EscherichiaPathogensPseudomonasMembranesOrganismsMultidrug-resistantStainMicroorganismsProtects the bacteriumPathogenicMembraneColiAntibioticAntibioticsFungiEndotoxinsAntibacterial activityResistantProteinsVirulenceMoleculesInfectionsVesiclesLysisAerobic bacteriaVibrioPeptidoglycanPenetratesLipopolysaccharideHematogenous spreadInhibitoryBacilliInhibitsHost-bacteriaAntimicrobial peptidesResistanceMammalianMechanismsWallsLipopolysaccharidesSpeciesOrganismLipidPneumoniasInnateMolecularToxinImmuneInflammatoryInfection causedWallExtracellularMoleculeLesionsLPSs
Escherichia5
- The gram-negative bacteria include the model organism Escherichia coli, as well as many pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Yersinia pestis. (wikipedia.org)
- In this work, we introduce a quantitative physical model of the bacterial cell wall that predicts the mechanical response of cell shape to peptidoglycan damage and perturbation in the rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. (princeton.edu)
- We demonstrate that the IMs of Escherichia coli and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are asymmetric, with a 75%/25% (cytoplasmic/periplasmic leaflet) distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in rod-shaped cells and an opposite distribution in E. coli filamentous cells. (duke.edu)
- this particular model contains the C-terminal domain of CdiA (CdiA-CT) from Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and other bacteria. (nih.gov)
- Naoise McGarry, Stephen Smith, Escherichia coli serum resistance : roles for cell number and Haemolysin. (tcd.ie)
Pathogens9
- Among these MDR pathogens, Gram-positive bacteria, which have only a single cell membrane, have received most of the attention from researchers. (sc.edu)
- These molecules are able to kill a whole host of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, even MDR Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, which are emerging as a special concern to the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Institutes of Health," says Decho. (sc.edu)
- In mechanistic studies assessing minimum inhibitory concentrations for various pathogens, turmeric demonstrated antimicrobial effects against a gamut of bacteria. (mdlinx.com)
- In a paper published Friday in the journal PLOS Pathogens , Detweiler and her research team unveil their latest discovery -- a chemical compound that works with a host's innate immune response to push past cellular barriers that help bacteria resist antibiotics. (sciencedaily.com)
- White blood cells known as B lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies in response to infections such as bloodborne pathogens. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- Because aerobic gram-negative bacilli (eg, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are the major pathogens associated with HAP, the pathophysiology of nosocomial pneumonia relates to the destructive effect on lung tissue. (medscape.com)
- Aerobic gram-negative pathogens may be divided into 2 categories. (medscape.com)
- These structures are critical for the virulence of many pathogens and represent one major way that bacteria share DNA with one another, which contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistance. (biorxiv.org)
- The antibiotic choice should focus on the most likely pathogens, ranging from anaerobic infections to community-acquired pathogens, to nosocomial or healthcare-associated pathogens, to resistant gram-positive pneumonias. (medscape.com)
Pseudomonas2
- than against gram-negative species, such as E. coli and Pseudomonas . (mdlinx.com)
- The beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas protegens protects plants from fungi and bacteria. (mpg.de)
Membranes11
- Having just one membrane, the gram-positive bacteria are also known as monoderm bacteria, while gram-negative bacteria, having two membranes, are also known as diderm bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- The dual membranes found in Gram-negative bacteria act as an impermeable barrier to many antibiotics. (sc.edu)
- Antimicrobial peptides selectively attack bacterial cell membranes. (sc.edu)
- Specifically, they tested a novel method for breaking through the bacterial membranes of the Gram-negatives. (sc.edu)
- The researchers found these new polymers to be highly-effective against MDR Gram-negative bacteria, despite their double membranes. (sc.edu)
- But while it damaged the bacterial cell membranes, it couldn't penetrate the fine layer of cholesterol that lined its mammalian host's cell membranes. (sciencedaily.com)
- Polymyxins increase the permeability of bacterial cell wall membranes. (nih.gov)
- The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is impermeable to large and polar molecules but permeable to water molecules and other small uncharged molecules like O 2 and CO 2 . (wikibooks.org)
- Passive transport is the moving of biochemicals across membranes of cells without the use of chemical energy. (wikibooks.org)
- We think the bacteria-killing effect is related to the size scale of these features, allowing them to interact with the membranes of the bacterial cells. (medgadget.com)
- It divides to replicate and then leaves via a final lysis of the host's cell wall and membranes. (eol.org)
Organisms12
- Many of these antibiotics also cover gram-positive organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- The drugs that specifically target gram-negative organisms include aminoglycosides, monobactams (aztreonam) and ciprofloxacin. (wikipedia.org)
- Organisms commonly implicated in neonatal cellulitis include group B Streptococcus (GBS), Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic microorganisms and fungi. (scielo.org.za)
- Gram-negative bacteria exert profound influences on the physiology of organisms through the actions of endotoxin. (jneurosci.org)
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns released by infecting organisms not only bind immune receptors on inflammatory cells but also bind receptors on cells in the heart ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Like all organisms, bacteria are in a constant competition for space and resources. (mpg.de)
- Patients who would have met the criteria for HCAP should not be empirically treated with antibiotics to cover MDR bacteria unless they have valid risk factors for acquiring MDR organisms. (medscape.com)
- Primary inhalation pneumonia develops when these organisms bypass normal respiratory defense mechanisms or when the patient inhales aerobic gram-negative organisms that colonize the upper respiratory tract or respiratory support equipment. (medscape.com)
- Although many predator bacteria may lyse other bacteria, and many "micropredators" have been described, these Bdellovibrio-like organisms can grow without bacterial prey, and do not divide inside the periplasm. (eol.org)
- It interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis during active replication, causing bactericidal activity against susceptible organisms. (medscape.com)
- Its organisms differ from other bacteria in that they are devoid of cell walls. (bvsalud.org)
- Penicillins are highly active against gram-positive organisms. (medscape.com)
Multidrug-resistant3
- Carbapenems have been standard treatments for multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli infections since 1985, when they were approved for clinical use in the United States ( https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/050587s074lbl.pdf ). (cdc.gov)
- Over the past decades some bacteria have become multidrug resistant (MDR). (sc.edu)
- MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational prospective study was performed on inpatients receiving CMS and PMB for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. (bvsalud.org)
Stain6
- Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
- Some bacteria such as Deinococcus, which stain gram-positive due to the presence of a thick peptidoglycan layer, but also possess an outer cell membrane are suggested as intermediates in the transition between monoderm (gram-positive) and diderm (gram-negative) bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- This capsule encases the entire cell surface, accounts for the large appearance of the organism on gram stain, and provides resistance against many host defense mechanisms. (medscape.com)
- Gram stain of the lesions was negative for bacteria. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
- Gram' refers to a stain test used to distinguish between these types two types. (cdc.gov)
- And this test uses violet dye to stain the bacteria. (cdc.gov)
Microorganisms5
- For years, scientists have explored ways to alter the cells of microorganisms in efforts to improve how a wide range of products are made - including medicines, fuels, and even beer. (news-medical.net)
- Because these microorganisms contain lipid and are similar in structure and composition to other bacteria, they can be predicted to be inactivated by the same germicides that destroy lipid viruses and vegetative bacteria. (cdc.gov)
- Penicillin G interferes with the synthesis of cell wall mucopeptide during active multiplication, resulting in bactericidal activity against susceptible microorganisms. (medscape.com)
- Technological advances in microbiological culture and identification have shown that anaerobic microorganisms, especially Gram-negative, are predominate in root canals of teeth with pulp necrosis and chronic periapical lesions. (bvsalud.org)
- It is currently known that the infection in deciduous and permanent teeth with pulp necrosis and chronic periapical lesion is polymicrobial, with a predominance of strict anaerobic microorganisms, particularly Gram-negative 1,3-5 . (bvsalud.org)
Protects the bacterium2
- Its massive layer protects the bacterium from phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear granulocytes. (medscape.com)
- The cocoon protects the bacterium from its self-produced toxin", Stefan Raunser says. (mpg.de)
Pathogenic2
- Brucella is a Gram-negative bacterium which is pathogenic of human and animals [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
- T3SS is an essential component for the virulence of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, such as Salmonella and Chlamydia. (lu.se)
Membrane33
- Scientists at the U.K.'s University of Newcastle suggest that a bacterial membrane protein that acts as a type of membrane vacuum cleaner could represent a promising new target for rendering harmful Gram-negative strains susceptible to existing as well as new antibiotics. (genengnews.com)
- Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by both an inner membrane (IM) and an outer membrane (OM). (genengnews.com)
- They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner cytoplasmic cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- They are a significant medical challenge as their outer membrane protects them from many antibiotics (including penicillin), detergents that would normally damage the inner cell membrane, and lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. (wikipedia.org)
- Additionally, the outer leaflet of this membrane comprises a complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS) whose lipid A component can cause a toxic reaction when bacteria are lysed by immune cells. (wikipedia.org)
- It was traditionally thought that the groups represent lineages, i.e., the extra membrane only evolved once, such that gram-negative bacteria are more closely related to one another than to any gram-positive bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- Nevertheless, staining often gives reliable information about the composition of the cell membrane, distinguishing between the presence or absence of an outer lipid membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- Based upon a number of different observations, including that the gram-positive bacteria are the most sensitive to antibiotics and that the gram-negative bacteria are, in general, resistant to antibiotics, it has been proposed that the outer cell membrane in gram-negative bacteria (diderms) evolved as a protective mechanism against antibiotic selection pressure. (wikipedia.org)
- and the diderm bacteria, in which the outer cell membrane is made up of mycolic acid (e. g. (wikipedia.org)
- The presence of this CSI in all sequenced species of conventional lipopolysaccharide-containing gram-negative bacterial phyla provides evidence that these phyla of bacteria form a monophyletic clade and that no loss of the outer membrane from any species from this group has occurred. (wikipedia.org)
- MVs are released from the outer membrane of bacterial cells, such as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria, and from the cytoplasmic membrane of cells, such as MVs from Gram-positive bacteria. (nature.com)
- Recently, some specific Gram-positive bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium glutamicum , were found to possess a novel cell wall structure consisting of an arabinogalactan layer covalently linked to the peptidoglycan layer, and a special outer membrane consisting of mycolic acids (mycomembrane) [ 19 ]. (nature.com)
- Scholars@Duke publication: Phospholipid distribution in the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is highly asymmetric, dynamic, and cell shape-dependent. (duke.edu)
- The distribution of phospholipids across the inner membrane (IM) of Gram-negative bacteria is unknown. (duke.edu)
- They are able to activate complement, which causes selective deposition of C3b onto LPS molecules at sites distant from the bacterial cell membrane. (medscape.com)
- This inhibits the formation of the membrane attack complex (C5b-C9), which prevents membrane damage and bacterial cell death. (medscape.com)
- It works by binding to LPSs (lipopolysaccrides) and phospholipids in the outer cell membrane of the bacteria. (ipl.org)
- This, in turn, disrupts the outer cell membrane by displacing cations and leaking the intracellular contents, combining it with outer cellular contents, causing the bacteria to be unable to differentiate the bacteria's intra and outer cellular contents from one another. (ipl.org)
- [1] The membrane enclosing the vesicle is also a lamellar phase , similar to that of the plasma membrane , and intracellular vesicles can fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell. (wikipedia.org)
- The molecules are unique because they change shape, snaking their way into bacterial membrane defenses and splitting the cells open, killing the bacteria. (sc.edu)
- Scientists have described the utility of gram-negative bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles as vaccines and methods to expand their applications. (news-medical.net)
- Cells' status can be inferred by examining autophagy proteins such as ATG8, as well as measuring ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential. (nature.com)
- With a tough exterior membrane that prevents antibiotics from accessing the cell, and another interior membrane providing a buffer, these bacteria (including Salmonella and E. coli ) are inherently difficult to treat. (sciencedaily.com)
- This is the first study to show that you can target a Gram-negative bacteria's inner membrane by exploiting the innate immune response of the host," Detweiler said. (sciencedaily.com)
- For example, spores are resistant to disinfectants because the spore coat and cortex act as a barrier, mycobacteria have a waxy cell wall that prevents disinfectant entry, and gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane that acts as a barrier to the uptake of disinfectants 341, 343-345 . (cdc.gov)
- Similarly to Gram-negative bacteria, cyanobacterial cell wall contains Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in the outer membrane layer. (scirp.org)
- There exists an exchange of molecules and ions in and out of the cell wall, as well as in and out of membrane-bounded intracellular compartments such as the nucleus, ER, and mitrochondria. (wikibooks.org)
- To solve this problem, the cell membrane contains proteins that are selective for unique, water soluble molecules. (wikibooks.org)
- When ΔG is positive the transport is active, an input of energy is needed to move a molecule up a concentration gradient, contrary to ΔG being negative the transport is passive, which means that such molecules will pass through a membrane down their own gradient, simple diffusion. (wikibooks.org)
- Diffusion is the process by which molecules migrate over the cell membrane from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. (wikibooks.org)
- In this free swimming attack form after searching for prey using its pili, it burrows through the host outer membrane/ peptidoglycan cell wall and enters the periplasmic space . (eol.org)
- A phylum of gram-negative bacteria consisting of cells bounded by a plasma membrane. (bvsalud.org)
- Gram-negative bacteria not only have different factors of virulence and generate products and sub-products that are toxic to apical and periapical tissues, but also contain endotoxin in the outer membrane of their cell wall. (bvsalud.org)
Coli6
- In initially filamentous PE-lacking E. coli cells, nascent PE appears first in the periplasmic leaflet. (duke.edu)
- Bacteria internalize maltodextrin units through dedicated maltodextrin transporter systems like E. coli 's LamB. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
- Does NEBExpress® E. coli Lysis Reagent lyse gram-negative bacterial cells? (neb.com)
- The researchers showed that mice injected with LPS from E. coli were more resistant to endotoxic shock and lived longer if they lacked MZ B cells, suggesting these cells' crucial role in inflammatory response against LPS. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- Scanning electron microscope images showing the difference in adhesion of E. coli bacteria. (medgadget.com)
- The etched surfaces work both against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, including E. coli and Staph . (medgadget.com)
Antibiotic4
- The targeting moiety is covalently linked to an antibiotic that kills the bacterium following internalization. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
- Colistin is an antibiotic that works best against Gram-negative bacteria. (ipl.org)
- Accordingly, scientists, today published a new study in the journal Cell Host and Microbe in March 2020, showing that drugs that prevent the acquisition of DNA-borne antibiotic resistance traits from their surroundings by bacteria can stop mice from becoming resistant to the action of the antibiotics. (news-medical.net)
- As scientists around the globe wage war against a novel, deadly virus, one University of Colorado Boulder lab is working on new weapons to battle a different microbial threat: a rising tide of antibiotic-resistant bacteria which, if left unchecked, could kill an estimated 10 million people annually by 2050. (sciencedaily.com)
Antibiotics8
- The LPS layer effectively forms a sugar coating on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria, which resists hydrophobic molecules and blocks entry by harmful compounds, such as antibiotics. (genengnews.com)
- OM asymmetry, or more precisely the LPS in the outer leaflet, is the basis for the high intrinsic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria toward antibiotics and other toxic compounds," van den Berg explained to GEN . "This is due to the very special properties of LPS that are unique to Gram-negative bacteria. (genengnews.com)
- Several classes of antibiotics have been designed to target gram-negative bacteria, including aminopenicillins, ureidopenicillins, cephalosporins, beta-lactam-betalactamase inhibitor combinations (e.g. piperacillin-tazobactam), Folate antagonists, quinolones, and carbapenems. (wikipedia.org)
- In our approach, oligomers of maltose are functionalized at various positions and used as transporters for antibiotics into the bacterial cell. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
- Previous treatments for bacterial infections are consistently decreasing in their effectiveness as bacteria develop resistance against most available antibiotics. (sc.edu)
- Researchers have discovered a compound capable of pushing through barriers used by Gram-negative bacteria to resist antibiotics, damaging the bugs and preventing them from spreading. (sciencedaily.com)
- Meanwhile, Detweiler has formed a spin-off company to help commercialize other compounds which work by inhibiting pumps, called "efflux pumps," that bacteria use to pump out antibiotics. (sciencedaily.com)
- OBJECTIVES: Aminoglycosides and polymyxins are antibiotics with in vitro activity against MDR Gram-negative bacteria. (bvsalud.org)
Fungi1
Endotoxins4
- Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins in airborne dusts from washed and unwashed cottons. (cdc.gov)
- Gram-negative bacteria possess lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes termed endotoxins as an integral portion of their cell walls. (cdc.gov)
- Organic dusts from many occupational environments contain measureable amounts of gram-negative bacteria and their endotoxins. (cdc.gov)
- Later, bacteria release endotoxins, teichoic acid, and other substances that trigger an inflammatory response with mediators such as WBCs and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). (msdmanuals.com)
Antibacterial activity3
- It has antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria (See Tables I and II). (drugs.com)
- Interestingly, moringa has been shown in several studies to have greater antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria, such as Staph . (mdlinx.com)
- The platform exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. (lu.se)
Resistant7
- Bacteria that are resistant to multiple drugs are becoming a serious threat for public health. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
- An interdisciplinary group of researchers at UofSC has already developed several antimicrobial macromolecules that successfully combat bacteria, particularly Gram-positive bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with low toxicity effects on human cells. (sc.edu)
- The use of probiotics and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. (news-medical.net)
- Scientists isolated a molecule, extracted from the leaves of the European chestnut tree, with the power to neutralize dangerous, drug-resistant staph bacteria. (news-medical.net)
- P. aeruginosa also is significantly more resistant to a variety of disinfectants in its "naturally occurring" state than are cells subcultured on laboratory media 415, 417 . (cdc.gov)
- To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Ertapenem for injection and other antibacterial drugs, Ertapenem for injection should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. (nih.gov)
- Polymyxin B was widely used to treat drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria and showed a better antibacterial effect. (bvsalud.org)
Proteins12
- Bacteria are able to compete effectively for iron bound to host proteins because of the secretion of high-affinity, low molecular weight iron chelators known as siderophores. (medscape.com)
- In order to deprive bacteria of iron, the host also secretes iron-binding proteins. (medscape.com)
- Transport vesicles can move molecules between locations inside the cell, e.g., proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus . (wikipedia.org)
- Most of these proteins mature in the Golgi apparatus before going to their final destination which may be to lysosomes , peroxisomes , or outside of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
- These proteins travel within the cell inside of transport vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
- Oregon State University scientists have identified proteins that prevent a bacterial cell from becoming misguided by its own messaging, allowing it to instead wait for collective communication from its group. (news-medical.net)
- Autophagy is one of the major digestive processes in cells and plays a critical role in maintaining cell homeostasis through delivering cytoplasmic materials, such as lipids, proteins, and organelles to lysosomes, for degradation 13 . (nature.com)
- A research team centered at the University of Tsukuba has now revealed that MZ B cells also produce the signaling proteins cytokines and chemokines involved in inflammatory responses. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- When this machinery is activated, a nanotube is assembled in the cell interior, through which a poison dart with deadly toxic proteins on its tip is shot into a competitor. (mpg.de)
- One of the more notable characteristics of this genus is that members can prey upon other Gram-negative bacteria and feed on the biopolymers , e.g. proteins and nucleic acids, of their hosts. (eol.org)
- This combination inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins. (medscape.com)
- This macromolecular assembly comprises more than 20 conserved proteins that form a series of ring-like structures and a needle-shaped protrusion, which allows the transport of proteins into a host cell. (lu.se)
Virulence2
- UAB researchers, based on a collection of clinical isolates from several countries, have established a link between the cell-to-cell communication system (the quorum sensing) and the virulence and resistance phenotypes in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. (news-medical.net)
- Type IV pili are ubiquitous surface appendages in Gram-negative bacteria that promote diverse activities including attachment, virulence, biofilm formation, horizontal gene transfer, and twitching motility [ 1 - 5 ]. (biorxiv.org)
Molecules5
- Bacteria satisfy their iron demand through an active uptake of self-made and/or foreign siderophore molecules. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
- The immune response against Brucella infection involves many molecules and cells to trigger a Th1 immune response and activation of CD8+ T cells [ 12 - 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
- All cells need to acquire the molecules and ions that they need from their surrounding extracellular fluid. (wikibooks.org)
- The host cell is then rapidly killed allowing the passage of molecules from the interior of the host cytoplasm through to the periplasm freely, and the periplasm dwelling Bdellovibrio to feed. (eol.org)
- [2] Using some of these molecules the Bdellovibrio creates a protective environment by reinforcing the peptidoglycan cell wall of the host in which it now dwells using amidases and transpeptidases . (eol.org)
Infections1
- However, Gram-negative bacteria, especially the MDR forms, pose more serious threats to human life by causing infections that are essentially untreatable and may lead to severe illness or death. (sc.edu)
Vesicles4
- Vesicles can also fuse with other organelles within the cell. (wikipedia.org)
- For this reason, vesicles are a basic tool used by the cell for organizing cellular substances. (wikipedia.org)
- The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was shared by James Rothman , Randy Schekman and Thomas Südhof for their roles in elucidating (building upon earlier research, some of it by their mentors) the makeup and function of cell vesicles, especially in yeasts and in humans, including information on each vesicle's parts and how they are assembled. (wikipedia.org)
- Secretory vesicles contain materials that are to be excreted from the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Lysis1
- Endotoxin is released by the lysis of Gram-negative bacteria. (frontiersin.org)
Aerobic bacteria2
- A genus of nonmotile, nonsporeforming, aerobic bacteria that contain small, Gram-negative cocci and rods. (theodora.com)
- Bdellovibrio is a genus of Gram-negative , obligate aerobic bacteria . (eol.org)
Vibrio1
- The structure-activity relationships (SARs) were probed in various Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa and Vibrio harveyi, indicating that the pyrrolinone-N acyl chain is critical for full agonist activity, while the other acyl chain is dispensable or can result in antagonist activity, depending on the bacterial system. (figshare.com)
Peptidoglycan5
- In bacterial cells, the peptidoglycan cell wall is the stress-bearing structure that dictates cell shape. (princeton.edu)
- Although many molecular details of the composition and assembly of cell-wall components are known, how the network of peptidoglycan subunits is organized to give the cell shape during normal growth and how it is reorganized in response to damage or environmental forces have been relatively unexplored. (princeton.edu)
- Our physical model also suggests a surprising robustness of cell shape to peptidoglycan defects, helping explain the observed porosity of the cell wall and the ability of cells to grow and maintain their shape even under conditions that limit peptide crosslinking. (princeton.edu)
- Finally, we show that many common bacterial cell shapes can be realized within the same model via simple spatial patterning of peptidoglycan defects, suggesting that minor patterning changes could underlie the great diversity of shapes observed in the bacterial kingdom. (princeton.edu)
- Specifically, Nod1 recognizes muramyl peptides containing meso -DAP (diaminopimelic acid) found in the peptidoglycan of most Gram-negative bacteria and certain Gram-positive bacteria [ 2 ] whereas Nod2 recognizes muramyl dipeptide (MDP) produced in all bacteria [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Penetrates2
- We suspect that when the poison dart penetrates the enemy bacterium, mechanical force is generated to remove the cleaved seal, similar to when a champagne cork pops. (mpg.de)
- The Bdellovibrio attaches to a Gram-negative bacterium after contact, and penetrates into the prey's periplasmic space. (eol.org)
Lipopolysaccharide3
- Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein facilitates transfer of bacterial cell wall components to inflammatory cells. (medscape.com)
- Expression levels of key TCA cycle enzymes and the autophagy-related protein light chain 3b (LC3b) were determined in raw 264.7 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and metformin (Met). (nature.com)
- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin derived from the cell walls of these bacteria. (jneurosci.org)
Hematogenous spread2
- Inhalation, aspiration, and hematogenous spread are the 3 main mechanisms by which bacteria reach the lungs. (medscape.com)
- Most commonly, bacteria reach the subarachnoid space and meninges via hematogenous spread. (msdmanuals.com)
Inhibitory2
- The WSPE exhibited stronger inhibitory activity against gram-negative compared with gram-positive bacteria. (mdlinx.com)
- Generation of inhibitory peptides against bacteria and HT29 human colon cancer cells improved with [pineapple peel powder] supplementation of yogurt. (mdlinx.com)
Bacilli3
- Polymyxin B sulfate has a bactericidal action against almost all gram-negative bacilli except the Proteus group. (nih.gov)
- The stomach appears to be an important reservoir of gram-negative bacilli that can ascend and colonize the respiratory tract. (medscape.com)
- [ 9 ] Alternatively, other non-necrotizing gram-negative bacilli (eg, Serratia marcescens) may be responsible for nosocomial pneumonia. (medscape.com)
Inhibits1
- The addition of clavulanate inhibits beta-lactamase producing bacteria. (medscape.com)
Host-bacteria1
- The overall correlation of the SAR with respect to prokaryotic and eukaryotic targets may hint at coevolutionary processes and intriguing host-bacteria relationships. (figshare.com)
Antimicrobial peptides1
Resistance3
- Thus, with this study, the researchers* collaborated to explore novel modes of combatting a potentially dangerous group of MDR Gram-negative bacteria without increasing antimicrobial resistance. (sc.edu)
- The germicidal resistance exhibited by the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is similar with some exceptions (e.g. (cdc.gov)
- Used as a selection agent for cells transformed with kanamycin B (neoR, kanR) resistance gene. (thomassci.com)
Mammalian1
- Interestingly, because of the physiological differences between cell types, mammalian cells don't seem to be significantly impacted by these surfaces. (medgadget.com)
Mechanisms4
- One of the mechanisms that cells use to remove the PLs is the Mla system, which was first described in 2009. (genengnews.com)
- Sugar conjugates - exploring active transport mechanisms into Gram-negative bacteria. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
- Thus, the aim of this work is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, its mechanism of action, and to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in endotoxin's recognition by the immune system and cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
- Therefore, the objective of this study is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, as well as to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in its recognition by the immune system and in cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
Walls2
Lipopolysaccharides1
- Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are endotoxic products from Gram-negative bacteria that can trigger SIRS. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Species1
Organism2
- Within a larger organism, some cells are specialized to produce certain chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
- The complexity of life on earth was derived from simplicity: from the first protocells to the growth of any organism, individual cells aggregate into basic clumps and then form more complex structures. (news-medical.net)
Lipid1
- In cell biology , a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell , consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer . (wikipedia.org)
Pneumonias1
Innate1
- The bacteria overcome innate host immunity through several means. (medscape.com)
Molecular2
- Since 1987, the monophyly of the gram-negative bacteria has been disproven with molecular studies. (wikipedia.org)
- The 2020 Gruber Genetics Prize is being awarded to geneticist Bonnie Bassler, Ph.D. of Princeton University and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, for her groundbreaking work on how bacteria "talk" to each other using molecular "languages. (news-medical.net)
Toxin1
Immune3
- B cells of the marginal zone (MZ), which separates circulating blood from spleen lymphoid tissue, contribute to this early immune response, but their role in inflammation has remained unclear. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- Fcα/µR is mainly expressed on lymphoid tissue immune cells, where it acts as a receptor for IgA and IgM antibodies. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
- MZ B cells therefore emerge as a regulator of immune responses with a strong pro-inflammatory role in IL-6 production in endotoxic shock. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Inflammatory4
- The local action of these released peptides are known to increase tissue blood flow, capillary permeability, and inflammatory cell activities ( Holzer, 1988 ). (jneurosci.org)
- Cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) can be generated by inflammatory and nonimmune cells in response to inflammation, tissue injury, microbial invasion, and immunological reactions ( Dinarello, 1994 ). (jneurosci.org)
- Indeed, cranberry juice may prevent the adherence of bacteria to uroepithelial cells, and suppress inflammatory responses due to infection. (mdlinx.com)
- MZ B cells were found to produce large quantities of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6, as well as some chemokines, in response to LPS stimulation. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Infection caused1
- Shigellosis is an acute enteric infection caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Shigella . (cdc.gov)
Wall2
- To test these predictions, we use time-lapse imaging experiments to show that damage often manifests as a bulge on the sidewall, coupled to large-scale bending of the cylindrical cell wall around the bulge. (princeton.edu)
- One type, the gram-positives, have a thicker cell wall, and the cell wall is thinner in gram-negatives. (cdc.gov)
Extracellular1
- A vesicle released from the cell is known as an extracellular vesicle . (wikipedia.org)
Molecule1
- Mitochondria play an important role in cell energy metabolism 12 through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), whose main product is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the fundamental energy molecule for cells 12 . (nature.com)
Lesions1
- In dentistry, many studies using different methodologies in vivo and in vitro have emphasized the importance of Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and endotoxin in the etiology of chronic periapical lesions. (bvsalud.org)
LPSs2
- Cyanobacterial LPSs have been studied to a minor extent compared to Gram-negative bacterial LPSs. (scirp.org)
- LPSs from Gram-negative bacteria have been extensively studied and LPSs from many different bacteria have been characterized. (scirp.org)