• We used the minimal gene regulatory network of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1) to reprogram cancer cells into professional antigen-presenting cells (tumor-APCs). (lu.se)
  • Within 9 days of reprogramming, tumor-APCs acquired transcriptional and epigenetic programs associated with cDC1 cells. (lu.se)
  • In addition to acquiring improved antigen presentation, tumor-APCs had impaired tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. (lu.se)
  • Antitumor immunity elicited by tumor-APCs was synergistic with immune checkpoint inhibitors. (lu.se)
  • They are also a type of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that can mediate the infiltration of immune cells during an immune response, suggesting dermal macrophages' influence on both the innate and adaptive immune systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dermal macrophages, Langerhans cells and dendritic cells are the main types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the skin. (wikipedia.org)
  • 14 As the strongest antigen presenting cell (APCs), DCs play an important role in the immunity of the ocular surface. (bmj.com)
  • In peripheral tissues including mucosa, TLR stimulation of structural cells is required to initiate immunity by transmitting signals to APCs. (ihes.fr)
  • We aimed to clarify whether soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) activated B cells may be loaded with HBcAg18-27 peptide and served as antigen-producing cells (APCs) to induce HBV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results demonstrate that sCD40L-activated B cells may function as APCs and induce HBV-specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Efficient antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is critical for inducing T-cell mediated immunity in vivo [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we provide evidence that the activated B cells may serve as APCs to present core peptide of HBV to cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a terminal cell type, B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can usually be cultured for 2-3 weeks only, which limits the application of B cells as APCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They are expressed on B cells, activated T cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and other non-professional APCs. (biolegend.com)
  • Overall, these results suggested that A2BR expression on myeloid cells and APCs indirectly suppressed CD8+ T-cell responses and promoted metastasis. (figshare.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most important antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the body. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This stress condition can also lead to the attraction of immune cells, notably antigen presenting cells (APCs) (i.e. immature dendritic cells), natural killer cells (NK cells), and cytotoxic T-cells to the site of infection [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Virus-based immunostimulatory cytokine and chemokine expression can recruit and activate T cells, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and natural killer (NK) cells, and subsequently, improve the therapeutic activity of OVs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Restoring antitumor immunity with dendritic cell reprogramming strategies. (lu.se)
  • NK cells are specialized effectors of the innate immune system that destroy their targets by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, have prominent antitumor effects, and are potent killers of virally infected cells. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we illustrated that myeloid cells in K14HPV16/H2b mice possess potent immunosuppressive activity toward antigen-presenting cells and CD8 + T cells, dampening antitumor immunity. (nih.gov)
  • These results established immunosuppressive myeloid cells in lymphoid organs as an HPV + cancer-induced means of circumventing tumor immunity that will require targeted abrogation to enable the induction of efficacious antitumor immune responses. (nih.gov)
  • Loading DCs ex vivo with tumor antigens can stimulate potent antitumor immunity in tumor-bearing mice. (nova.edu)
  • Immunization with mRNA-transfected DCs is a promising strategy to stimulate potent antitumor immunity and could serve as a foundation for developing effective treatments for cancer. (nova.edu)
  • Accumulating evidence suggests that inhibiting adenosine-generating ecto-enzymes (CD39 and CD73) and/or adenosine A2A or A2B receptors (R) stimulates antitumor immunity and limits tumor progression. (figshare.com)
  • Pharmacologic blockade of A2BR improved the antitumor effect of adoptive T-cell therapy. (figshare.com)
  • Among our antigen-presenting cells, it is the dendritic cells that most effectively provide antitumor immunity and better patient survival. (lu.se)
  • a Mechanisms by which oncolytic viruses (OVs) stimulate antitumor immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alexandra Gabriela Barros Ferreira defends her Ph.D. thesis "Restoring antitumor immunity with dendritic cell reprogramming strategies" on Friday, 17 November, 2023. (lu.se)
  • One example is allergic reactions when our immune system overreacts to foreign antigens. (rsscience.com)
  • They act as a surveillance system to detect foreign antigens and shape immunogenic or tolerogenic responses [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Importantly, DCs also help guide the immune system to respond to foreign antigens while avoiding the generation of autoimmune responses to self. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) typically express CD8 and induce apoptosis of cells on which they recognize foreign antigens presented by MHC class I molecules, providing a defense against intracellular pathogens such as viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
  • The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) hosted "Concurrent Session 207: Harnessing Antigen-Presenting cells to Boost Anti-Tumor Immunity" during the SITC 2019 Annual Meeting on November 8, 2019. (sitcancer.org)
  • The idea behind the project is to use drugs to reprogram cancer cells into immune cells, in order to increase the body's natural anti-tumor response and fight cancer. (lu.se)
  • In this case, the stimulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent immunogenic cell death (ICD) process in OVs-infected cells elicit a range of anti-tumor immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This project will aim to test a cancer immunotherapy approach based on in-vivo dendritic cell reprogramming of tumor cells to reinstate anti-tumor immunity. (lu.se)
  • My Ph.D. studies have focused on restoring anti-tumor immunity with dendritic cell reprogramming strategies. (lu.se)
  • when it comes to cancer they are critical as they present tumor antigens to the killer cells of the immune system and orchestrate the anti-tumor immune response. (lu.se)
  • Numerous dermal macrophages are present in the skin at birth due to the infiltration of yolk-sac derived macrophages and haematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived monocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Monocytes are produced from haematopoietic stem cells in the liver, and they subsequently infiltrate the skin via the foetal bloodstream. (wikipedia.org)
  • Efti binds to and activates antigen-presenting cells via MHC II molecules leading to expansion and proliferation of CD8 + (cytotoxic) T cells, CD4 + (helper) T cells, dendritic cells, NK cells, and monocytes. (itbusinessnet.com)
  • Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are pathologically activated neutrophils or monocytes that are absent in healthy individuals, but appear in patients with cancer and conditions associated with chronic inflammation or stress. (beckman.com)
  • As a first-in-class antigen presenting cell (APC) activator, efti binds to MHC (major histocompatibility complex) Class II molecules on APC leading to activation and proliferation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, CD4+ helper T cells, dendritic cells, NK cells, and monocytes. (kdvr.com)
  • Based on this definition, all granulocytes and monocytes are myeloid cells. (rsscience.com)
  • Lymphocyte - These cells have a rounded nucleus, no prominent granules, and are smaller than monocytes. (pearson.com)
  • In 2018, our research group identified the three transcription factors that allow us to convert fibroblasts, for example from the skin, into type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1). (lu.se)
  • Innate immunity resides in the skin, mucous membranes, polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, complement system, and a select group of cells that possess cytotoxic capabilities. (medscape.com)
  • Natural-killer (NK) cells are specialized lymphocytes that have cytotoxic properties in addition to their ability to produce cytokines that assist in the orchestration of adaptive immunity. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with cervical cancer have poor dendritic cell functions, have weak cytotoxic lymphocyte responses, and demonstrate an accumulation of myeloid cells in the periphery. (nih.gov)
  • Combining ROCK blockade with immunogenic chemotherapy leads to increased DC maturation and synergistic CD8+ cytotoxic T cell priming and infiltration into tumours. (ibric.org)
  • Upon the stage of tumorigenesis, down-regulation of the major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC-I) molecules and also the overexpression of the stress-induced ligands on the surface of malignant cells to avoid recognition by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), make them more sensitive to NK cell-mediated death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • T-cell engagers are bispecific antibodies that recruit cytotoxic T cells to kill tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Moreover, these receptors are functional, as treatment of FRT tissue cells with ligands for TLR and NOD induces production of proinflammatory CXCL8 [ 13 ], and those receptors actively participate in immune response to pathogens, as Neisseria gonorrhea and HIV-1 [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The generation of receptors specific for antigens is a unique and complex process that generates 10 12 specific receptors for each cell type of the adaptive immune system, including T and B cells. (medscape.com)
  • Various cell types can process and present these antigens to T cells, or antigens may be soluble and bound to B-cell receptors. (medscape.com)
  • Next we investigated how innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) may facilitate the recognition of H. pylori to subsequently induce classic molecular cascades that efficiently modulate immunity. (nimml.org)
  • Defense cells, within their relaxing condition or upon activation by particular antigens, cytokines and/or tension/injury, express cell surface area receptors for these peptides and human hormones permitting reactions to ligands. (cancer-pictures.org)
  • Similarly, cells inside the endocrine and neuronal systems can communicate receptors to different immune-derived cytokines, growth and chemokines factors. (cancer-pictures.org)
  • Progenitors and mature cells of the immune system have been shown to express estrogen receptors (ER) and androgen receptors (AR), suggesting that steroid sex hormones directly influence both the development and function of cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. (cancer-pictures.org)
  • The major effects of estrogen are mediated through two different receptors, ER- and ER-, which are indicated in immune system cells. (cancer-pictures.org)
  • Innate immunity refers to a means of pathogen and microbe recognition and defence based on a system of highly conserved pattern and microbe recognition molecules that are not generally considered part of the acquired cellular or humoral systems (memory dominated part of the immune system) called Toll Like Receptors (TLR's). (clinicaleducation.org)
  • In this manner, the reduced detection of self MHC-I molecules by NK cell-inhibitory receptors coupled with an increase in activating signals by recognition of stress-induced surface ligands promote the cytolytic activity of NK cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On the other hand, the proliferation of oncolytic viruses into target cells and subsequent recognition of viral elements by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors can positively affect the development of the innate and adaptive immune responses against tumor cells (Fig. 1 ) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antigen-specific ligation of T-cell receptors induces effector mechanisms that either directly or indirectly promote lysis of infected cells. (cdc.gov)
  • The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)
  • Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) recognize specific proteins on the surface of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • They can acquire an M1 or M2 phenotype to promote or suppress an inflammatory response, thereby influencing other cells' activity via the production of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines. (wikipedia.org)
  • The CD4+ T helper cells are primarily responsible for helping other immune cells through direct cell-cell interactions or by secreting cytokines after recognizing viral peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. (cdc.gov)
  • This association of phenotype and function is not absolute, since CD4+ cells may exhibit lytic activity, while CD8+ cells secrete antiviral cytokines, notably interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor. (cdc.gov)
  • Human primary tumor cells could also be reprogrammed to increase their capability to present antigen and to activate patient-specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. (lu.se)
  • The adaptive immune system consists of 2 types of lymphocytes: T cells (70-75% of the adaptive immune force) and B cells (10-20% of the adaptive immune force). (medscape.com)
  • We now understand that adaptive immunity is the purview of a second set of leukocytes, T and B lymphocytes, which are responsible not only for antibody production but also for the generation of T cells that can directly identify and kill host cells infected by pathogens (e.g., viruses). (aacrjournals.org)
  • While the autoreactive cells displayed significantly reduced Tregs numbers, the alloreactive transplacentally acquired maternal lymphocytes had high functional Tregs. (hindawi.com)
  • In some cases, T cells may present, as a result of residual autologous cells or transplacentally acquired maternal lymphocytes [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The origin of the reactive cells in such patients are either thymic release of T-cells that expand at the periphery or transplacentally transfers of maternal T lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)
  • A distinctive feature of SCID patients, which sometimes can clinically resemble Omenn, [ 6 ] is the presence of alloreactive cells originated from transplacentally maternal T lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)
  • Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)
  • Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)
  • Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) may have greater tumoricidal activity than LAK cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Le pourcentage de CD44 dans les lymphocytes T périphériques était significativement plus élevé chez les patients que chez les témoins, comme détecté par la cytométrie en flux. (who.int)
  • Lymphocytes, B and T cells, can respond selectively to thousands of non-self materials. (lu.se)
  • Cancer immunotherapy with mRNA-transfected dendritic cells. (nova.edu)
  • These data provide a strong rationale to combine A2BR inhibition with T-cell-based immunotherapy for the treatment of tumor growth and metastasis. (figshare.com)
  • Activation of T cell immune response is critical for the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. (ibric.org)
  • Collectively, these results suggest that boosting intrinsic cancer immunity using immunogenic killing and enhanced phagocytosis is a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer immunotherapy. (ibric.org)
  • Among systemic therapeutics, immunotherapy has the potential to be integrated with RT to induce a tumor-specific immune response that could enable the body's own immune system to target residual and metastatic tumor cells that are not ablated after radiation therapy alone. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In passive cellular immunotherapy, specific effector cells are directly infused and are not induced within the patient. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Passive cellular immunotherapy references A number of immunologic interventions, both passive and active, can be directed against tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In passive cellular immunotherapy, specific effector cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Immunotherapy can fail in patients with cancer when certain cancer cells can hide from the immune system. (lu.se)
  • However, cDC1 can be compromised in cancer patients and some cancer cells lack these antigen-presenting proteins on their surface, impacting immunotherapy response. (lu.se)
  • Sex Hormones There is extensive evidence for gender-based differences in immune responses leading to differences in a wide array of disorders ranging from susceptibility to autoimmune disorders to immunity against pathogens and mortality following injury. (cancer-pictures.org)
  • It is likely that L-DCs play an important role in antigen uptake and processing of respiratory pathogens and are major contributors to respiratory tract immunity and may be ideal tools for future in vitro or ex vivo studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cellular or innate immune system was first described by the pathologist Elie Metchnikoff who recognized the existence of cells in the blood and tissues whose role was to identify, capture, and destroy invading pathogens. (aacrjournals.org)
  • These cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, were found to provide a rapid response to virtually all pathogens and to initiate inflammation at sites of local infection. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Rosa et al, Science Immunology 2022 ) and has shown recently that the same combination of factors can reprogram tumor cells into antigen presenting cells (Zimmermannova et al, In revision). (lu.se)
  • In this epithelium, as well as in the more fragile single cell layer epithelium of endocervix, the cells are held together by proteins that form desmosomes, tight junctions, and adherens junctions, which decrease its permeability [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Endogenous synthesis of antigen results in efficient proteolytic peptide processing and presentation of peptide antigen on MHC class I proteins. (jci.org)
  • We have therefore identified three proteins that can reprogram human cancer cells into functional dendritic cells," says Filipe Pereira, professor of molecular medicine at Lund University, principal investigator at Lund Stem Cell Center, and coordinator of the Pathfinder project. (lu.se)
  • Specifically, cell-mediated responses typically focus on peptides from internal influenza proteins, which are far less susceptible to antigenic variation. (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, T cells, which mediate cellular immune responses, can target internal proteins common to heterologous viral strains. (cdc.gov)
  • These may be different molecules within the cells like proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleoproteins and may also be the whole cell, like a tumor cell or organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or agents containing genetic material such as nucleic acids or lipids. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast to TCR T cells, CAR T cells recognize only relatively large proteins on the surface of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This review summarizes some immunological factors involved in the development and control of this oral disease, such as: the participation of inflammatory cells in local inflammation, the synthesis of chemotaxis proteins with activation of the complement system and a range of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins, cathelicidin and saposins. (bvsalud.org)
  • Reprogramming restored the expression of antigen presentation complexes and costimulatory molecules on the surfaces of tumor cells, allowing the. (lu.se)
  • The expression of CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II molecules on the sCD40L-activated B cell was significantly increased after long-time culture. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DC sense antigens, which are taken-up, processed and presented in the context of MHC molecules to elicit antigen specific T cell responses. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • In conjunction with the CD3/TCR complex and CD4 molecules, HLA-DR is critical for efficient peptide presentation to CD4+ T cells. (biolegend.com)
  • MHC-II molecules drive the development, activation, and homeostasis of CD4 + T-helper cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, while the mainstay of the diagnosis of MHC-II deficiency is the absence of constitutive and inducible expression of MHC-II molecules on all cell types, other tests for T-cell function are less informative in such patients. (hindawi.com)
  • The immune system is an inherent self-defense system consisting of cells that helps the body distinguish between self and non-self molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)
  • Variable region constitutes the antibody binding region of the molecule to the different antigens as it consists of about 110 amino acids that vary widely among the different antibody molecules. (medscape.com)
  • CD117 by immunohistochemical methods sion molecules, involved in cell-cell and in order to clarify the role of the infiltrating cell matrix interactions and thought to take inflammatory cells in the pathomechanisms part in cell motility [ 2,3 ]. (who.int)
  • Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)
  • For some, this is an impenetrable barrier for agents such as HIV, but Langerhans cells within the squamous layer have been shown to transmit the virus for target cells [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • However, their antigen-presenting ability is relatively lower than dendritic cells (DCs) and Langerhans cells (LCs) in the skin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prenatal dermal macrophages are not to be confused with Langerhans cells as they uniquely express CD14 and FXIIIa and lack CD1a. (wikipedia.org)
  • They construct the mononuclear phagocyte system together with dendritic and Langerhans cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Broadly speaking, they can be divided into Langerhans and non-Langerhans cell histiocytoses. (thedoctorsdoctor.com)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytoses are all defined by the presence of a unique ultrastructural organelle, the Birbeck granule. (thedoctorsdoctor.com)
  • Currently, the preferred term is Langerhans cell histiocytosis. (thedoctorsdoctor.com)
  • Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting in the neonatal period: a retrospective case series. (thedoctorsdoctor.com)
  • OBJECTIVES: To describe the morphologic characteristics of skin lesions, extent of extracutaneous disease, and outcomes in patients with neonatal presentation of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), and to examine clinical predictors of disease prognosis. (thedoctorsdoctor.com)
  • Epidemiologic study of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children. (thedoctorsdoctor.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: The etiology and pathogenesis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) remain poorly understood. (thedoctorsdoctor.com)
  • ii) plasmacytoid DC (pDC) in blood that represent the major producers of type 1 interferon and (iii) Langerhans cells (LC), the cutaneous contingent of DC in epidermis. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Epidermal Langerhans cells (CD207/langerin(+)), dermal langerin(neg), and dermal langerin(+) dendritic cells (DC) have been described, the latter subset so far only in mouse skin. (cnrs.fr)
  • Leveraging a transgenic mouse model of HPV-derived cancers, K14HPV16/H2b, we demonstrated that a potent nanoparticle-based E7 vaccine, but not a conventional "liquid" vaccine, induced E7 tumor antigen-specific CD8 + T cells in cervical tumor-bearing mice. (nih.gov)
  • The striking observation from two phase I clinical trials, in patients with prostate cancer immunized with prostate-specific antigen mRNA-transfected DCs and patients with renal cancer immunized with autologous tumor RNA-transfected DCs, was that the majority of patients exhibited a vaccine-induced T-cell response. (nova.edu)
  • re-stimulate vaccine generated memory CD4+ Th1 cells. (peertechzpublications.com)
  • As a consequence, the vaccine is immunologically processed by antigen-presenting cells of the skin or the muscle. (cnrs.fr)
  • A vaccine approach based on cell-mediated immunity that avoids some of these drawbacks is discussed here. (cdc.gov)
  • We discuss the advantages of developing a vaccine based on cell-mediated immune responses toward highly pathogenic influenza virus and potential problems arising from immune pressure. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccine approaches against respiratory virus infections such as influenza have relied on inducing antibodies that protect against viral infection by neutralizing virions or blocking the virus's entry into cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Schematic illustration of the multimodality role of virotheranostics in treatment and tracking of tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • INSERM - Institut Pasteur de Lille (Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Team 8, INSERM U1019) - 1 rue du Pr. (ihes.fr)
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Antagonism Reveals a Gut/Lung Axis That Amplifies Regulatory T Cells in a Pulmonary Fungal Infection. (uc.edu)
  • Metallothioneins: Emerging Modulators in Immunity and Infection. (uc.edu)
  • They can be found in tissue - where they help control development, homeostasis, and tissue repair - or circulating in the blood and lymphatic systems, where they are recruited to damaged tissue or sites of infection and play a vital role in immunity. (beckman.com)
  • Recent evidence suggests mononuclear phagocytes are largely involved in shaping dominant immunity during infection mediating the balance between host tolerance and succumbing to overt disease. (nimml.org)
  • Lentiviral vector-based dendritic cell vaccines induce protective T cell responses against viral infection and cancer in animal models. (jci.org)
  • Injection of a lentiviral vector encoding an MHC class I-restricted T cell epitope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and CD40 ligand induced an antigen-specific cytolytic CD8 + T lymphocyte response that protected the mice from infection. (jci.org)
  • This persistent infection is attributable - in the case of this novel coronavirus, which is systemic - to the enduring presence of sufficient host cells, such that infection sites can readily be found. (eurekalert.org)
  • They demonstrated that factors known to be common risks associated with aging - namely (1) Decreased activity by antigen-presenting cells, and (2) Inhibition of interferon signaling by Type I interferon autoantibodies - significantly increased viral production within the body, leading to severe infections (see Fig. 1: Severe infection). (eurekalert.org)
  • Thus, it can be surmised that enhanced immunity is crucial to avoid persistent infection. (eurekalert.org)
  • The research team's experimental computer simulations demonstrated that dendritic cell numbers remained significantly depressed, and failed to recover even seven months after infection, being consistent with the long-term clinical observations. (eurekalert.org)
  • Oncolytic viruses (OVs) specifically induce cancer cells death by infection of and spreading on tumor cells through different mechanisms such as direct lysis effect or adjacent cells fusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We review the literature on the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in influenza infection and the available data on the role of these responses in protection from highly pathogenic influenza infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Greater understanding of how each subset contributes to protective immunity and how T-cell memory is maintained and recalled in a secondary infection would contribute to development of effective vaccines that use these basic features of the immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • In particular, the T-cell immune response to influenza infection has been well characterized in C57BL/6 (B6,H2 b ) mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Antigen-specific CD40L-activated B cells may efficiently endocytose and present antigens, such as protein, RNA, and cDNA, to prime primary T cells and boost robust memory T-cell responses [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Upon completion of this activity, the participant should understand the critical roles of dendritic cells in guiding host immune responses, and the details of how they mature, process, and present antigens. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses which can be influenced by systemic immunity. (hindawi.com)
  • Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses that can be influenced by systemic immunity [ 15 ] and by hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. (hindawi.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
  • More importantly, activated B cells may also prime naive T-cell responses against neoantigens ex vivo as DCs do [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we show greater T cell responses when mice are immunised in the middle of their rest versus their active phase. (biomed.news)
  • Dendritic cells (DC) are responsible for initiating all antigen-specific immune responses. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Transitional dendritic cells are distinct from conventional DC2 precursors and mediate proinflammatory antiviral responses. (stanford.edu)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) belong to the family of antigen presenting cells, located at the center of immunological responses, which decide on induction of tolerance or specific immunity. (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • Here we compared T-cell functions including the number of circulating CD3 + T cells, in vitro responses to mitogens, T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, TCR excision circles (TREC) levels, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) enumeration in several immunodeficinecy subtypes, clinically presenting with nonreactive residual cells (MHC-II deficiency) or reactive cells. (hindawi.com)
  • 1 Granulocytes are the most abundant myeloid cell in the blood, and can further be divided into eosinophils , basophils , and neutrophils. (beckman.com)
  • [In this video] See the most abundant type of white blood cells - neutrophils - in action. (rsscience.com)
  • They can also stimulate the destruction of antigen by cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils by covering the surface of the antigen by the Fc portion of the antibodies in a process known as "opsonization. (medscape.com)
  • The adaptive immune system, discovered by Paul Ehrlich, involves the production of circulating antibodies that can provide long lasting, systemic immunity that is specific to antigens expressed by a given pathogen. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Immunoglobulin (Ig) is the key component of humoral immunity. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, it is not surprising that GI disorders are common manifestations, and often the initial presenting symptom, in patients with dysfunction in humoral immunity or cell-mediated immunity ( Table 1 ). (medscape.com)
  • Antigen presenting dendritic cells (DC) represent highly specialized immune cells with a central role in immunity and tolerance induction. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • DCs are thus paradoxically important in cancer, generating both immunity and tolerance. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Understanding the paradoxical importance of dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance will inform the development of successful cancer immunotherapies. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Although immunity is extensively impaired in such cases, regulatory tolerance mechanisms are not known to be affected [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • These cells expand in the periphery, causing tissue infiltration and damage due to breakdown of both central (e.g., autoimmune regulator, AIRE protein dysfunction) and peripheral (FOXP3 + deficiency) tolerance mechanisms [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The relative contributions of these subsets to the generation of immunity or tolerance are still unclear. (cnrs.fr)
  • Dysfunction of the regulatory mechanisms maintaining this balance between active immunity and tolerance in the gut may lead to mucosal inflammation and damage and GI diseases. (medscape.com)
  • Vaccination alone or in combination with anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA4 did not elicit tumor regression nor increase CD8 + T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), suggesting the presence of immune-suppressive barriers. (nih.gov)
  • They are generated by immunizing an animal with an antigen to elicit an immune response. (cellsignal.com)
  • LPS was shown to regulate Hv1 in a bimodal way, with acute, PKC dependent induction of the enhanced gating mode of the channel, followed by a strong inhibition of Hv1 currents in LPS (24 h) matured cells. (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • Immune cells must be able to adjust their metabolic programs to effectively carry out their effector functions. (biomed.news)
  • Concomitant use of interferon enhances the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and TAAs on tumor cells, thereby augmenting the killing of tumor cells by the infused effector cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Several possible mechanisms have been proposed by Dr. Kovacs that may facilitate the consequences of estrogen(s) on immunity like the immediate (promoter-based) and indirect (receptor dimerization to transcription elements) legislation of inflammatory gene appearance. (cancer-pictures.org)
  • In whole cell patch clamp experiments on mouse bone marrow-derived DCs, increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels induced by intracellular IP3, extracellular ionomycin in the presence of Ca2+ or by ligation of the chemokine receptor CCR7 resulted in the activation of the outwardly rectifying Cl- channels (CaCCs). (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • The influenza A viruses infect host epithelial cells by attaching to a cellular receptor (sialic acid) by the viral surface protein hemagglutinin (HA). (cdc.gov)
  • The basic principles of chimeric antigen receptor design. (msdmanuals.com)
  • After a complex process of education and maturation, a circulating lymphocyte can bind to an antigen. (medscape.com)
  • The cellular response is mainly a lymphocyte-mediated reaction, whereas the humoral response includes production of antibodies against the antigen by the plasma cells. (medscape.com)
  • The earliest cell in B-lymphocyte lineage that produces Ig is the pre-B lymphocyte. (medscape.com)
  • Although antilymphocyte serum was used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and in T-cell and B-cell lymphomas, resulting in temporary decreases in lymphocyte counts or lymph node size, newer humoral immunotherapeutic modalities have been developed. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Phagocytic leukocytes are specialized White blood cells - WBCs - that can eat and digest microorganisms, foreign substances, abnormal cells, cellular debris and waste products. (phartoonz.com)
  • Here, we show a therapeutic strategy that combines enhancing the phagocytic activity of antigen-presenting cells with immunogenic cell death to trigger efficient antitumour immunity. (ibric.org)
  • Hematopoietic stem cells and LC precursors in skin develop into long-term LC in steady state, which requires the transcription factor Id2 (A, top panel). (rwth-aachen.de)
  • DC subsets develop from hematopoietic stem cells via Flt3 expressing progenitors through consecutive steps of lineage commitment and differentiation: multipotent progenitors (MPP) are committed to DC restricted common DC progenitors (CDP), which differentiate into the specific DC subsets cDC1 cDC2 and pDC. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Hematopoietic stem cells are capable to give rise to all types of blood cells. (rsscience.com)
  • [In this image] The family of the hematopoietic (meaning blood) system is originated from the hematopoietic stem cells in our bone marrow. (rsscience.com)
  • However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) imposes different mechanisms that facilitate the impairment of DC functions, such as inefficient antigen presentation or polarization into immunosuppressive DCs. (mdpi.com)
  • Our data suggest that mechanisms of mononuclear phagocyte response to H. pylori occur sequentially and may depend on the location of the bacterium with respect to the host cell. (nimml.org)
  • Endocrinology, by definition, focuses on homeostatic, and cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication mechanisms. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • But sometimes the immune system fails to eliminate tumor cells, especially if the tumor has developed mechanisms to evade immune surveillance, the immune system's ability to fight disease. (lu.se)
  • Experience in dendritic cell biology and antigen presentation mechanisms is a merit, T cell biology is also attractive. (lu.se)
  • It consists of physical barriers, mechanisms of innate immunity as well as adaptive immunity. (medscape.com)
  • Vaccination by direct injection of lentiviral vector was more effective in sterile alpha motif and HD-domain containing protein 1-knockout (SAMHD1-knockout) mice, suggesting that lentiviral vectors containing Vpx, a lentiviral protein that increases the efficiency of dendritic cell transduction by inducing the degradation of SAMHD1, would be an effective strategy for the treatment of chronic disease in humans. (jci.org)
  • Lymphoid lineage DCs primarily differentiate into plasmacytoid DCs and occupy approximately 0.5% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in humans [ 2 ], but the cell population percentage is unclear in horses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • High-dimensional approaches have revealed heterogeneity amongst dendritic cells (DCs), including a population of transitional DCs (tDCs) in mice and humans. (stanford.edu)
  • Clinical trials of LAK cells in humans are ongoing but this approach has not gained widespread use and is generally considered less effective than other cell therapies. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Our approach serves as a platform for the development of immunotherapies that endow cancer cells with the capability to process and present endogenous tumor antigens. (lu.se)
  • Animal studies have shown that LAK cells are more effective against cancer cells than are the original endogenous T cells, presumably because of their greater number. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The upper portion of the female reproductive tract consists of the fallopian tubes, uterus body, and endocervix, which has columnar epithelial cells and is distincted from ectocervix which is part of the lower tract characterized by squamous epithelial cells [ 4 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The morphology and densities of conjunctival epithelial cells, goblet cells (GCs), dendritic cells (DCs) and the positive rate of conjunctival microcysts were analysed. (bmj.com)
  • Results The morphology and the densities of both conjunctival epithelial cells and GCs showed no significant age-related differences. (bmj.com)
  • We previously showed that upon nasal administration of the TLR5 agonist flagellin, lung epithelial cells are the driving force essential to promote the adjuvant effect to co-administered antigens. (ihes.fr)
  • We performed whole lung analysis after nasal flagellin administration to correlate gene expression to cell infiltration into the respiratory tract and to epithelial signals required for APC recruitment and activation. (ihes.fr)
  • The CD40L-activated B cells may be continually expanded and the B cells significantly up-regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II and induce the expression of CD80 and CD86. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By using direct reprogramming strategies, I could induce the expression of tumor antigens on the surface of cancer cells, making them visible to the immune system again. (lu.se)
  • Binding of complement to a foreign substance, or antigen, amplifies and augments the body's innate immune system by means of its role as an opsonin (a factor that enhances phagocytosis of unwanted particles) and as a chemoattractant (a factor that recruits cells to areas of inflammation). (medscape.com)
  • Rho-kinase (ROCK) blockade increases cancer cell phagocytosis and induces antitumour immunity through enhancement of T cell priming by dendritic cells (DCs), leading to suppression of tumour growth in syngeneic tumour models. (ibric.org)
  • Another crucial function of DCs is their ability to uptake and process antigens during phagocytosis. (uni-tuebingen.de)
  • Competitive antagonism of TLR8 with non-targeting locked nucleic acids was found to prevent native LDL-induced macrophage polarization in vitro, and re-organize lesion macrophage phenotypes in vivo, as determined by single-cell RNA sequencing. (biomed.news)
  • In this study, we tested whether preventative and therapeutic vaccination could be achieved by direct injection of antigen-expressing lentiviral vector, obviating the need for ex vivo transduction of dendritic cells. (jci.org)
  • Other cellular components of the innate immune system include mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells, and NK cells. (medscape.com)
  • Amino acid metabolism is essential for cell survival, while the byproduct ammonia is toxic and can injure cellular longevity. (biomed.news)
  • The multi‑dimensional nature of their roles in cellular homeostasis, cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication at the level of the organism, as well as their actions on the holobiome (intra‑/interspecies interaction), have garnered the interest of a large number of researchers. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Simply put, Dr. Mamula examines posttranslational protein modifications that alter cellular biology and immunity. (yale.edu)
  • The body's immune system can react adaptively against the antigen via 2 pathways: cellular or humoral. (medscape.com)
  • Epitopes are a component of the antigen that are recognized by the immune system and determine whether the cellular or the humoral arm of the immune system shall be activated against that particular antigen. (medscape.com)
  • We focused particularly on harnessing reprogramming, or direct cellular reprogramming, to induce antigen presentation in cancer cells. (lu.se)
  • Conversely, they demonstrated that sufficiently robust activity by antigen-presenting cells and/or antibody production by plasma cells would result in a complete cure by effectively ridding the infected host of the virus (see Fig. 1: Complete cure). (eurekalert.org)
  • Mammalian cell lines are most commonly used for recombinant antibody production, although cell lines of bacterial, yeast, or insect origin are also suitable. (cellsignal.com)
  • human CD14(+) dermal DC can promote antibody production by B cells. (cnrs.fr)
  • 3) T cell deficiencies result usually in combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs), where both T cells and antibody production are defective. (lu.se)
  • Traditional polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are the product of normal B cell development and genetic recombination. (cellsignal.com)
  • While polyclonal antibodies are secreted by many different B cell clones and recognize multiple antigenic epitopes, monoclonals originate from a single B cell clone and are specific for just one epitope. (cellsignal.com)
  • Where polyclonal antibodies are purified directly from the serum of the immunized host, and monoclonals are purified from either hybridoma-derived tissue culture supernatant or ascites, recombinant antibodies are instead purified from the tissue culture supernatants of transfected host cell lines. (cellsignal.com)
  • Antibodies can bind to the different antigens causing agglutination and precipitation of the antigens leading to neutralization of the antigen effect. (medscape.com)
  • Zinc Induces Dendritic Cell Tolerogenic Phenotype and Skews Regulatory T Cell-Th17 Balance. (uc.edu)
  • Intracellular Helicobacter pylori induces temporal waves in macrophage immunity. (nimml.org)
  • Another example is autoimmune diseases , in which our immune system attacks our own cells. (rsscience.com)
  • While all cells are functionally deficient, resulting in high susceptibility to infections, only some of these cells are causing autoimmune symptoms. (hindawi.com)
  • SCID patients presenting with circulating T cells show different patterns of T-cell activity and regulatory T cells enumeration that dictates the immunodeficient and autoimmune manifestations. (hindawi.com)
  • In contrast, patients with self-reactive cells have significant autoimmune features in addition to their clinical and molecular immunodeficient state. (hindawi.com)
  • For example, Omenn syndrome, a typical case of impaired T-cell differentiation with abnormal self-reactive cells, is invariably characterized by autoimmune features such as generalized scaly exudative erythroderma, enlarged lymphoid tissues, and peripheral expansion of oligoclonal T-cells, in addition to increased susceptibility for severe infections [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This continuously evolving system sometimes reacts against the bodies own cells, identifying it as foreign, which leads to healthy tissue destruction and causes autoimmune diseases and cancers. (medscape.com)
  • Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a life-threate- disorders and to shed a light on the role of ning blistering skin disease in which pa- mast cells in autoimmune diseases [ 7 ]. (who.int)
  • They take parts of antigens or they take parts of food particles or tissues of your body and they present them to the immune cells. (drruscio.com)
  • Note staining of lymphoid cells and lack of staining in surrounding white and brown adipose tissues. (cellsignal.com)
  • In this topic, we will review the cells, tissues, and organs that make up the immune system. (pearson.com)
  • Some cells migrate to tissues to take up residence whereas others circulate through the blood and lymphatic system, entering tissues when needed. (pearson.com)
  • More recent studies suggested that DCs derived from tissues without "danger" signal stimulation should be regarded as immature DCs, based on their major role in antigen uptake and endocytosis of antigens [ 11 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cells that have the inherent property of innate and adaptive immunity within the body are present at different sites including the blood, lymphatic system (lymph, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs), epithelium, and connective tissues. (medscape.com)
  • The immune system of the female genital tract is part of the integrated mucosal immune system, but with some particular characteristics that differentiate the immunity of these regions from the systemic immunity [ 2 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Compared with conventional cancer treatments, the main advantage of oncolytic virotherapy is its tumor-selective replication followed by the destruction of malignant cells without damaging healthy cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Decreased antigen presentation contributes to the ability of cancer cells to evade the immune system. (lu.se)
  • Reprogramming cancer cells to antigen-presenting cells. (lu.se)
  • Efti is Immutep's proprietary soluble LAG-3 clinical stage candidate that is a first-in-class antigen presenting cell (APC) activator that stimulates both innate and adaptive immunity for the treatment of cancer. (itbusinessnet.com)
  • Efti is under evaluation for a variety of solid tumours including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and metastatic breast cancer. (itbusinessnet.com)
  • 2020) Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells as a Therapeutic Target for Cancer. (beckman.com)
  • Efti is Immutep's proprietary soluble LAG-3 protein and MHC Class II agonist that stimulates both innate and adaptive immunity for the treatment of cancer. (kdvr.com)
  • This ammonia clearance machinery might be targeted to improve T cell-based cancer immunotherapies. (biomed.news)
  • Moreover, they are also involved in the elimination of cancer cells. (rsscience.com)
  • The goal is to treat macroscopic tumor with SRS while systemic chemotherapy targets microscopic cancer cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We have shown that administration of Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) significantly increases in the number of dendritic cells, and synergizes with radiation therapy to improve survival in preclinical models of lung cancer. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This proposal aims to translate these exciting findings to patients by optimizing the regimen through the use of models, manufacturing clinical grade Fltr3L and performing a pilot clinical study to explore the safety, feasibility and efficacy of combining lung stereotactic body radiation therapy and Fltr3L therapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In this way, the cancer cells are reprogrammed into dendritic cells and thus lose their ability to develop into tumors. (lu.se)
  • Given their central role in controlling the immune response in patients with cancer, DCs are emerging as a critical cell type that must be considered as we come to understand basic cancer immunobiology. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Therefore CAR T cells and TCR T cells may represent complementary approaches to cancer therapy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Her research involves direct reprogramming approaches, which function like a Trojan horse, enabling cancer cells to be targeted by the immune system. (lu.se)
  • Direct reprogramming strategies with cDC1-specific factors can induce antigen-presentation in cancer cells, making cancer cells visible to the immune system and easier to fight. (lu.se)
  • Although T-cell A2BR plays an insignificant role for A2BR-mediated immunosuppression and tumor promotion, A2BR deficiency in tumor-bearing mice caused increased infiltration of myeloid and CD103+ dendritic cells, which was associated with more effective cross-priming of adoptively transferred tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. (figshare.com)
  • Vaccination with an alkaline extract of Histoplasma capsulatum packaged in glucan particles confers protective immunity in mice. (uc.edu)
  • The injection of chronically infected mice with a lentiviral vector encoding LCMV MHC class I and II T cell epitopes and a soluble programmed cell death 1 microbody rapidly cleared the virus. (jci.org)
  • however, the role of circadian rhythms in dendritic cell function is still unclear. (biomed.news)
  • In addition, it was reported that the number of dendritic cells (Note 2) remained significantly depressed even some seven months after onset, regardless of the severity experienced by novel coronavirus patients, but the reason was unclear. (eurekalert.org)
  • The role of circulating bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) for vascular repair in scleroderma (SSc) remains unclear. (hku.hk)
  • Enforced expression of the transcription factors PU.1, IRF8, and BATF3 (PIB) was sufficient to induce the cDC1 phenotype in 36 cell lines derived from human and mouse hematological and solid tumors. (lu.se)
  • Intrathymic dendritic cell precursors promote human T-lineage specification via IRF8- driven transmembrane TNF. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Finally, mononuclear cells isolated from lung (L-MCs), which are used as precursors for L-DCs, expressed more antigen-presenting cell-associated markers such as MHC class II and CD172α compared to their counterparts from blood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This deficiency in dendritic cells has also been noted in the rare Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome, which is very similar to Kawasaki disease, and which very occasionally afflicts children infected with this novel coronavirus. (eurekalert.org)
  • Asthma results from complex interactions among inflammatory cells, their mediators, airway epithelium and smooth muscle, and the nervous system. (medscape.com)