Cell immunity pathogens antigen presenting cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

Many types of cells are involved in the progression of RA joint inflammation, among which the overactivation of M1 macrophages and osteoclasts has been thought to be an essential cause of joint inflammation and bone destruction. (elifesciences.org)
Once they detect an infection, they migrate to the affected site and transform into macrophages, devouring pathogens and debris. (alliedacademies.org)
Monocytes and macrophages not only phagocytose pathogens but also act as antigen-presenting cells. (alliedacademies.org)
Natural Killer cells and macrophages are essential in the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens. (shu.edu)
The function of LPX is to protect from extracellular ribonucleases, mediate the efficient uptake of RNA and its expression of the encoded antigen (by DC population and macrophages) in various lymphoid compartment. (modernloveok.com)
RNA-LPX causes the release of interferon-a by macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. (modernloveok.com)
It is usually well known that innate immune cells are important causes of hepatic inflammation, because the liver is usually selectively enriched in macrophages (Kupffer cells), natural monster (NK), and natural monster T (NKT) cells [1]. (globaltechbiz.com)
Their discovery, published online in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , shows that administering nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a natural molecule found in all living cells, shuts off the capacity of dendritic cells and macrophages to dictate CD4+ T fate. (eurekalert.org)
Of importance, both pathways require antigen presenting cells (APCs) in particular dendritic cells (DCs) or macrophages (Mφ). (eurekalert.org)
They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nih.gov)
Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelium) and infiltrating leukocytes (e.g., monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes). (mdpi.com)
The peripheral airways are constantly in contact with broncho-alveolar cells (BACs), which are mainly composed of alveolar macrophages (AM) and lymphocytes (also found in a compartment of the respiratory tract epithelium). (breathinglabs.com)
We performed a time series RNAseq experiement on macrophages infected with H. pylori to gain a global perspective of host-pathogen interactions. (nimml.org)
However, these immunotherapeutic approaches are hampered by the tumor-promoting nature of myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. (frontiersin.org)
Myeloid innate immune cells, such as granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), play an important role in cancer-cell recognition, initiation of inflammation and antitumor responses ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Macrophages interact with T helper (Th) cells during infection and release cell-polarizing cytokines such as IL-17 [ 8 ]. (nimml.org)
An immune response involves Lymphocytes (B- cells and T- cells ) and antigen presenting cells (macrophages, B- cells , and dendritic cells ). (fourthandsycamore.com)
Macrophages consist of closely linked bone marrow cells, blood monocytes, macrophages of tissues, and a constituent part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. (encyclopedia.pub)
Macrophages primarily have three major vital roles, phagocytosis, presentation of antigens, and in immunomodulation by producing different cytokinesis and growth factors [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Macrophages are components of innate immunity derived from the myeloid progenitor cell namely known as the granulocyte-macrophage colony forming unit (GM-CFU) inside bone marrow. (encyclopedia.pub)
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are created by cancerous and stroma cells in the tumor and are enlisted by tumor growth factors and chemokines [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Macrophages contain antigen-presenting cells, immunomodulators, and phagocytosis that play a vital role in the initiation and maintenance of inflammatory functions [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
These cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, were found to provide a rapid response to virtually all pathogens and to initiate inflammation at sites of local infection. (aacrjournals.org)
Macrophages can kill specific tumor cells when activated by a combination of factors, including lymphokines (soluble factors produced by T cells) and interferon. (msdmanuals.com)
Under certain circumstances, macrophages may present TAAs to T cells and stimulate tumor-specific immune response. (msdmanuals.com)

They include B cells, which produce antibodies, and T cells, which directly attack infected cells [ 1 , 2 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
B cells, on the other hand, produce antibodies that bind to specific pathogens, marking them for destruction by other components of the immune system. (alliedacademies.org)
In the B cell system protective memory is mediated by plasma cells that secrete antibodies, whereas reactive memory is mediated by memory B cells that proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells in response to secondary antigenic stimulation. (scielo.br)
Unlike humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity does not involve antibodies. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
The defense mechanisms of humoral immunity are the re- sponsibility of the antibodies circulating in the blood and on the surface of mucous membranes, as well as cytokine and complement systems. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
Examples of an effector T cell include follicular helper T cells (TFH) which help B cells produce antibodies. (accessh.org)
Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
For example, antibodies specific to tumor antigens, adoptively transferred immune cells, therapeutic vaccines, and recombinant cytokines effectively boost the host immune system to recognize tumor cells as pathogens and eliminate them [ 1 - 3 ]. (thno.org)
PRR on myeloid cells can be triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), but also indirectly by secondary mechanisms such as complement activation and circulating antibodies (Abs), resulting in cytolytic and phagocytic effector mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
The host's immune system generates antibodies to combat antigen. (safeopedia.com)
The antibodies interact with specific epitopes via antigen binding sites called paratopes. (safeopedia.com)
The epitope-paratope interaction between antigens and antibodies dictates the specific characteristic of the immune response. (safeopedia.com)
Immunity is triggered when antibodies expressed on the B cell surface recognize specific epitopes of an antigen and internalize the antigen. (safeopedia.com)
The immune system responds to antigens by producing cells that directly attack the pathogen, or by producing special proteins called antibodies. (fourthandsycamore.com)
direct attack by T cells and circulating antibodies. (fourthandsycamore.com)
Similarly, since spermatozoa are not self and isoantigens to females, if they are exposed repeatedly to sperm antigens by coitus, it is not surprising that isoimmunity to sperm antigens could be induced and develop antisperm antibodies (ASA) in females. (benthamscience.com)
The adaptive immune system, discovered by Paul Ehrlich, involves the production of circulating antibodies that can provide long lasting, systemic immunity that is specific to antigens expressed by a given pathogen. (aacrjournals.org)
some cells require the presence of humoral antibodies directed against the tumor cells (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) to initiate the interactions that lead to the death of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Initial seroconversion, including neutralizing antibodies, has been documented and there is some evidence that immunity to SARS-CoV-2 re-challenge during early convalescence is likely. (cdc.gov)
His research is aimed at understanding the cellular immune mechanisms responsible for the generation of IgG antibodies that recognize platelet antigens. (lu.se)
Studies characterising the immune response in patients with COVID-19 show that the correlates of protection in infected individuals are T-cell responses against the SARSCoV-2 spike protein and neutralising titres of immunoglobin G and immunoglobin A antibodies. (bvsalud.org)

Activation of CD4+ T cells is usually crucial for the removal of many invading pathogens, but inadvertently they can also become responsive to self antigens, thus leading to autoimmune diseases. (globaltechbiz.com)
This is one mechanism by which a T cell can become tolerant to self antigens. (nih.gov)
Immunological tolerance to developmental sperm antigens is not induced in males, because spermatogenesis begins first in the testis on puberty, much after the establishment of tolerance to self-antigens. (benthamscience.com)

Lymphocytes, on the other hand, are responsible for recognizing specific pathogens and orchestrating the immune response. (alliedacademies.org)
Lymphocytes, particularly T cells, play a crucial role in cellmediated immunity. (alliedacademies.org)
This triggers an immune response by activating lymphocytes and recruiting other immune cells to the site of infection. (alliedacademies.org)
Through a process called immunological memory, lymphocytes retain information about specific pathogens they have encountered before. (alliedacademies.org)
DCs are able to activate T lymphocytes (capture, process, present antigen), activate B cells and are associated in the amplification of innate immune response (e.g. activation of natural killer cells). (modernloveok.com)
3Structure of DCs (including antigen presenting to T cells):As shown in figure 1, dendritic cells are often rounded with reinform nuclei and a few or sometimes no dendrites.They can initiate adaptive immune response by presenting Pathogenic antigens to B or T lymphocytes. (modernloveok.com)
Recent studies indicate that memory T lymphocytes contain distinct populations of central memory (T CM cells) and effector memory (T EM ) cells characterized by distinct homing capacity and effector function. (scielo.br)
In a very interesting review, P. MARRACK & J. KAPPLER focus on naïve, activated, and memory T cells survival separately, and discuss experiments done in vitro and in mice lacking or containing normal populations of lymphocytes. (scielo.br)
They provide help for antigen-presenting cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes to initiate and promote adaptive immune responses. (globaltechbiz.com)
Lymphoid organs and tissues are the sites where lymphocytes are produced, reside, and come in contact with pathogens. (pearson.com)
It also has high endothelial venule (HEV), serving to transport lymphocytes and antigens between the lungs and the circulation. (breathinglabs.com)
Cell-mediated immunity occurs when T-lymphocytes (T-cells) become activated by exposure to pathogens. (fourthandsycamore.com)
We now understand that adaptive immunity is the purview of a second set of leukocytes, T and B lymphocytes, which are responsible not only for antibody production but also for the generation of T cells that can directly identify and kill host cells infected by pathogens (e.g., viruses). (aacrjournals.org)
Methods In this study we investigated how tumor-specific murine CD8 + T cells and human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are impacted when expanded ex vivo with the TLR9 agonist CpG. (bmj.com)
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize antigens on target cells and lyse these cells. (msdmanuals.com)
In ITP, for example, his laboratory is interested in how platelet antigens are processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells to activate T lymphocytes. (lu.se)

Moreover, these receptors are functional, as treatment of FRT tissue cells with ligands for TLR and NOD induces production of proinflammatory CXCL8 [ 13 ], and those receptors actively participate in immune response to pathogens, as Neisseria gonorrhea and HIV-1 [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Bacteria can release endotoxins like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or other pathogenicity factors such as lipopoteins/peptides (LP) from their cell envelope, even due to treatment with conventional antibiotics, being able to activate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and induce a strong inflammatory response. (nature.com)
discuss the role of integrins in T cell- mediated immunity, with a focus on how these receptors participate in lymphocyte recirculation and T cell activation, how antigen stimulation regulates integrin activity, and how integrins define functionally unique subsets of T cells and APCs. (scielo.br)
B cell receptors (BCR) of mature lymphoid malignancies are exceptional in that they harbor tumor-specific-stereotyped sequences in the form of point mutations that drive self-engagement of the BCR and autologous signaling. (bvsalud.org)
Although innate immune cells do not respond to specific antigenic epitopes on pathogens, they do produce restricted responses to par- ticular classes of pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors (PRR), such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) (18). (cdc.gov)
Like other steroid hormones, vitamin D binds to designated receptors in cells throughout the body once it's converted into its active form, calcitriol. (naturewise.com)
After it binds to receptors, calcitriol can influence gene expression by turning certain genes on or off and causing changes within the cells. (naturewise.com)
Immune cells that are responsible for defense against pathogens, including B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells, have calcitriol receptors and respond positively to the presence of vitamin D. The hormone may also provide benefits for individuals who have autoimmune diseases. (naturewise.com)
This means that the nutrient influences cells to secrete hormones that bind to receptors on the same cells and stimulate positive changes. (naturewise.com)
The signaling events initiated by the binding of peptide-MHC complexes to T cell receptors (signal 1). (nih.gov)
Binding to these alternative receptors allows the rapid transcytosis of the virus through the epithelial cells. (antikoerper-online.de)
Next we investigated how innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) may facilitate the recognition of H. pylori to subsequently induce classic molecular cascades that efficiently modulate immunity. (nimml.org)
Innate immunity is the early and relatively nonspecific response to invading pathogens, activated via the Toll-like and T-cell receptors, on antigen presenting cells and on T cells, respectively [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
As shown in figure 1, the inflammatory response towards H. pylori is initiated through the interaction between the pathogen lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and the Toll-like receptors (TLR) expressed on gastric epithelial cells [ 6 ]. (nimml.org)
In contrast to CTLs, NK cells lack receptors for antigen detection but can still recognize normal cells infected with viruses and cancer cells. (msdmanuals.com)
The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)

2001, Bui and Schreiber, 2007) RAG proteins are necessary for the recombination events necessary to produce TCRs and Igs, and as such RAG-2 deficient mice are incapable of producing functional T, B or NK cells. (wikipedia.org)
Cancer cells, through mutation, may actually have mutations in some of the proteins involved in antigen presentation, and as such, evade an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
In this epithelium, as well as in the more fragile single cell layer epithelium of endocervix, the cells are held together by proteins that form desmosomes, tight junctions, and adherens junctions, which decrease its permeability [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
It influences three of the proteins involved in the transportation of calcium between cells, as well as contributing to the regulation of calcium levels in the blood to maintain homeostasis. (naturewise.com)
This peptide-MHC complex signals through the T cell receptor and its associated proteins. (nih.gov)
Signal 2 is provided by costimulatory proteins, especially the B7 proteins (CD80 and CD86), which are recognized by the co-receptor protein CD28 on the surface of the T cell. (nih.gov)
The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
Effector T cells act back to promote the expression of B7 proteins on antigen-presenting cells, creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the T cell response. (nih.gov)
An antigen presenting cell (APC) breaks down foreign proteins into smaller fragments within the cell, depicted as yellow rectangular antigens. (accessh.org)
Tyrosine phosphorylation is a central mechanism in the control of key signaling proteins involved in innate immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins are an indispensable component of adaptive immunity because of their role in presenting self and foreign peptides to T cells. (genes-environment-inflammation.de)
They are also known as heteroantigens and are present in bacteria, viruses, parasites, certain food proteins, cells from other people , and toxins. (safeopedia.com)
The innate immune system provides this kind of nonspecific protection through a number of defense mechanisms, which include physical barriers such as the skin, chemical barriers such as antimicrobial proteins that harm or destroy invaders, and cells that attack foreign cells and body cells harbouring infectious agents. (fourthandsycamore.com)
These antigens may be cell surface proteins or may be intracellular proteins (eg, TAAs) that are expressed on the surface in combination with class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
This review summarizes some immunological factors involved in the development and control of this oral disease, such as: the participation of inflammatory cells in local inflammation, the synthesis of chemotaxis proteins with activation of the complement system and a range of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins, cathelicidin and saposins. (bvsalud.org)

Efficient recognition of foreign pathogens by T cells requires adhesive interactions between T cells and other cell types, such as endothelial cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and with components of the extracellular matrix. (scielo.br)
CD8+ T cells in particular recognize atypical cancer antigens presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs) that instruct them to destroy cancer cells. (cancerresearch.org)
Dr. Hess' work has identified molecules that mediate interactions between APCs and CD8+ T cells that decrease during tumor progression. (cancerresearch.org)
In this proposal, Dr. Hess will test how modulation of these molecules impacts the anti-tumor functions of CD8+ T cells and will test two different therapeutic approaches to improve the interaction between APCs and CD8+ T cells using cell engineering and engineered nanoparticles. (cancerresearch.org)
The goal is to understand how interaction with APCs regulate the functions of CD8+ T cells in cancer and to leverage this information to design novel therapeutic approaches that can be readily translated to the clinic. (cancerresearch.org)
These cells act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), secreting several cytokines and chemokines to regulate innate and adaptive immunity. (breathinglabs.com)

The objective of these vaccines is to induce tumour-specific effector T cells which can reduce the mass of tumour and that can lead to immunological memory to control tumour relapse. (modernloveok.com)
The differentiation of CD4+ T naive cells into several different kinds of T cells, including effector T cells, effector memory cells and central memory T cells. (accessh.org)
CD4+ effector T cells accomplish the supportive work done by T cells. (accessh.org)
Term What cells allow T cells to form into effector T cells and B cells to form into plasma cells? (fourthandsycamore.com)

They engulf and destroy invading pathogens through a process called phagocytosis. (alliedacademies.org)

Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells have the unique ability to shape immunity during antitumor immune responses and other forms of sterile and nonsterile inflammation. (ox.ac.uk)
However, the context and mechanisms that drive the presentation of self-lipid antigens in sterile inflammation remain unclear. (ox.ac.uk)
These results define a previously unidentified mechanism that controls iNKT cell activation during sterile inflammation. (ox.ac.uk)
In addition, the infiltration of monocytes upon liver injury is usually an important cellular mechanism to perpetuate chronic inflammation and to activate profibrogenic hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in mice and men [3, 4]. (globaltechbiz.com)
However, during conditions of chronic liver damage, adaptive immune cells are also crucially involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic inflammation. (globaltechbiz.com)
This paper will present the concept of different CD4+ T-helper cell subsets and summarize their proposed functions during liver diseases, with a focus on the current knowledge about the role of Th17 cells and their associated cytokines in liver inflammation in mice and men. (globaltechbiz.com)
Hence, myeloid cells play a dual role in cancer as they can initiate antitumor responses and communicate with cells of the adaptive immune system, but also promote local inflammation leading to chronic cancer-associated inflammation ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
Pathogen clearance is mediated by mechanisms such as phagocytosis, respiratory burst with the production of ROS and RNS and release of bacteriostatic peptides, but also through the cell-extrinsic initiation of inflammation via the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines ( 24 ). (frontiersin.org)
Inflammation, when it became chronic, settles down the body's normal inflammatory process, creating a favorable environment for the development of cancerous cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
Further, they are involved in the repair of tissues/cells and the healing of wounds at the time of inflammation [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Mesenchymal stem cells are mobilized from the bone marrow during inflammation , Frontiers in Antigen Presenting Cell Biology , 2013, Front. (vumc.nl)

Persistent activation of immune cells leads to the progression of symptoms such as synovitis in RA. (elifesciences.org)
Basophils release histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate and increases blood flow to the site of infection or injury, facilitating the arrival of other immune cells [ 4 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
Immune cells that reside in or travel through the liver have the potential to initiate either (a) innate and adaptive immune responses in case of infections, for example, in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or bacterial superantigens or (b) immunological tolerance to the vast majority of TC-A-2317 HCl supplier harmless antigens during homeostasis [1]. (globaltechbiz.com)
Inflammatory responses upon liver injury comprise resident as well as infiltrating immune cells. (globaltechbiz.com)
The immune system has two major anatomical parts: The first consists of specialized immune cells, many of which are leukocytes, also known as white blood cells or their close relatives. (pearson.com)
Immune cells that travel in the blood are called leukocytes. (pearson.com)
We will now study functions of immune cells. (pearson.com)
The tissue-resident immune cells in the lungs act as the first line of defense against pulmonary infections. (breathinglabs.com)
Although tissue-resident memory T cells are key components of lung immunity, tissue-resident innate immune cells also play a significant role in pulmonary diseases such as influenza, bacterial pneumonia, asthma, and inflammatory disorders. (breathinglabs.com)
They also serve as immune organs, fostering both innate and adaptive immune cells. (breathinglabs.com)
Recent studies have shown that a complex network of non-recirculating immune cells residing within lung tissue is responsible for maintaining a balance between immunity and tolerance. (breathinglabs.com)
Innate immune cells play a decisive role in host fate by enabling high bacterial loads and minimizing the immunological impact of this burden in the gastric mucosa. (nimml.org)
Furthermore, in immunocompetent mice bearing 4T1 cells tumors, Wpep-DGL/Pt activated immune cells and induced cell death proving their dual function of chemotherapeutic and immunomodulatory efficacy. (thno.org)
During the early phase of tumor development, immune cells could spontaneously infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment to evoke an immune response and fight against the growth of the tumor. (thno.org)
Immune cells abundantly infiltrate tumors, creating a complex environment mediated by repetitive cycles of antitumor responses and immune evasion ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Isolated B cells also imparted T cells with the CpG-associated phenotype and improved tumor immunity without the aid of additional antigen-presenting cells or other immune cells in the culture. (bmj.com)
Following stimulation, NKT cells lead to activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. (msdmanuals.com)

CD4+ T cells (mature T-helper cells) play an important role in modulating immune responses to pathogens and tumor cells, and are important in orchestrating overall immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses which can be influenced by systemic immunity. (hindawi.com)
Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses that can be influenced by systemic immunity [ 15 ] and by hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. (hindawi.com)
The skin comprises various cell types providing the potential to react to bacterial pathogenicity factors and can thus initiate inflammatory responses if exposed to these factors 5 . (nature.com)
From the frontlines of infection to the orchestration of complex immune responses, these remarkable cells tirelessly defend our bodies against invading pathogens. (alliedacademies.org)
The authors also argue that memory B and T cell responses are long-lived in the absence of antigen, but they are modulated and influenced by other infections and that memory B and T cells can either provide protective immunity or contribute to immunopathology on infection with homologous or heterologous viruses. (scielo.br)
provides an overview of the dynamic in vivo life of NK cells from their development in the bone marrow to their mature cellular responses in the periphery and their ultimate demise, with emphasis on mouse NK cells and viral infections. (scielo.br)
Alterations or aberrant dendritic cells and T cell responses can lead to many health conditions including autoimmune diseases, infections, allergy, primary immunodeficiencies and cancer. (eurekalert.org)
Transitional dendritic cells are distinct from conventional DC2 precursors and mediate proinflammatory antiviral responses. (stanford.edu)
Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)
They are activated on the surface of antigen -presenting cells, which mature during the innate immune responses triggered by an infection. (nih.gov)
The innate responses also dictate what kind of effector cell a helper T cell will develop into and thereby determine the nature of the adaptive immune response elicited. (nih.gov)
We also consider how innate immune responses determine the nature of adaptive responses by stimulating helper T cells to differentiate into either T H 1 or T H 2 effector cells. (nih.gov)
A study published in the journal Viruses seeks to understand what happens to T cell responses if the B cell defense of adaptive immunity is severely compromised. (accessh.org)
The scientists at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf narrow their analysis of adaptive immune responses on cell-mediated immunity. (accessh.org)
analyzed the frequency and phenotype of CD4+ T cell responses specific to SARS-CoV-2. (accessh.org)
DCs are professional antigen presenting cells, critical for host immunity by inducing specific immune responses against a broad variety of pathogens. (antikoerper-online.de)
Over the past decade, cancer immunotherapy has been steering immune responses toward cancer cell eradication. (frontiersin.org)
Interestingly, the most primordial defense responses employed by myeloid cells against pathogens, such as complement activation, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, actually seem to favor cancer progression. (frontiersin.org)
The innate immune response by myeloid cells occurs as a succession of events starting at signaling through cytosolic or surface PRRs, followed by effector responses including the release of cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), antibacterial peptides and degranulation ( Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
MIEP is basically focused on the characterization of the mechanisms underlying immune responses to enteric pathogens by integrating mathematical and computational modeling approaches with experimental data (Figure 2). (nimml.org)
Specific immune responses are triggered by antigens. (fourthandsycamore.com)
Dendritic cells (DC) are responsible for initiating all antigen-specific immune responses. (aacrjournals.org)
Importantly, DCs also help guide the immune system to respond to foreign antigens while avoiding the generation of autoimmune responses to self. (aacrjournals.org)
Upon completion of this activity, the participant should understand the critical roles of dendritic cells in guiding host immune responses, and the details of how they mature, process, and present antigens. (aacrjournals.org)
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can invigorate antitumor T cell responses when administered directly to patients, but these responses often coincide with toxicities. (bmj.com)
The extent of long-term immunity from anamnestic responses is unknown currently. (cdc.gov)

2001) Perforin is a protein produced by CD8+ T cells, which plays a central role in the cytotoxic killing mechanisms by providing entry of degradative granzymes into an infected cell. (wikipedia.org)

This work represents a novel approach for cancer immunotherapy by integrating nanotechnology and platinum-based therapeutics which not only efficiently exerts the chemotherapeutic cytotoxic effect on tumor cell but also restores immune response of immunological cells within the tumor microenvironment. (thno.org)
PTPH1 dephosphorylates TCRzeta in vitro , inhibiting the downstream inflammatory signaling pathway, however no immunological phenotype has been detected in primary T cells derived from PTPH1-KO mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Innate immunity is the first immunological, non-specific mechanism for fighting against infections. (fourthandsycamore.com)

They also provide the essential link to the adaptive immune response by presenting antigens to dendritic cells and by directly stimulating CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells. (shu.edu)
The T cells mature into helper T cells to produce more cytokines or cytotoxic T cells that attack and destroy pathogen-infected cells. (safeopedia.com)

Recent studies have highlighted a variety of classes of endogenous and pathogen-derived lipid antigens that can trigger iNKT cell activation under sterile and nonsterile conditions. (ox.ac.uk)
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are specialized CD1d-restricted T cells that recognize lipid antigens. (msdmanuals.com)

Autoimmune diseases such as arthritis and psoriasis involve a state of imbalance where the immune system erroneously attacks the body's own protein, sugar or cell structures. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
Another example is autoimmune diseases , in which our immune system attacks our own cells. (rsscience.com)
Collectively, our study unravels a novel cellular and molecular pathway that regulates innate and adaptive immunity via MCs, exclusively, and underscores the therapeutic potential of NAD+ in the context of a myriad of diseases including autoimmune diseases, hemophilia, primary immunodeficiencies and antimicrobial resistance," said Elkhal. (eurekalert.org)
However, a body of circumstantial evi- susceptible mice by stimulating elevated levels of proin- dence links diabetes, multiple sclerosis, myocarditis, and flammatory cytokines from mast cells during the innate many other autoimmune diseases with preceding infec- immune response. (cdc.gov)
In several instances, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and myocarditis, the autoimmune disease can be induced experimentally by administering self-antigen in the presence of adjuvant (col- lagen, myelin basic protein, and cardiac myosin, respec- tively) (3). (cdc.gov)
A histological examination of the capsule tissue showed an extensive lymphohistiocytic/giant cell foreign body reaction suggestive of autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants. (biomedcentral.com)
The genetic background of our patient with silicone breast implants might have predisposed her to three rare and difficult to diagnose syndromes/diseases: macrophage activation syndrome/hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants, and intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. (biomedcentral.com)
If the blood-testes barrier, which isolates germ cells from the contact with local immune system, is impaired by some reasons, autoimmunity to sperm antigens could be induced and results in the development of autoimmune orchitis. (benthamscience.com)
It is likely that in the case of autoimmune diseases, a high degree of organization will worsen the disease since efficient presentation of autoantigens will enhance activation of autoreactive T cells. (vumc.nl)

For example, identifying neoepitopes for cancer immunotherapy, vaccine development against infectious pathogens, or elucidating the role of HLA in autoimmunity. (genes-environment-inflammation.de)
The high burden of infectious diseases and the extensive vaccination campaigns previously conducted in Africa could have induced specific and non-specific protective immunity to infectious pathogens in Africans. (bvsalud.org)

Overall primary concerns are: extrapolating human clinical studies, seeding durable effective T cell resident memory (Trm), population human leucocyte antigen (HLA) coverage, and the potential for T cell-mediated immune escape. (mdpi.com)

In LPS-stimulated human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and Langerhans-like cells, the peptides blocked IL-6 secretion, downregulated expression of maturation markers and inhibited dendritic cell migration. (nature.com)
Figure 1 shows a dendritic cell presenting a foreign antigen to a Cytotoxic T cell which than leads to a specific immune response. (modernloveok.com)

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells and are the first responders to infection. (alliedacademies.org)
[In this video] See the most abundant type of white blood cells - neutrophils - in action. (rsscience.com)
In addition, H. pylori infection also involves neutrophils and increased antigen presenting activity of dendritic cells (DC) [ 9 ]. (nimml.org)

These genes are involved in various biological pathways (e.g. immunity, reproduction, development and heat tolerance). (nature.com)
As of today, two major pathways have been described to regulate CD4+ T cell response. (eurekalert.org)
Their multi‑functional cargo have been indicated to regulate a vast number of biological pathways in target cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
There are numerous signaling pathways that are key contributors to generating epigenetic changes outside and inside the cell. (encyclopedia.pub)

The immunosurveillance theory suggests that the immune system routinely patrols the cells of the body, and, upon recognition of a cell, or group of cells, that has become cancerous, it will attempt to destroy them, thus preventing the growth of some tumors. (wikipedia.org)
They recognize infected cells and destroy them, preventing the replication and spread of the pathogen. (alliedacademies.org)
They are the most common leukocytes and use a process called phagocytosis to engulf and destroy pathogens. (pearson.com)
The cellular or innate immune system was first described by the pathologist Elie Metchnikoff who recognized the existence of cells in the blood and tissues whose role was to identify, capture, and destroy invading pathogens. (aacrjournals.org)
Cytokines The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens (Ags). (msdmanuals.com)
T cells carry out immunologic surveillance, then proliferate and destroy newly transformed tumor cells after recognizing TAAs. (msdmanuals.com)

More recently, a second mechanism involving the Pathogen or Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs or DAMPs) was unraveled by Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann (2011 Nobel Prize winners). (eurekalert.org)

The T cell receptor (TCR) on the naive T cell binds to the antigenic peptide and causes differentiation. (accessh.org)
There are four characteristics of adaptive immunity: antigenic specificity, diversity, immunologic memory and ability to distinguish between self and non-self. (fourthandsycamore.com)
NKT cells are innate-like T cells that quickly respond to antigenic stimulation and rapidly produce large amounts of cytokines and chemokines. (msdmanuals.com)

If the pathogen has mutated, the immune system may no longer recognize it as the same disease. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
Our immune system is designed to recognize and eliminate cancer cells through the same mechanisms as it would with invading pathogens. (cancerresearch.org)
Both gp120 and gp41 specifically recognize glycosphingolipids galactosyl-ceramide (GalCer) or 3' sulfo- galactosyl-ceramide (GalS) present in the lipid rafts structures of epithelial cells. (antikoerper-online.de)

AM are considered anti-inflammatory cells with an important role in phagocytosis of particulate matter, dying cells, and cellular debris, maintaining immune homeostasis through the production of TGF-β and subsequent induction of FoxP3 regulatory T cells (Treg). (breathinglabs.com)

Although NK cells play important roles in host defense against various infectious agents, they are critical in host defense against viral infections. (scielo.br)
Generally speaking immunity consists of all of the body's defense systems that resist infections and toxins. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
When the pathogen is previously known, the defense reaction begins within a few days. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
The first line of defense is innate immunity, followed by adaptive immunity. (accessh.org)
CD4+ Memory T cells are more long-lasting and can trigger a recall response that accelerates B cell defense mechanisms to a familiar antigen. (accessh.org)
Despite the arsenal of defense strategies against foreign invaders, myeloid cells succumb to the instructions of an established tumor. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we discuss how rudimentary defense mechanisms deployed by myeloid cells can promote tumor progression. (frontiersin.org)

The surface protein gp120 is a ligand for CD209/DC-SIGN and CLEC4M/DC-SIGNR, which are respectively found on dendritic cells (DCs), and on endothelial cells of liver sinusoids and lymph node sinuses. (antikoerper-online.de)
Tumor cell invasion, migration, and intravasation at primary sites JAM, and they act on endothelial cells, further promoting the tumor's neovascularization [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

The specific defenses work by recognizing the specific antigen of a microorganism and mounting a response that targets the microorganism for destruction by components of the non- specific system. (fourthandsycamore.com)
Their tumoricidal activity is termed natural because it is not induced by a specific antigen. (msdmanuals.com)

Understanding of the antitumor immunity role of CD4+ T cells has grown substantially since the late 1990s. (wikipedia.org)
Wpep-DGL/Pt showed potent antitumor efficacy in MDA-MB-231 cells tumor-bearing nude mice with a deficient immune system, demonstrating targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics and the resultant cytotoxicity. (thno.org)
T cells expanded ex vivo from a CpG-treated culture demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy and prolonged persistence in vivo. (bmj.com)
CpG fostered the expansion of potent CD8 + T cells with the signature phenotype and antitumor ability via empowering a direct B-T cell interaction. (bmj.com)

In addition, the pathological process of RA is promoted through the synergistic action of the cellular resident in the bone and in joint compartments, such as osteoclasts, chondrocytes and stromal cells ( Komatsu and Takayanagi, 2022 ). (elifesciences.org)
In addition to their stem/progenitor properties, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess broad immunoregulatory properties that are being investigated for potential clinical application in treating immune-based disorders. (pdffox.com)
Introduction Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult, fibroblast-like multipotent cells characterized by the ability to differentiate into tissues of mesodermal origin, such as adipocytes, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts (Friedenstein et al. (pdffox.com)
We are delineating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate the differentiation of stromal cells towards lymphoid tissue organizing cells, allowing the attraction of hematopoietic cells to the developing lymph nodes. (vumc.nl)
We are addressing the role of stromal cells as antigen presenting cells, as well as their influence on the antigen presenting function of dendritic cells. (vumc.nl)

Exosomes are small lipid bilayer-surrounded extracellular vesicles released from cells into the extracellular space or biological fluids ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

They would be expected to display some level of tolerance - resistance to pathogens common in East Africa, e.g. (nature.com)
Introduction: DCs are antigen presenting cells that control immunity and tolerance. (modernloveok.com)
6 Therefore, high quantities of antigen are presented to DCs by cancer vaccines in order to break the tolerance. (modernloveok.com)
Recent evidence suggests mononuclear phagocytes are largely involved in shaping dominant immunity during infection mediating the balance between host tolerance and succumbing to overt disease. (nimml.org)
DCs are thus paradoxically important in cancer, generating both immunity and tolerance. (aacrjournals.org)
Understanding the paradoxical importance of dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance will inform the development of successful cancer immunotherapies. (aacrjournals.org)

White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are a diverse group of cells that are derived from stem cells in the bone marrow. (alliedacademies.org)
[In this image] The family of the hematopoietic (meaning blood) system is originated from the hematopoietic stem cells in our bone marrow. (rsscience.com)
The cells of the immune system originate in the bone marrow. (pearson.com)

In order to prevent this, the differentiation and activation of CD4 T-helper cells has to be tightly regulated. (globaltechbiz.com)
Differentiation of Th17 cells requires the combined actions of TGFin humans. (globaltechbiz.com)
Figure 1: The T cell differentiation process. (accessh.org)
The T cell receptor (TCR), illustrated in purple, on the naive T helper cell can then bind to the antigen and stimulate differentiation. (accessh.org)
It is believed that differentiation converts the naive T cell into either an effector T cell or a memory T cell, and thus gains a corresponding function. (accessh.org)
In addition, the subsequent differentiation of these cells into the different stromal cell subsets that are present within lymph nodes are studied. (vumc.nl)
CD1d is a member of the CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) group of glycoproteins on the surface of human antigen-presenting cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Intracellular Helicobacter pylori induces temporal waves in macrophage immunity. (nimml.org)
They are derived by a targeted mechanism from the cell endocytic compartment and are formed and stored within the intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs). (spandidos-publications.com)

APC cells then move to lymph nodes where help- er T cells launch the actual adaptive immunity response. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
SIV subverts the migration properties of dendritic cells to gain access to CD4+ T-cells in lymph nodes. (antikoerper-online.de)
Then these signals are engulfed as antigens and presented by antigen-presenting cells within the tumor-derived lymph nodes. (thno.org)
Lymph nodes are organized to mediate an efficient interaction of antigen presenting cells and T cells. (vumc.nl)

Different from pre-cDCs, tDCs have less turnover, capture antigen, respond to stimuli and activate antigen-specific naive T cells, all characteristics of differentiated DCs. (stanford.edu)
In this final section , we discuss the multiple signals that help activate a T cell and how a helper T cell , once activated to become an effector cell , helps activate other cells. (nih.gov)
To activate a cytotoxic or helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell , an antigen-presenting cell provides two kinds of signals. (nih.gov)
The two signals that activate a helper T cell. (nih.gov)
A) A mature antigen-presenting cell can deliver both signal 1 and 2 and thereby activate the T cell. (nih.gov)
To activate a CD4+ T cell, a naive T cell must encounter an antigen presenting cell (APC) with its corresponding antigen. (accessh.org)

In these four months, CSTE has received feedback from members on implementation, and in addition, antigen detection tests and serologic tests have been developed and authorized for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (cdc.gov)
This update clarifies interpretation of antigen detection tests and serologic test results within the case classification. (cdc.gov)

Lymphocyte - These cells have a rounded nucleus, no prominent granules, and are smaller than monocytes. (pearson.com)

To provide insight into the possible reasons for the presumed immune sufficiency to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Africa, this review critically examines literature published from 2020 onwards on the dynamics of COVID-19 infection and immunity and how other prevalent infectious diseases in Africa might have influenced the outcome of COVID-19. (bvsalud.org)

The surface protein gp120 (SU) attaches the virus to the host lymphoid cell by binding to the primary receptor CD4. (antikoerper-online.de)
Surface protein gp120 (SU) may target the virus to gut- associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) by binding host ITGA4/ITGB7 (alpha-4/beta-7 integrins), a complex that mediates T-cell migration to the GALT. (antikoerper-online.de)
They act as sentinels in various tissues where they take up antigen, process it, and present it to T-cells following migration to lymphoid organs. (antikoerper-online.de)
In trans infection, bound virions remain infectious over days and it is proposed that they are not degraded, but protected in non-lysosomal acidic organelles within the DCs close to the cell membrane thus contributing to the viral infectious potential during DCs' migration from the periphery to the lymphoid tissues. (antikoerper-online.de)
On arrival at lymphoid tissues, intact virions recycle back to DCs' cell surface allowing virus transmission to CD4+ T-cells. (antikoerper-online.de)
The bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is another compartment of the respiratory lymphoid cells (RLCs), and it comprehends organized lymphoid tissues present inside the bronchial walls. (breathinglabs.com)
The other compartment comprises BACs, obtained through broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from the peripheral airways contain AMs, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and DCs, which protect against inhaled pathogens, toxicants, and allergens. (breathinglabs.com)
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the lung play a role in immunosurveillance and infection control. (breathinglabs.com)
Another negative regulator of hematopoietic cell development and function is SHP-1 (SRC homology 2 (SH2)-containing tyrosine phosphatase 1), that is mainly expressed in hematopoietic and lymphoid cells [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Here we report that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stressed myeloid cells, via signaling events modulated by the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway, increase CD1d-mediated presentation of immunogenic endogenous lipid species, which results in enhanced iNKT cell activation both in vitro and in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
Based on this definition, all granulocytes and monocytes are myeloid cells. (rsscience.com)
In addition to TAMs, solid tumors are also infiltrated by immunosuppressive, immature myeloid progenitor cells, commonly referred to as monocytic or polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M/PMN-MDSC) ( 11 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
Nevertheless, the majority of scientific discoveries points toward a more tumor-supporting role for myeloid cells in the TME. (frontiersin.org)

The immune system of the female genital tract is part of the integrated mucosal immune system, but with some particular characteristics that differentiate the immunity of these regions from the systemic immunity [ 2 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)

This can be done either by culturing ex vivo DCs that are obtained from a patient with adjuvant (that leads to DC maturation) and the specific tumour antigens and then the injection of these cells back into the patient or by inducing of DCs to take up specific tumour antigens in vivo. (modernloveok.com)
In vivo experiments confirm epitope-selective cytolysis in xenograft models in female mice using engrafted IGLV3-21R110 expressing cell lines or primary CLL cells. (bvsalud.org)
We posited that TLR agonists could be repurposed ex vivo to condition T cells with remarkable potency in vivo, circumventing TLR-related toxicity. (bmj.com)

Vaccines are used to introduce pathogens to the immune system in advance. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
and vaccines that lack intrinsic activation of innate immunity (e.g., subunit vaccines) require microbial adjuvants to be immunogenic (17). (cdc.gov)
The idea of one vaccine offering a wide range of protection against multiple pathogens or strains is an attractive concept - it would reduce the demands on healthcare systems to deliver vaccination programmes, provide improved uptake of vaccines and reduce the burden for patients who may not have easy access to vaccination centres around the world. (emergexvaccines.com)

The CRI Fellowship allows me to improve our knowledge of cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment that shape anti-tumor immunity and to identify next generation therapeutic approaches. (cancerresearch.org)
First, the stimulatory or death signals are released from apoptotic tumor cells into the tumor microenvironment. (thno.org)

Here we review the characteristics of mucosal immunity of the female genital tract, its alterations due to HIV/AIDS, and the characteristics of coinfections between HIV/AIDS and the most prevalent STDs. (hindawi.com)
The defects in mucosal immunity in CD can be divided into those that involve the epithelial barrier, those that involve the innate immune response, and finally, defects in the adaptive immune response. (nih.gov)
These interactions allow capture of viral particles at mucosal surfaces by these cells and subsequent transmission to permissive cells. (antikoerper-online.de)

Fibrotic livers are characterized by an inflammatory microenvironment that is composed of various immunologically active cells, including liver-resident populations (e.g. (mdpi.com)

The adaptive immune response is kicked off by so-called helper T cells. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
2. T-Helper Cell Subsets CD4+ T-helper cells are major players in adaptive immunity. (globaltechbiz.com)
Nowadays, CD4 T-helper cells are divided into four major subsets, based on their manifestation profile of transcription factors and secreted cytokines: Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells (Treg) (Physique 1). (globaltechbiz.com)
Th17 cells are a more recently discovered subset of CD4+ T-helper cells characterized by the production of their signature cytokine IL-17. (globaltechbiz.com)
They symbolize another subtype of proinflammatory T-helper cells that differs from Th1 and Th2 cells in development and function. (globaltechbiz.com)
CD4+ T helper cells and dendritic cells play a central role in immunity. (eurekalert.org)
As dramatically demonstrated in AIDS patients, without helper T cells we cannot defend ourselves even against many microbes that are normally harmless. (nih.gov)
Helper T cells themselves, however, can only function when activated to become effector cells. (nih.gov)
Adaptive immunity concerts two separate arms-humoral immunity driven by antibody-producing B cells, and cell-mediated immunity driven by "helper" T cells and "killer" T cells. (accessh.org)
The cell-mediated immunity operates mainly through two types of T cells: CD8+ "killer" T cells and CD4+ "helper" T cells. (accessh.org)
While killer T cells eliminate host cells infected by viruses and other pathogens, helper T cells indirectly aid antiviral processes by stimulating B cells or killer T cells. (accessh.org)
Helper T cells themselves must be activated to gain function. (accessh.org)
A CD4 Helper T-Cell component may exist for these vaccines1 (in this case, only the spike protein region of the virus). (emergexvaccines.com)
This contrasts with a natural infection, in which a full T-Cell response, both CD4 Helper and CD8 Cytotoxic, is generated to the entire virus. (emergexvaccines.com)

In addition, CD4 + cells infiltrating the epithelium can act as potential target cells to initiate transmission [ 21 ]. (hindawi.com)

Results Herein we reveal a new way to reverse the tolerant state of adoptively transferred CD8 + T cells against tumors using TLR-activated B cells. (bmj.com)

Researchers at Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) have discovered a new cellular and molecular pathway that regulates CD4+ T cell response--a finding that may lead to new ways to treat diseases that result from alterations in these cells. (eurekalert.org)
Correspondence with low molecular weight chemicals that results in the priming of chemical-specific, Prof. Dr. Stefan F. Martin, Allergy Research skin-homing CD8+ Tc1/Tc17 and CD4+ Th1/Th17 cells. (cdc.gov)

citation needed] Further knock out experiments showed important roles of αβ T cells, γδ T cells and NK cells in tumour immunity (Girardi et al. (wikipedia.org)
1999). Tumour antigens are those expressed by tumor cells, and recognizable as being different from self cells. (wikipedia.org)
In the process of DCs vaccination the first step is to present specific tumour antigens. (modernloveok.com)

Virus transmission to permissive T-cells occurs either in trans (without DCs infection, through viral capture and transmission), or in cis (following DCs productive infection, through the usual CD4-gp120 interaction), thereby inducing a robust infection. (antikoerper-online.de)
Virion capture also seems to lead to MHC-II-restricted viral antigen presentation, and probably to the activation of SIV-specific CD4+ cells (By similarity). (antikoerper-online.de)
The formation of this structure appears to drive apposition and subsequent fusion of viral and target cell membranes. (antikoerper-online.de)
Dr. Knust has served as epidemiologist in the Viral Special Pathogens Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for seven years. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy28

Organisms26

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs111

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment33

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care3

Macrophages25

Antibodies21

Self-antigens3

Lymphocytes16

Receptors16

Proteins15

APCs6

Effector T cel4

Engulf and destroy invading1

Inflammation11

Immune Cells17

Responses27

Killing mechanisms1

Immunological3

Cytotoxic T-cel2

Lipid antigens2

Autoimmune9

Infectious pathogens2

Human leucocy1

Dendritic cell2

Neutrophils3

Pathways4

Destroy6

PAMPs1

Antigenic3

Recognize3

Phagocytosis1

Defense7

Endothelial cells2

Specific antigen2

Antitumor4

Stromal cells5

Extracellular1

Tolerance6

Bone marrow3

Differentiation7

Intracellular2

Lymph nodes4

Activate6

Detection2

Lymphocyte1

Infection and Immu1

Lymphoid9

Myeloid4

Systemic immunity1

Vivo3

Vaccines3

Tumor microenvironment2

Mucosal3

Microenvironment1

Helper14

Initiate1

Adoptively transferred1

Molecular2

Tumour3

Viral4