - see morphology section). (ivis.org)
Complement can be triggered by one of three distinct pathways: the classical pathway (CP), alternative pathway (AP), or lectin (LP) pathway. (ashpublications.org)

Additionally, properdin, a pivotal positive regulator of the alternative pathway, showed high RNA expression but was found at low protein concentrations in patients with a severe and critical disease, suggesting its deposition at the sites of complement activation. (bvsalud.org)

Activation of the classical pathway (CP) of complement is often associated with autoimmune disorders in which disease pathology is linked to the presence of an autoantibody. (ashpublications.org)

Anatomy22

Organisms20

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs119

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes50

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care2

Phagocytosis6

Antigen17

Cascade21

Pathogens7

Binds3

Activates4

Antibody10

Therapeutic11

Receptors13

Endothelial cells4

Inflammation7

Pathogen4

Lectin and alternative1

Neutrophils2

Bacteria5

Mannose-bindin2

Pathophysiology3

Inflammatory8

Deficiency9

Receptor4

Infection6

Hemolytic4

Terminal7

Activate6

Regulatory7

Activation of the complement system2

Molecular4

Coagulation1

Macrophage1

Antibodies7

System31

Immune response6

Innate1

Complexes2

Effector3

Opsonization3

Tissue7

Cytolysis3

RBCs1

Classical complement activation1

Inhibiting complement activation2

Deficiencies3

Convertases2

Molecules2

Systemic1

Tumor10

Hemolysis3

Epithelial cells6

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemo3

Surfaces1

Mediates1

Bacterial cell walls1

Autoantibodies1

Antitumor3

Activity of complement1

Components of complement1

Assay1

Inhibitor1

Mechanisms4

Defects1

Classic pathway2

Distinct2

Deposition1

Associated with autoimmune1