Cell division cycle cell cycle genes cell cycle checkpoint gene. Medical search. Frequent questions

Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
Studies in yeast and animals indicate that ASF1 proteins play important roles in various chromatin-based processes, including gene transcription, DNA replication and repair. (nih.gov)
Transcripts found in unfertilized oocytes also encoded a large number of proteins implicated in cell adherence, tight junction and focal adhesion, suggesting high complexity in terms of structure and cellular interactions in embryos prior to midblastula transition (MBT). (biomedcentral.com)
The oocyte is loaded with maternal mRNAs and proteins that control the cell maintenance and fate and the formation of the body plan prior to the onset of zygotic genome expression [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
During this work, the function of the proteins Pes1, Bop1 and WDR12, which were shown previously to be involved in ribosome biogenesis of mature cell lines, was investigated in mouse ES cells. (uni-muenchen.de)
Localization of the proteins was predominantly nucleolar and the formation of a stable complex (PeBoW-complex), including all three proteins, was experimentally validated in mature mouse cells as well as in mouse ES cells. (uni-muenchen.de)
However, mutations in p53 can result in abnormal p53 proteins that fail to stop cell division if the cell's DNA is damaged. (texasgateway.org)
Over and over, small uncorrected errors are passed from the parent cell to the daughter cells and amplified as each generation produces more non-functional proteins from uncorrected DNA damage. (texasgateway.org)
Members of the 'O' class of FOX proteins provide the instructions for genes responsible for regulating cellular replication and senescence, resistance to oxidative stress, metabolism, and DNA repair. (foundmyfitness.com)
[3] FOXO proteins translate these cues into changes in gene expression that modulate and coordinate an organism's longevity and overall health. (foundmyfitness.com)
FOXO proteins' ability to shuttle between sites within the cell places them at the nexus of essential cellular processes. (foundmyfitness.com)
These compounds generally penetrate cell membranes, act on specific target proteins in cells, regulate intracellular signaling pathways, and cause some changes in cell phenotype. (chemscene.com)
BRD4 is a member of the BET (bromodomain and extraterminal domain) family of tandem bromodomain-containing proteins that can bind acetylated histones H3 and H4 and influence transcription (Chiang 2009 BRD4 is an epigenetic reader originally identified as a mitotic chromosome-binding protein that remains associated with acetylated chromatin throughout the entire cell cycle and is thought to provide epigenetic bookmarking after cell division Alosetron Hydrochloride (Dey et?al. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
In fact they they often code for proteins that stimulate cell division, prevent cell differentiation or regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis) within normal tissues and in this way they cause a controlled turnover of functional cells within an organ. (biotopics.co.uk)
If a mutation occurs in the proto-oncogene, producing an oncogene , more of these proteins are produced and this leads to unregulated cell division, a slower rate of cell differentiation and increased inhibition of the normal cell death, so cells build up, causing cancer and forming a tumour. (biotopics.co.uk)
The expression and cellular localisation of proteins encoded by selected candidate genes were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, a PPI network can be modeled as an undirected graph, where vertices represent proteins and edges represent interactions between proteins, to prioritize disease associated genes or pathways and to understand the modus operandi of disease mechanisms [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Variation in response to OTQ by each cell strain at the protein level was detected by indirect immunofluorescence and western blot for cell cycle checkpoint proteins p53 and p21. (cdc.gov)

It has been suggested that the protein is essential for initiation of DNA replication and that it plays a role in regulating cell cycle progression. (wikipedia.org)
In particular we are interested in regulatory pathways that drive cell division and in surveillance mechanisms, also known as checkpoint pathways, that stop cell cycle progression when cellular components malfunction or become damaged. (unt.edu)
At the same time, many of the processes that drive cell cycle progression are conserved throughout evolution. (unt.edu)
In the course of my postdoctoral work I came to appreciate the beauty and sophistication of the intricate regulatory mechanisms that drive cell cycle progression in general, and chromosome segregation in particular, and I decided to continue this line of research in my own lab. (unt.edu)
The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
According to the PPI networks, five hub genes ( TPX2, KIF2C, CDCA8, BUB1B , and CCNA2 ) were identified as key genes associated with breast cancer progression. (biomedcentral.com)
Functional and gene enrichment analyses revealed that SRSF7 is linked with multiple immune and tumor progression-related pathways, including the B cell receptor signaling pathway, positive regulation of leukocyte and immunoglobulin receptor binding cell activation, nuclear division, membrane invagination, cell cycle, as well as mTOR signaling pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Correspondingly, most cancer signaling pathways seem to converge on one or more TFs, termed "master regulators" (MRs) [ 4 ], which direct tumor development, progression, and metastasis through hierarchical control of gene expression patterns. (aging-us.com)
For instance, DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoints delay cell cycle progression until each chromosome is fully replicated and physically intact. (rupress.org)
We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. (frontiersin.org)
The molecular processes behind cell cycle progression have been dissected by numerous morphological studies on live or fixed single cells using a plethora of techniques to visualize components and processes during cell division. (frontiersin.org)
Generally, cells have to closely coordinate growth and cell cycle progression during proliferation to prevent premature division. (uni-muenchen.de)
Overall, genes are mainly involved in developmental progression and regulation. (github.io)
Changes in methylation of this gene could impact progression of gametogenesis or embryogenesis. (github.io)
A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable. (openstax.org)

If a cell has an error in its DNA that cannot be repaired, it may undergo self-destruction ( apoptosis ). (medlineplus.gov)
Apoptosis is a common process throughout life that helps the body get rid of cells that no longer work or that it doesn't need. (medlineplus.gov)
Apoptosis protects the body by removing genetically damaged cells that could lead to cancer, and it plays an important role in the development of the embryo and the maintenance of adult tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
The TP53 gene is also capable of stimulating apoptosis of cells containing damaged DNA. (medscape.com)
TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)
GSEA showed that high-risk patients were highly associated with apoptosis, cell cycle, ribosome, base excision repair, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and mismatch repair. (biomedcentral.com)
On the other hand, extreme levels of CIN could lead to decreased cell fitness or apoptosis [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
These molecules are involved in cell division, metastasis, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation and regulation of protein degradation. (pennmedicine.org)
Tumour suppression is achieved via the inhibition of cell division, induction of apoptosis (cell death) to remove altered cells, DNA damage repair, and inhibition of mechanisms that cause spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body (metastasis). (biotopics.co.uk)
These include regulation of cell cycle, activation of mitochondrial pathway, induction of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, induction of apoptosis, modulation of oxidative stress, amelioration of inflammation, modulation of insulin signaling and inhibition of angiogenesis. (mdpi.com)

In mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), Cdc7 is needed for proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose products normally provide negative control of cell proliferation, contributes to malignant transformation in various cell types. (medscape.com)
The cell cycle is the process of accurate self-reproduction and proliferation of a cell. (intechopen.com)
Misregulation of the cell cycle may result in malignant cell proliferation, tumorigenesis or cell death. (intechopen.com)
MTT colorimetric assays, colony formation assays and 5‑ethynyl‑20‑deoxyuridine incorporation assays were also conducted to evaluate ACC cell proliferation. (cancerindex.org)
Taken together, our study establishes crucial roles for the AtASF1A and AtASF1B genes in chromatin replication, maintenance of genome integrity and cell proliferation during plant development. (nih.gov)
Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics. (frontiersin.org)
However, most of our knowledge about cell proliferation comes from studies that average data from large and mixed cell populations. (frontiersin.org)
CIN can promote selective advantage to cancer cells by increasing the probability of novel chromosomal abnormalities, which can change the expression profile of the genes regulating cell division and differentiation, resulting in high proliferation rates [ 3 ] [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
These CIN mechanisms and their signatures can be largely found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a heterogeneous disease characterized by abnormal proliferation and accumulation of myeloid precursor cells in the bone marrow [ 13 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
One factor supposed to be involved in self-renewal is the rapid proliferation rate of ES cells, which is coupled to an unusual cell cycle distribution with the majority of cells in S-phase and a very short G1-phase. (uni-muenchen.de)
Moreover, a putative crosstalk between ribosome biogenesis and proliferation of ES cells was assessed. (uni-muenchen.de)
Further, impaired proliferation of ES cells was observed. (uni-muenchen.de)
Thus, the PeBoW-complex seems to be an essential factor for the rapid proliferation of ES cells and might therefore also be involved in self-renewal. (uni-muenchen.de)
Overall, the results suggest that ES cells use different mechanisms as mature cells to coordinate their proliferation rate with ribosome biogenesis. (uni-muenchen.de)
Many factors are involved in causing and permitting the unregulated proliferation of cells that occurs in cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
Overview of Cancer Cancer is an unregulated proliferation of cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Following this, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were included in Gene Ontology enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, protein‑protein interaction network and survival analyses. (cancerindex.org)
Furthermore, the Atasf1ab-triggered replication fork stalling constitutively activates the DNA damage checkpoint and repair genes, including ATM, ATR, PARP1 and PARP2 as well as several genes of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway but not genes of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. (nih.gov)
Hence, ribosomal stress does not lead to checkpoint activation via the p53-p21-Rb pathway in ES cells. (uni-muenchen.de)
This pathway sets a complex cascade of biological events in motion with a wide range of effects on the body's cells. (foundmyfitness.com)
Impaired insulin signalling was shared by neurovascular unit cells with, additionally, apoptotic pathway changes in astrocytes and dysregulation of advanced glycation end-product signalling in endothelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, compared to normal p53-proficient cells, p53-defective cells are more reliant on MK2 activity, which drives an alternative cell cycle checkpoint pathway that stabilizes the CKI inhibitors p27 Kip1 and Gadd45α in order to maintain G 1 /S and G 2 /M arrest after certain types of DNA damage 16 , 18 . (nature.com)
Currently, there are 49 genes in SZGR 2.0 (with evidence in schizophrenia) that are present at this pathway. (uth.edu)

By conducting functional analysis and gene set enrichment analysis, it was discovered that SRSF7 contributes to multiple pathways associated with immune response and tumor advancement. (bvsalud.org)
Most of the identified module pairs cover cooperative pathways and components essential to the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
Initiation and propagation of tumors reflect underlying genomic alterations such as mutations, polymorphisms, and copy number variations found in genes of multiple cellular pathways. (hindawi.com)
We are using genetics, genomics and biochemical approaches to establish unknown pathways involved in these cellular events and attempting to develop models that explain how gammaherpesviruses establish transformation in human cells. (pennmedicine.org)
Changes in cortical neurones included alterations in insulin and other signalling pathways, cell cycle, cellular senescence, inflammatory mediators, and components of the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain. (biomedcentral.com)
The objective of this work is to identify dysregulated genes and pathways of ccRCC temporally according to systematic tracking of the dysregulated modules of reweighted Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks. (hindawi.com)
Finally, gene compositions of altered modules were analyzed, and pathways enrichment analyses of genes in altered modules were carried out based on Expression Analysis Systematic Explored (EASE) test. (hindawi.com)
We successfully identified dysregulated genes and pathways of ccRCC in different stages, and these might be potential biological markers and processes for treatment and etiology mechanism in ccRCC. (hindawi.com)
Delineating the pathogenesis of ccRCC by investigating the gene and epigenetic changes and their effects on key molecules and their respective biologic pathways is of crucial importance for the improvement of current diagnostics, prognostics, and drug development [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)

By copying and replacing the altered area with a very similar area on the sister homolog chromosome, the gene can be replicated as if nothing was ever wrong on the chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
This gene is localized to chromosome 20 and has pseudogenes which reside on chromosomes 1 and 22. (cancerindex.org)
The identified DEGs included 20 downregulated genes and 51 upregulated genes, which were highly associated with the cell cycle, organelle fission, chromosome segregation, cell division and spindle stability. (cancerindex.org)
Each chromosome harbors essential genes. (rupress.org)
Thus, the products of chromosome replication (sister chromatids) generated during S-phase must be identified over time until mitosis when sisters associate with the mitotic spindle and segregate away from each other into the newly forming daughter cells. (rupress.org)
Chromosome instability (CIN) is an increased rate where chromosome acquire alterations due to errors in cell division. (encyclopedia.pub)
Results The Epigenetic Reader BRD4 Is Expressed during ESC Differentiation and Binds the Pluripotent Factor OCT4 We postulate that a co-activator such as BRD4 might play a role in epigenetic memory for binary cell fate ("stem-ness" versus differentiation) and XCI (active versus inactive X chromosome) status in ESCs. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at the G 2 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
Using synchronized cells undergoing recombination that is initiated at a specific site on a chromosome by an inducible endonuclease, we use physical monitoring techniques (Southern blots, PCR analysis) to follow the sequence of molecular events that occur in real time. (brandeis.edu)
We have shown that this regulation involves the action of a small Recombination Enhancer (RE) sequence that enables a donor on the left chromosome arm to recombine preferentially in MATa cells. (brandeis.edu)

The G 2 gap phase further separates S-phase from mitosis, allowing for continued cell growth and maturation before cell division. (rupress.org)
This is linked to the lack of a functional G1/S-phase checkpoint, which allows the cells to enter the S-phase almost directly after mitosis. (uni-muenchen.de)
3.A.2 In eukaryotes, heritable information is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis or meiosis plus fertilization. (texasgateway.org)
Therefore, mitosis is not necessary in bacterial cell division. (openstax.org)
It effectively stimulates mitosis and extra cell division. (biotopics.co.uk)
In addition cells have evolved a damage-sensing checkpoint system whereby the cells delay entry into mitosis until the break has been repaired. (brandeis.edu)

In addition, these alterations affect 3 principal categories of genes, as follows: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. (medscape.com)
This article briefly discusses tumor suppressor genes and then focuses on the role of proto-oncogenes in childhood cancer. (medscape.com)
Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that, when mutated in certain ways, become oncogenes , genes that cause a cell to become cancerous. (texasgateway.org)

For example, in the hereditary cancer syndromes familial adenomatous polyposis or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, mutations have been discovered in the APC gene and DNA mismatch repair genes. (medscape.com)
Multiple mutations affecting embryonic development have been induced by chemical and insertional mutagenesis resulting in the identification of genes with important roles in development in Drosophila [ 23 - 25 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutations in this gene have been associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the growth of polyps in the gastrointestinal tract, pigmented macules on the skin and mouth, and other neoplasms. (cancerindex.org)
Inherited mutations in a small number of genes account for about five to ten percent of women's cancers.These inherited variations, identified in breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer susceptibility, can be characterized in the general population by their frequency and the magnitude of their impact upon a patient (Table 1 ).Some inherited variants occur rarely in the general population, but confer large risks to the individual. (hindawi.com)
Although inherited mutations in a small number of genes account for only about five to ten percent of women's cancers, by far the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are the most common examples of this observation (50-70% of familial breast cancers) [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
This results in an increased number of mutations, leading to abnormal daughter cells. (texasgateway.org)
Even when all of the cell cycle controls are fully functional, a small percentage of replication errors (mutations) will be passed on to the daughter cells. (texasgateway.org)
Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes lead to mutations that may be passed forward to every new cell produced from an abnormal cell. (openstax.org)
For example, studies suggest that ccRCC is closely associated with tumor suppressor von-Hippel Lindau ( VHL ) gene mutations that lead to stabilization of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF-1 α and HIF-2 α , also known as HIF1A and EPAS1) in both sporadic and familial forms [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Because BRCA mutations are observed in fewer than 10% of cancer patients (cBioPortal: 6.7%) 11 , 12 , 13 the identification of additional genes that share synthetic lethal sensitivity relationships with mutated oncogenes or tumor suppressors would greatly enhance the implementation of tumor cell-specific synthetic lethal sensitivity to improve an anticancer therapeutic response. (nature.com)
Because most tumors are deficient in one or more aspects of the function of the p53 tumor suppressor, either as a consequence of mutations within p53, or impairment of upstream and downstream modulators of p53 activity 19 , targeting MK2 has the potential to selectively enhance tumor cell killing without increasing the genotoxic effects of chemotherapy on normal p53-wild type tissues. (nature.com)

Microarray analyses detected a suite of master developmental regulators that control differentiation and maintenance of diverse cell lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
The hallmark of embryonic stem (ES) cells is their ability for self-renewal (capability of unlimited cell division without the loss of pluripotency) as well as for differentiation into all cell types of the adult organism. (uni-muenchen.de)
A high expression of Pes1, Bop1 and WDR12 was observed in ES cells, which strongly decreased during in vitro differentiation. (uni-muenchen.de)
2002 suggesting a role for this gene in the cell differentiation-linked processes of XCI and pluripotency. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . (wikipedia.org)
Its prominent properties are A lack of cell differentiation Local invasion of adjoining tissue Metastasis, which is spread to distant sites through. (msdmanuals.com)

This gene, which encodes a member of the serine/threonine kinase family, regulates cell polarity and functions as a tumor suppressor. (cancerindex.org)

Tight regulation of this process ensures that a dividing cell's DNA is copied properly, any errors in the DNA are repaired, and each daughter cell receives a full set of chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)
The 46 chromosomes of human somatic cells are composed of 22 pairs of autosomes (matched pairs) and a pair of sex chromosomes, which may or may not be matched. (openstax.org)
Chromosomes are compacted using a variety of mechanisms during certain stages of the cell cycle. (openstax.org)
However, the most important role of the G 2 checkpoint is to ensure that all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged. (openstax.org)

Cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDC7 gene. (wikipedia.org)
The Cdc7 kinase is involved in regulation of the cell cycle at the point of chromosomal DNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
this means that most eukaryotic cells have the Cdc7 kinase protein. (wikipedia.org)
The product encoded by this gene is predominantly localized in the nucleus and is a cell division cycle protein with kinase activity. (wikipedia.org)
Although expression levels of the protein appear to be constant throughout the cell cycle, the protein kinase activity appears to increase during S phase. (wikipedia.org)
The gene, CDC7, is involved in the regulation of cell cycle because of the gene product Cdc7 kinase. (wikipedia.org)
Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
The features of the senescence phenotype usually consist of the activation of a chronic DNA damage response, the involvement of various cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, increased secretion of proinflammatory and tissue-remodeling factors, induction of antiapoptotic genes, altered metabolic rates, and endoplasmic reticulum stress [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In response to DNA damage, a synthetic lethal relationship exists between the cell cycle checkpoint kinase MK2 and the tumor suppressor p53. (nature.com)

Recombinational repair (RR) is done at this point to try to fix the CDC7 gene so replication can occur. (wikipedia.org)
More recently I've developed an interest in nuclear structure, the determinants of which are largely unknown, and yet it is an integral part of many biological processes, such as gene expression, DNA replication and DNA repair. (unt.edu)
In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
One of the critical processes monitored by the cell cycle checkpoint surveillance mechanism is the proper replication of DNA during the S phase. (texasgateway.org)
These checkpoints help ensure the accuracy of DNA replication and division and provide time for DNA repair. (foundmyfitness.com)
Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process. (openstax.org)
If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA. (openstax.org)

The protein is expressed at constant levels throughout the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
The gene coding for the Dbf4 or ASK protein is regulated during the different phases of cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
[ 1 ] His prediction was subsequently supported by the cloning of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene ( RB1 ) and by functional studies of the retinoblastoma protein, Rb. (medscape.com)
The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)
The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
Next, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were used to further explore the biomarkers with the most interactions in gene modules. (biomedcentral.com)
What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
One culprit that has been identified is the p53 protein (coded for by the p53 gene), a major regulator at the G 1 checkpoint. (texasgateway.org)
All cancers start when a gene mutation gives rise to a faulty protein that plays a key role in cell reproduction. (texasgateway.org)
The change in the cell that results from the malformed protein may be minor-perhaps a slight delay in the binding of Cdk to cyclin or an Rb protein that detaches from its target DNA while still phosphorylated. (texasgateway.org)
Genes are segments of DNA that code for a specific protein. (openstax.org)
2021). Examination of the C. gigas kinome found several serine/threonine-protein kinases in eggs and embryos, with some gene expression changes in response to abiotic stress (Epelboin et al. (github.io)
Protein neuralized (neuralized-like protein): Involved in cell fate decisions. (github.io)
As at the G 1 checkpoint, cell size and protein reserves are assessed. (openstax.org)
Oestrogen enters target cells, and binds with a receptor protein. (biotopics.co.uk)

The major event of MBT was the activation of a large group of histones and other genes that modify chromatin structure preceding massive gene expression changes. (biomedcentral.com)
2006 Meshorer and Misteli 2006 Niwa 2007 These changes in chromatin packaging are accompanied by alterations in histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) crucial for modulation of chromatin structure and gene expression (Bernstein et?al. (cancerrealitycheck.com)

The final stage of the mitotic phase is cytokinesis, during which the cytoplasmic components of the daughter cells are separated either by an actin ring (animal cells) or by cell plate formation (plant cells). (openstax.org)
The G 2 checkpoint bars entry into the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met. (openstax.org)
Recombination between homologous sequences is a fundamentally important process both in meiosis and in mitotic cells. (brandeis.edu)
To this end we have expressed the site-specific HO endonuclease in meiotic cells so that we can compare recombination events at the same loci where we have used HO to stimulate recombination in mitotic cells. (brandeis.edu)

Moreover, these five hub genes were significantly associated with worse distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in the patient cohort based on KM Plotter. (biomedcentral.com)
Five hub genes ( TPX2 , KIF2C , CDCA8 , BUB1B , and CCNA2 ) associated with the risk of distant metastasis were extracted for further research, which might be used as biomarkers to predict distant metastasis of breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, we established a cellular senescence-related gene prognostic index (CSGPI) to predict metastasis and radioresistance in PCa. (biomedcentral.com)
For immune checkpoint analysis, we found that PDCD1LG2 and CD226 were expressed at significantly higher levels in patients with metastasis than in those without metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
In view of this, we developed and validated a cellular senescence-related gene prognostic index (CSGPI) to predict metastasis and tumor radioresistance and explored the related changes in the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) for PCa patients undergoing radical radiotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
Although most circulating cancer cells die, an occasional cell may penetrate into tissues, generating a metastasis at a distant site. (msdmanuals.com)

Overexpression of this gene product may be associated with neoplastic transformation for some tumors. (wikipedia.org)
Although carcinogenic roles for the INK4B, INK4C, INK4D, CIP1, KIP1, and KIP2 genes appear to be limited, INK4A is among the most commonly mutated genes in human tumors. (medscape.com)
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer and accounts for approximately 60% to 70% of all renal tumors [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Small tumors have a greater percentage of actively dividing cells than do large tumors. (msdmanuals.com)

In mammalian cells the inactivation of these surveillance mechanisms can lead to cancer. (unt.edu)
[ 6 ] These events lead the cancer cell to escape normal cell growth and control mechanisms, to avoid system control mechanisms (ie, immunologic surveillance), and to establish a nutrient supply. (medscape.com)
These results are consistent with previous studies and demonstrate that our methodology is effective for studying cooperative mechanisms in the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancer results from unchecked cell division caused by a breakdown of the mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle. (texasgateway.org)
If they find cells with damaged DNA, p53 will trigger repair mechanisms or destroy the cells, thus suppressing the formation of a tumor. (texasgateway.org)
Eventually, the pace of the cell cycle speeds up as the effectiveness of the control and repair mechanisms decreases. (texasgateway.org)
The timing of events in the cell cycle is controlled by mechanisms that are both internal and external to the cell. (openstax.org)
We are investigating the fundamental mechanisms utilized by these gammaherpesviruses to induce cell mediated growth transformation. (pennmedicine.org)
consequently cells have evolved a variety of mechanisms to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs). (brandeis.edu)

Germline mutation of one TP53 allele is found in patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome who generally inherit a mutated TP53 gene from an affected parent. (medscape.com)
The genes TP53 and CHEK2 are also associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. (biotopics.co.uk)

The current models for CIN involve telomere dysfunction, defective spindle assembly, sister chromatid cohesion, DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) repair, genes involved in the cell cycle, and epigenetic regulators. (encyclopedia.pub)
Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes during in vitro Epstein-Barr virus infection. (pennmedicine.org)

912, 2202, and 1227 genes were significantly differentially expressed between cases with self-reported T2D and controls in neurones, astrocytes, and endothelial cells respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, the prognostic value and differential expression of these genes were validated based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Kaplan-Meier (KM) Plotter. (biomedcentral.com)
identified five genes as prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer, and Qiu et al. (biomedcentral.com)
Expression profiles analysis identifies the values of carcinogenesis and the prognostic prediction of three genes in adrenocortical carcinoma. (cancerindex.org)

As a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage, p53 blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)
This gene encodes a DNA topoisomerase, an enzyme that controls and alters the topologic states of DNA during transcription. (cancerindex.org)
The top 14 hub genes were subsequently confirmed by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction in ACC and adrenocortical adenoma samples. (cancerindex.org)
Transcription factors (TFs) drive gene expression programs that shape specific phenotypes [ 3 ], and are frequently dysregulated in cancer [ 4 ]. (aging-us.com)
It is found predominantly in the cell's nucleus, where it binds to DNA and influences transcription, but also in the cytoplasm - the watery part of the cell. (foundmyfitness.com)
2008 At many developmental genes RNAP II stalls or pauses after transcribing a nascent transcript about 20-65 nucleotides in length (Adelman and Lis 2012 Nearly 30% of the genes in human ESCs commence transcription initiation but do not undergo transcriptional elongation (Guenther et?al. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
A mutation, or (increased or abnormal) methylation, in a tumour suppressor gene may adversely affect the expression or transcription of the gene so that the amino acid sequence and hence the primary structure of its polypeptide product is altered. (biotopics.co.uk)
The activated version of this acts as a transcription factor regulating various gene expression events involved in the development of breast tissue in puberty and pregnancy. (biotopics.co.uk)
Transcription in each cell strain was also analyzed with high-density oligonucleotide DNA microarrays (HuGeneFL 6800, Affymetrix) Microarrays were prepared with total RNA collected after OTQ treatment. (cdc.gov)
Further clustering highlighted >400 species with increased expression after treatment in one or more of the cell strains, including metabolic enzymes and transcription factors. (cdc.gov)

Treatment of mouse NIH3T3 cells with 5FU, a potent inhibitor of rRNA maturation, confirmed an activation of this checkpoint, leading to weak induction of the tumor suppressor p53, induction of the Cdk-inhibitor p21, an increase in active, hypo-phosphorylated Rb, and to accumulation of cells in the G1- and S-phase with an increase of cells in G1-phase. (uni-muenchen.de)

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the mRNA expression levels of these five hub genes showed excellent diagnostic value for breast cancer and adjacent tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
14 ] combined PPI and gene expression data to construct tissue-specific PPI networks for 60 tissues and used them to prioritize disease genes. (hindawi.com)
The methylation specific polymerase chain reaction in conjunction with sequencing verification was used to establish the methylation patterns of the 14 genes in the liver tissues of four healthy liver donors, as well as tumor and the paired non-cancerous tissues of 30 HCC patients. (wjgnet.com)
Both glutathione S-transferase pi ( GSTpi ) (80%, 24/30 in tumor and 56.7%, 17/30 in the paired non-cancerous tissues) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, ATP-binding cassette (sub-family C, member 7) ( CFTR ) (77%, 23/30 in tumor and 50%, 15/30 in the paired non-cancerous tissues) genes were prevalently hypermethylated in HCC as well as their neighboring non-cancerous tissues. (wjgnet.com)

Furthermore, increased SRSF7 expression was associated with tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells (CD4+, monocytes/macrophages, CD8 + and endothelial). (bvsalud.org)
KSHV infects human B-cells and endothelial cells. (pennmedicine.org)
In this study, we investigated the transcriptomic changes in cortical neurones, and associated astrocytes and endothelial cells of the neurovascular unit, in the ageing brain. (biomedcentral.com)
Neurone, astrocyte, and endothelial cell-enriched mRNA, obtained by immuno-laser capture microdissection of temporal cortex (Brodmann area 21/22) from 6 cases with self-reported T2D in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study neuropathology cohort, and an equal number of age and sex-matched controls, was assessed by microarray analysis. (biomedcentral.com)

Cancer comprises many different diseases caused by a common mechanism-uncontrolled cell growth. (texasgateway.org)
These findings establish a mechanism for co-targeting DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints in combination with repair of cisplatin-DNA lesions in vivo using RNAi nanocarriers, and motivate further exploration of ASL as a generalized strategy to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)
To further understand the mechanism of action of OTQ, gene expression was studied in four strains of primary normal human mammary epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)

Main focus: Cell cycle regulation in budding yeast. (unt.edu)
My lab works on cell cycle regulation in budding yeast. (unt.edu)

In spite of the activation of repair genes, an increased level of DNA damage was detected in Atasf1ab, suggesting that defects in the mutant largely exceed the available capacity of the repair machinery. (nih.gov)

Because of its mutated aggressive genetics, this cell has a selective growth advantage over its neighbors. (medscape.com)

Regulation of gene expression plays a central role in embryonic development. (biomedcentral.com)
Maternal to zygotic transition (MZT) is the key event during embryogenesis marked by the switch of control from the maternal and possibly paternal transcripts to the newly synthesized embryonic gene products [ 9 - 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In humans, the frequency of cell turnover ranges from a few hours in early embryonic development, to an average of two to five days for epithelial cells, and to an entire human lifetime spent in G 0 by specialized cells, such as cortical neurons or cardiac muscle cells. (openstax.org)

Over the last two decades, studies based on genome-wide gene expression and functional profiling have revealed the great diversity of transcriptional alterations occurring in liver carcinogenesis. (aging-us.com)
Clinical correlation, external validation, functional enrichment analysis, drug and cell line analysis, and tumor immune environment analysis were conducted. (biomedcentral.com)
Although a number of approaches have been used to predict gene functions and interactions, tools that analyze the essential coordination of functional components in cellular processes still need to be developed. (biomedcentral.com)
In this work, we present a new approach to study the cooperation of functional modules (sets of functionally related genes) in a specific cellular process. (biomedcentral.com)
A cooperative module pair is defined as two modules that significantly cooperate with certain functional genes in a cellular process. (biomedcentral.com)
These results provide a global view of the cell cycle and the method can be used to discover the dynamic coordination properties of functional components in other cellular processes. (biomedcentral.com)

Early ontogeny is associated with dramatic gene expression changes that underlie and determine the developmental processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Methyalation of this gene could promote homeostasis by regulating gonad development processes. (github.io)

Examples of these genes are BRCA1 and BRCA2 in breast and ovarian cancers. (hindawi.com)
Most cases of breast cancer do not 'run in families', but the well-known genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 can increase the risk of developing breast cancer (and also ovarian cancer). (biotopics.co.uk)
Most women have a 12% chance of developing breast cancer in their lifetime, and women with mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes may have as much as an 80% chance, and they are more likely to develop it at an early age. (biotopics.co.uk)

Disruption of normal regulation of the cell cycle can lead to diseases such as cancer. (medlineplus.gov)

An image depicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro can be seen below. (medscape.com)
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro (cell culture). (medscape.com)

In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division, the genomic DNA is replicated and then each copy is allocated into a daughter cell. (openstax.org)
However, there are many differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division. (openstax.org)

Since strong consensus regarding commonly altered MRs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is lacking, we generated a compendium of HCC datasets from 21 studies and identified a comprehensive signature consisting of 483 genes commonly deregulated in HCC. (aging-us.com)
Methylation profile of the promoter CpG islands of 14 "drug-resistance" genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. (wjgnet.com)
To establish the DNA methylation patterns of the promoter CpG islands of 14 "drug-resistance" genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (wjgnet.com)

Our HCC signature covered well-established liver cancer hallmarks, and network analyses revealed coordinated interaction between several MRs. One novel MR, SEC14L2 , exerted an anti-proliferative effect in HCC cells and strongly suppressed tumor growth in a mouse model. (aging-us.com)
Transcriptomic analyses provide an efficient approach to explore the temporal gene expression profiles in embryos and to search for the developmental regulators. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene composition analyses of altered modules revealed that there were 56 common genes (such as MAPK1 , CCNA2 , and GSTM3 ) existing in the four stages. (hindawi.com)

A few gene therapy trials now target head and neck cancer, which makes up only 4% of all cancers but has a dismal prognosis in advanced stages. (medscape.com)
Genome wide association studies, fluorescence in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization, and candidate gene studies have enumerated genetic contributors to cancers in women. (hindawi.com)
Despite these advances made in identifying inherited breast cancer susceptibility genes, the vast majority of breast cancers are sporadic, that is, no identifiable mutation in one of the known breast cancer susceptibility genes. (hindawi.com)
These effects of honey have been thoroughly investigated in certain cancers such as breast, liver and colorectal cancer cell lines. (mdpi.com)

Activation of p21 or p16 therefore causes cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)
The Atasf1ab mutant plants exhibit cell number reduction, S-phase delay/arrest, and reduced polyploidy levels. (nih.gov)
In mature cells, disruptions in ribosome biogenesis are directly linked to the cell cycle machinery by a p53-dependent activation of the G1/S-phase checkpoint, leading to an arrest of cells in G1-phase. (uni-muenchen.de)
Impaired ribosome biogenesis is known to activate a p53-dependent checkpoint in mature cell lines, which leads to an arrest of cells in G1-phase. (uni-muenchen.de)
Under conditions of cellular stress, it mediates cell cycle arrest to allow time for the repair of damaged DNA and cellular detoxification. (foundmyfitness.com)

Numerous genes transcribed in oocytes are involved in multiple aspects of cell maintenance and protection, including metabolism, signal perception and transduction, RNA processing, cell cycle, defense against pathogens and DNA damage. (biomedcentral.com)
If a cell cannot reproduce, the mutation is not propagated and the damage is minimal. (texasgateway.org)
Each successive cell division will give rise to daughter cells with even more accumulated damage. (openstax.org)
In addition to adequate reserves and cell size, there is a check for genomic DNA damage at the G 1 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
In addition to its contribution to small and large vessel disease, T2D may directly damage cells of the brain neurovascular unit. (biomedcentral.com)

Although most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own genome ("mitogenome") that is substantially similar to bacterial genomes. (wikipedia.org)

An example of this class of genes is a mutation in the CHEK2 gene in breast cancer. (hindawi.com)

Scientists working in basic, translational, and clinical cancer metabolism research are invited to join the Academy in New York on April 17th to discuss the intersection between cell signaling and metabolism. (nyas.org)
Cancer Cell Metabolism: Unique Features Inform New Therapeutic Opportunities. (nyas.org)

Identification of master regulator (MR) genes offers a relatively rapid and efficient way to characterize disease-specific molecular programs. (aging-us.com)

Chromosomal instability (CIN) is the increasing rate in which cells acquire new chromosomal alterations. (encyclopedia.pub)
However, alterations to tumour suppressor genes can lead to the development of tumours. (biotopics.co.uk)

Occasionally, however, a gene mutation causes a change that increases the activity of a positive regulator. (texasgateway.org)
Positive regulator molecules allow the cell cycle to advance to the next stage. (openstax.org)
Negative regulator molecules monitor cellular conditions and can halt the cycle until specific requirements are met. (openstax.org)

In turn, as a result of research into the abnormal cancer cell, the basic understanding of the cell has greatly improved. (medscape.com)
This, in turn, creates a clonal population of a single abnormal cell. (medscape.com)
Loss-of-function of either AtASF1A or AtASF1B did not show obvious defects, whereas simultaneous knockdown of both genes in the double mutant Atasf1ab drastically inhibited plant growth and caused abnormal vegetative and reproductive organ development. (nih.gov)
Eventually, all checkpoints in the cell become nonfunctional, and the abnormal cells can crowd out normal cells. (texasgateway.org)

Eventually, all checkpoints become nonfunctional, and rapidly reproducing cells crowd out normal cells, resulting in a tumor or leukemia (blood cancer). (openstax.org)

Selective up-regulation of expression of a subset of genes, including those involved in S-phase checkpoints and the CYCB1;1 gene at the G₂-to-M transition, was observed in Atasf1ab. (nih.gov)
Studies have demonstrated that only a subset of the viral latent genes is essential for EBV mediated transformation. (pennmedicine.org)

If changes to the DNA nucleotide sequence occur within a coding portion of a gene and are not corrected, a gene mutation results. (texasgateway.org)
SL originally described a relationship between two genes, where alteration of either gene alone results in viable cells, but alteration (mutation, loss, or inhibition) of both genes simultaneously was lethal. (nature.com)

Any disruption of the monitoring system can allow other mistakes to be passed on to the daughter cells. (openstax.org)

p21 and other tumor suppressor genes' inactivation are therefore most likely involved in the first steps of the cancer model, with later stages possibly involving protooncogene activation and inflammation. (medscape.com)

Last week I finally matched my list of enriched GOterms with gene IDs and methylation difference information. (github.io)
I searched for each of the gene products in publicly available DML lists from the four other ocean acidification and methylation in oyster studies: Downey-Wall et al. (github.io)
Increased expression of this gene in Artemia sinica can suppress cell division and macromolecule synthesis (Jiang 2011), so methylation may be regulating gonad development. (github.io)

How do genes control the growth and division of cells? (medlineplus.gov)
A variety of genes are involved in the control of cell growth and division. (medlineplus.gov)
When the cell cycle proceeds without control, cells can divide without order and accumulate genetic errors that can lead to a cancerous tumor . (medlineplus.gov)
The loss of control begins with a change in the DNA sequence of a gene that codes for one of the regulatory molecules. (texasgateway.org)
Despite the redundancy and overlapping levels of cell cycle control, errors do occur. (texasgateway.org)
We postulate that histone readers together with OCT4 play a role in the transcriptional control of the XCI lncRNAs as well as pluripotent genes. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
2007 This suggests that transcriptional pausing is an additional checkpoint control during development (Levine 2011 The release from transcriptional pausing is associated with P-TEFb recruitment the eviction of pause factors the phosphorylation at serine 2 of the carboxyl-terminal domain Alosetron Hydrochloride (CTD) in RNAP II and the production of elongated mRNAs. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
Obviously this is the result of cell division, but the speed or rate of division can be a problem, and the cell division may not be under control like ordinary cells. (biotopics.co.uk)
Malignant tumours are cancerous growths and because their cell division is not subject to normal control they may grow quite fast and can sometimes spread to other parts of the body. (biotopics.co.uk)

The cell cycle has checkpoints (also called restriction points), which allow certain genes to check for problems and halt the cycle for repairs if something goes wrong. (medlineplus.gov)
The G 1 checkpoint, also called the restriction point (in yeast), is a point at which the cell irreversibly commits to the cell division process. (openstax.org)

Additionally, multiple immune checkpoint genes were markedly positively related to SRSF7. (bvsalud.org)
Outlier SNP loci were found in this gene in O. lurida , potentailly related to immune or stress response (Silliman 2019). (github.io)
Cancer cells often present neoantigens on their cell surface that can be detected as "non-self" by the immune system, resulting in an attack by the immune system. (msdmanuals.com)

It can be applied to reveal highly correlative gene sets and explore potential biomarker genes or therapeutic targets according to the internal connectivity of gene clusters and the associations between gene clusters and phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
By constructing a gene co-expression network and identifying related gene clusters, the correlation between gene modules and phenotypes can be calculated based on phenotypic information, and the most relevant gene modules can be found. (biomedcentral.com)
Since the expression of genes defining discrete phenotypes is highly coordinated, application of reverse engineering algorithms to transcriptome datasets allows interpreting transcriptional networks by defining MRs and their associated regulons and gene circuits. (aging-us.com)

Anatomy23

Organisms12

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs106

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes94

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care3

Proteins19

Progression15

Apoptosis10

Proliferation18

Pathway7

Pathways10

Chromosome11

Mitosis6

Proto-oncogenes3

Mutations11

Differentiation6

Serine-threon1

Chromosomes4

Kinase9

Replication8

Protein16

Chromatin structure2

Mitotic4

Metastasis6

Tumors4

Mechanisms9

TP532

Epigenetic2

Differentially1

Prognostic3

Transcription10

Tumor sup1

Tissues4

Endothelial4

Mechanism3

Budding yeast2

Repair genes1

Genetics1

Embryonic3

Functional6

Processes2

BRCA13

Regulation of the cell cycle1

Vitro2

Eukaryotic cell2

Hepatocellular carcinoma3

Analyses3

Cancers4

Arrest5

Damage5

Nucleus1

CHEK21

Metabolism2

Identification1

Alterations2

Regulator3

Abnormal4

Nonfunctional1

Subset2

Mutation2

Disruption1

Inactivation1

Methylation3

Control9

Restriction2

Immune3

Phenotypes3