Cell differentiation somatic and embryonic stem cells derivation of stem cells from cloned human embryos. Medical search. Frequent questions

The experience of deriving human embryonic stem cells in 2003, led to a broader interest in the pluripotent stem cell biology, which enabled my team to describe for the first time the difference in transcriptional profile and signalling pathways between human and mouse embryonic stem cells and the intrinsic link between maintenance of pluripotency and cell cycle control. (ncl.ac.uk)

Belgium bans reproductive cloning but allows therapeutic cloning of embryos. (wikipedia.org)
Sweden forbids reproductive cloning, but allows therapeutic cloning and authorized a stem cell bank. (wikipedia.org)
Results obtained from completed and on-going clinical studies indicate huge therapeutic potential of stem cell-based therapy in the treatment of degenerative, autoimmune and genetic disorders. (nih.gov)
Along the way we must reduce the emotional valence of phrases such as "therapeutic cloning" and "destruction of embryos. (jci.org)
Identifying the main alterations of the reproductive system in the human species and their therapeutic approaches, understanding and analyzing medical actions. (laboris.net)
by investigating the role of cell reprogramming in AA, we aimed to identify novel diagnostic indicators and therapeutic strategies for patients with AA. (bvsalud.org)
In particular, one goal was to develop a better understanding of the molecular and cellular properties that make stem cells unique, so they might be manipulated rationally for therapeutic purposes. (nih.gov)
Dr. Thomson expressed serious doubt that therapeutic cloning using human oocytes would be used widely in the foreseeable future to produce human embryonic stem cells for transplantation, given the likely inefficiencies of the process and the high costs that would inevitably coincide with patient-specific cell therapy. (nih.gov)
Therapeutic cloning possesses enormous potential for revolutionizing medical and therapeutic techniques. (who.int)
This is therapeutic cloning. (who.int)
Therapeutic cloning possesses enormous potential for revolutionizing medical and thera- peutic techniques. (who.int)
This cell then has therapeutic cloning: the global the capacity to divide and grow into an exact replica of the original from whom the debate somatic cell was taken. (who.int)
The United States must change these laws to allow scientists to derive stem cell lines from donated embryos and therapeutic cloning. (ucdavis.edu)

The use of telomerase to promote regeneration of human tissues,2 and the new discovery that adult stem cells may be far more versatile than was once thought,3 offer the promise that embryonic stem cells may simply be irrelevant to future medical progress. (usccb.org)
Few subjects in biomedical science have captured the imagination of both the scientific community and the public as has the use of stem cells for the repair of damaged tissues. (jci.org)
1998). This tool was quickly recognized as an opportunity to better understand normal and pathological human development, to identify and test new pharmacological therapies, and perhaps to even replace diseased tissues or organs. (research-ethics.org)
In the fetus, and even in an adult, stem cells can be found in many body tissues. (research-ethics.org)
Stem cells are used by scientists to study the growth and differentiation of individual cells into tissues. (congressionalresearch.com)
Some have argued that stem cell research should be limited to adult stem cells obtained from tissues such as bone marrow or umbilical cord blood because they believe the derivation of stem cells from embryos is ethically unacceptable. (congressionalresearch.com)
Adult stem cells, also known as somatic or tissue-specific stem cells, exist in various tissues throughout the body, such as bone marrow, skin, and fat. (falconediting.com)
Here, we apply allele-specific RNA-seq on isogenic B6D2F1 mice to assay imprinted genes in tissues from early embryonic tissues between E3.5 and E7.25 and in pluripotent cell lines to evaluate maintenance of imprinted gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
Global analysis shows that proper imprinted gene expression as observed in embryonic tissues is largely lost in the ESC lines included in this study, which mainly consisted of female ESCs. (biomedcentral.com)
The stem cells possess pluripotential characteristics, and can differentiate into various cells and tissues when nurtured and grown in different culture media. (who.int)
Notch signalling is an evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism that is pivotal for differentiation and homeostasis in most organs and tissues. (hkstemcell.hk)
The betaIII-tubulin is most abundant in cells of neuronal origin, but was also detected in Sertoli cells of the testis and transiently in non-neuronal embryonic tissues. (thermofisher.com)
The stem cells suits human needs, does not cause harm and can be obtained from both adult and fetal does not conflict with religious beliefs, it has tissues, umbilical cord and early embryos. (who.int)
These cells are called pluripotent stem cells because they can differentiate to form a plurality of cell types that make up all of the tissues of the body. (ucdavis.edu)
Adult stem cells are primer cells that reside in various organs and tissues and can differentiate into the various cell types indigenous to their body part. (ucdavis.edu)

8. Basal expression of pluripotency-associated genes can contribute to stemness property and differentiation potential. (nih.gov)
12. Distinct developmental ground states of epiblast stem cell lines determine different pluripotency features. (nih.gov)
We found that LIF and b-FGF were required for porcine cell reprogramming, but were not essential cytokines for maintaining the self-renewal and pluripotency of piPSCs. (nature.com)
Human embryonic stem cells hold great interest because of their pluripotency-their capacity to give rise to the various specialized cells of the body-and because of their longevity-their ability to be propagated for many generations in laboratory culture without losing their pluripotency. (georgetown.edu)
or (4) by dedifferentiation of somatic cells back to pluripotency. (georgetown.edu)
In each of these four cases, the scientific standard by which success should be measured is only the desired functional capacity of the cells derived-stable pluripotency-and not their origin (embryos, adults, or artificial embryo-like clusters of cells). (georgetown.edu)
Unlike specialized cells, which have limited functions, stem cells possess pluripotency or multipotency, meaning they can become a wide array of cell types. (falconediting.com)
Altogether, our analysis provides a comprehensive overview of imprinted gene expression in pluripotency and provides a benchmark to allow identification of cell lines that faithfully maintain imprinted gene expression and therefore retain full developmental potential. (biomedcentral.com)
Induced pluripotency has emerged as one of the main methodologies to derive patient-specific pluripotent cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming of adult stem cells using defined reprogramming factors [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Our studies provide critical insights into how only environmental cues are sufficient to rapidly reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells, and make notable technical and conceptual advances for solving the puzzle of regeneration. (bvsalud.org)
The pluripotent stem cell-specific transcript ESRG is dispensable for human pluripotency. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)

The first step to cloning these animals is a technique called Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT). (research-ethics.org)
Cloned embryos are created through a process called somatic cell 3 nuclear transfer (SCNT). (congressionalresearch.com)
In SCNT, the nucleus of an egg is removed and replaced by the nucleus from a mature body cell, such as a skin cell, obtained from a patient. (congressionalresearch.com)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) can be used to reprogram differentiated somatic cells to a totipotent state but has poor efficiency in supporting full-term development. (bvsalud.org)
H3K9me3 is considered to be an epigenetic barrier to zygotic genomic activation in 2-cell SCNT embryos. (bvsalud.org)
However, the mechanism underlying the failure of H3K9me3 reprogramming during SCNT embryo development remains elusive. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we perform genome-wide profiling of H3K9me3 in cumulus cell-derived SCNT embryos. (bvsalud.org)
Overexpression of Max and Mcrs1 significantly benefits SCNT embryo development. (bvsalud.org)
Importantly, our data confirm the conservation of deficient H3K9me3 differentiation in Sertoli cell-derived SCNT embryos, which may be regulated by alternative mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)

Stem cell treatments are a type of cell therapy that introduce new cells into adult bodies for possible treatment of cancer, somatic cell nuclear transfer, diabetes, and other medical conditions. (wikipedia.org)
For the cell lines, we include embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) derived from fertilized embryos and from embryos obtained after nuclear transfer (NT) or parthenogenetic activation (PGA). (biomedcentral.com)
Cloning in higher species involves somatic cell nuclear transfer, a process in which the nucleus of a somatic (non-germ) cell is taken out and inserted into an enucleated fertilized female germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)
Pluripotent stem cells may also be derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning). (ucdavis.edu)

The importance of imprinting during embryonic development is further underpinned by the fact that androgenetic mice (derived from two paternal pronuclei) and gynogenetic mice (derived from two maternal pronuclei) are embryonic lethal [ 13 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

According to modern stem cell researchers, Spain is one of the leaders in stem cell research and currently has one of the most progressive legislations worldwide with respect to human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research. (wikipedia.org)
In 2001, the British Parliament amended the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (since amended by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008) to permit the destruction of embryos for hESC harvests but only if the research satisfies one of the following requirements: Increases knowledge about the development of embryos, Increases knowledge about serious disease, or Enables any such knowledge to be applied in developing treatments for serious disease. (wikipedia.org)
We describe ethical challenges regarding human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research, emphasizing that ethical dilemma involving the destruction of a human embryo is a major factor that may have limited the development of hESC-based clinical therapies. (nih.gov)
Many in the international scientific community believe that the promise of stem cell-based studies or therapies will be realized only if we can derive new human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines. (jci.org)
While most hESC scientists view the human embryo as human cells with great biological and scientific potential, there are many members of our society who hold religious beliefs that define the human embryo as equivalent to a human life. (research-ethics.org)

3. Primed pluripotent cell lines derived from various embryonic origins and somatic cells in pig. (nih.gov)

While embryonic stem cells are taken from embryoblasts, induced pluripotent stem cells are undifferentiated from somatic adult cells. (wikipedia.org)
At the December 2 hearing, responding to our proposed list of promising alternatives to embryonic stem cell research, National Institutes of Health director Harold Varmus said that while adult stem cells can be obtained from bone marrow, cord blood and so on, they are of limited use because they cannot form other kinds of tissue such as nerve and skin. (usccb.org)
Human embryonic stem cells offer the promise of a new regenerative medicine in which damaged adult cells can be replaced with new cells. (jci.org)
Such cells are often called adult or tissue-specific stem cells. (research-ethics.org)
Other scientists believe that adult stem cells should not be the sole target of research because of important scientific and technical limitations. (congressionalresearch.com)
To promote interactions and discussions between researchers studying embryonic and adult mammalian stem cells and basic researchers working in other areas such as chromatin, gene expression, cell cycle, cell signaling, and development, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) hosted a workshop on the basic biology of mammalian stem cells on June 9-10, 2002 at the Pooks Hill Marriott in Bethesda, Maryland. (nih.gov)
Differential behavioral phenotypes of dopamine D1 receptor knockdown mice at the embryonic, postnatal, and adult stages. (niigata-u.ac.jp)
Although some adult stem cells can transdifferentiate, they are generally limited to changing into the types of cells present in their host organ or tissue. (ucdavis.edu)

Unicellular organisms are primed to replicate (clone) themselves by nature. (who.int)
Unicellular for those cells that are derived from human organisms are primed to replicate (clone) pre-embryos, which seem to have a high themselves by nature. (who.int)

13. Mesenchymal differentiation propensity of a human embryonic stem cell line. (nih.gov)
We investigated mechanisms by which the histone macroH2A variants inhibit reprogramming and discovered that they work as gate keepers of the mesenchymal cell state by blocking epithelial transition, a step required for reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts. (bvsalud.org)
Malignant C4258 Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcoma An aggressive malignant mesenchymal neoplasm with skeletal muscle differentiation, occurring in adults and rarely in children. (nih.gov)
The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube. (lookformedical.com)

Genetic individuality indicates that the resultant induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reserved from precursor cells enable personalized cell therapy and regenerative medicine 3 . (nature.com)
The reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by defined transcription factors has been a well-established technique and will provide an invaluable resource for regenerative medicine. (nature.com)
In the realm of regenerative medicine, stem cells offer hope for individuals suffering from debilitating conditions. (falconediting.com)
As scientists continue to unravel the complexities of stem cells and navigate ethical considerations, the future of regenerative medicine shines brightly, offering new possibilities for improving human health and well-being. (falconediting.com)
ESCs and EpiSCs are also promising tools in regenerative medicine due to their self-renewal and differentiation capacity. (biomedcentral.com)
I am a member of the Biosciences Institute and my work contributes to the Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Transplantation research Theme. (ncl.ac.uk)

11. Derivation of embryonic stem cell line from frozen human embryos and neural differentiation. (nih.gov)
Funded by an ERC Consolidator Award, my group has established an efficient differentiation system to generate optic cup structures which undergo further differentiation to laminated neural retina containing all the retinal cell types. (ncl.ac.uk)
Critical Roles of Translation Initiation and RNA Uridylation in Endogenous Retroviral Expression and Neural Differentiation in Pluripotent Stem Cells. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)

In this review, we provide an overview of the most important ethical issues in stem cell therapy, as a contribution to the controversial debate about their clinical usage in regenerative and transplantation medicine. (nih.gov)
To avoid an allogeneic immune response during transplantation of these cells, a matching genotype between donor and recipient cells is of key importance. (biomedcentral.com)
Base-Resolution Methylome of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Used in the First Trial of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Autologous Transplantation. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)

At the present time, the production of new cell lines involves destruction of preimplantation embryos at the 100-200 cell (blastocyst) stage. (jci.org)

Because ES cells are cultured from the embryoblast 4-5 days after fertilization, harvesting them is most often done from donated embryos from in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics. (wikipedia.org)
France prohibits reproductive cloning and embryo creation for research purposes, but enacted laws (with a sunset provision expiring in 2009) to allow scientists to conduct stem cell research on imported a large amount of embryos from in vitro fertilization treatments. (wikipedia.org)

Crucial to this approach is finding a stage of early embryonic development at which (a) the removal of one or a few cells by biopsy can be carried out without harming the embryo, while (b) the cell or cells removed from the embryo are usable as a source of pluripotent stem cells. (georgetown.edu)

Several sources of pluripotent stem cells have now been identified. (research-ethics.org)

Cloning technology, however, is perceived as having the potential for reproductive cloning, which raises serious ethical and moral concerns. (who.int)
This is reproductive cloning, and can in theory be applied to any species of mammals, including humans. (who.int)
Reproductive cloning versus germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)

Derivation of bona fide porcine pluripotent stem cells is still a critical issue because porcine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are not available yet, and most of the culture conditions to maintain porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) are based on conditions for mouse and human iPS cells. (nature.com)
Should stem cells obtainable by one or another of these methods turn out to have exactly the same properties and capacities as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), their value for scientific research should be no different from that of standard ESCs. (georgetown.edu)
ESCs are pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into any cell type in the body. (falconediting.com)
However, the source of ESCs-human embryos-has sparked intense ethical debates regarding the moral status of embryos and the permissibility of their destruction for research. (falconediting.com)
Unlike ESCs, these cells are multipotent, which means they have a more limited differentiation potential, typically restricted to the tissue from which they originate. (falconediting.com)
Differentiation of ESC lines to embryoid bodies or NPCs does not restore monoallelic expression of imprinted genes, neither did reprogramming of the serum-cultured ESCs to the pluripotent ground state by the use of 2 kinase inhibitors. (biomedcentral.com)
Both ESCs and EpiSCs can be directed to differentiate into a wide variety of mature cell types. (biomedcentral.com)

A common example of a stem cell is the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) which are multipotent stem cells that give rise to cells of the blood lineage. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast to multipotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and are thought to be able to give rise to all cells of the body. (wikipedia.org)
Multipotent, long-lived cells (stem cells) have been identified throughout airways and give rise to both TA and terminally differentiated daughters. (medscape.com)
Hence, the stem cells are multipotent because they can transform into multiple cell types, but are limited because they are more specialized than embryonic stem cells. (ucdavis.edu)

Research is needed to determine the most viable stem cell lines and reliable ways to promote the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into specific cell types (neurons, muscle cells, etc. (jci.org)
Eventually a stem cell becomes known as a "progenitor" or "precursor" cell, committed to producing one or a few terminally differentiated cells such as neurons or muscle cells. (jci.org)
Stem cell therapy aims to replace these damaged neurons with healthy, functional ones, potentially restoring motor function and improving patients' quality of life. (falconediting.com)
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, together with advances in 2D and 3D neuronal differentiation, offers a unique opportunity to overcome this challenge and generate a limitless supply of human neurons for in vitro studies. (biomedcentral.com)
The resulting iPSCs can subsequently be differentiated into multiple cell types, including neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
Stem cells exist to act as a source for the development or replacement of differentiated cells such as cells in the pancreas, which produce insulin and neurons, which carry electrical impulses. (ucdavis.edu)

During NT, the nucleus of a donor cell is introduced into an enucleated oocyte, after which ESC-NTs or EpiSCs-NTs are derived from the developing embryo. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the genotype of the ESC-PGA cells is different from the female oocyte donor due to meiotic recombination occurring in the oocyte, subsequent matching of the ESC-PGAs based on the major histocompatibility complex antigens allows for engraftment of these cells in mouse recipients [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
TGFB1 (TGFβ1), bone morphogenetic protein 4, and oocyte-derived growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) were capable of inducing Smad7 expression, suggesting a modulatory role of SMAD7 in a negative feedback loop. (bioscientifica.com)
Moreover, we revealed a link between SMAD7 and GDF9-mediated oocyte paracrine signaling, an essential component of oocyte-granulosa cell communication and folliculogenesis. (bioscientifica.com)
Collectively, our results suggest that SMAD7 may function during follicular development via preferentially antagonizing and/or fine-tuning essential TGFβ superfamily signaling, which is involved in the regulation of oocyte-somatic cell interaction and granulosa cell function. (bioscientifica.com)

The information presented here covers the legal implications of embryonic stem cells (ES), rather than induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (wikipedia.org)
In this study, we generated a doxycycline-inducible porcine iPS cell line (DOX-iPSCs) and used it to screen the optimal culture condition to sustain the self-renewal of piPSCs. (nature.com)
The derivation of porcine iPSCs could not only broaden the platform of pre-clinical trials for human diseases 6 , but also provided a potential carrier for human organ production with less ethical questions 7 . (nature.com)
reported that hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells gave rise to iPSCs up to 300 times more efficiently than terminally differentiated B and T cells did, suggesting that the differentiation state of the starting cells affects reprogramming efficiency 23 . (nature.com)
We randomly selected six lines isolated from various developmental stages to induce iPSCs and found that five DPC lines showed higher reprogramming efficiency than human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). (nature.com)
First, we attempted to generate iPSCs from DP31 cells, a cell line isolated from the immature (CC) stage of teeth, using as few transcription factors as possible. (nature.com)
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an attractive methodology to overcome these barriers in order to generate physiologically relevant models of neurological disease. (biomedcentral.com)
The generation and neuronal differentiation of iPSCs from patients with dementia therefore offer a unique opportunity to create physiologically relevant in vitro models for mechanistic studies and preclinical drug discovery, and have been widely adopted by the field (Fig. 1 ) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
For successful disease modelling using iPSCs, it is essential to generate the cell type affected by disease in a quick and efficient manner with a high degree of purity. (biomedcentral.com)
CDK8/19 inhibition plays an important role in pancreatic β-cell induction from human iPSCs. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
Towards Precision Medicine With Human iPSCs for Cardiac Channelopathies. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)

By this view, any harm or destruction of the human embryo is tantamount to harm or destruction of a human life. (research-ethics.org)
For many years now, under the Dickey amendment (1995), the U.S. Congress has agreed to federal restrictions on any research that would require harm or destruction of the human embryo. (research-ethics.org)
Many abortion opponents and others opposed to embryonic stem cell research believe that cloning creates a human life, even though it may consist of only one or a few hundred cells, and that the destruction of a cloned embryo to extract stem cells is also ethically unacceptable. (congressionalresearch.com)

The betaIII-tubulin isoform is present dominantly in cells of neuronal origin and it is one of the earliest markers of neuronal differentiation. (thermofisher.com)

The laws surrounding the two differ because while both have similar capacities in differentiation, their modes of derivation are not. (wikipedia.org)
The third approach comprises a variety of proposals for engineering "biological artifacts" possessing some of the developmental capacities of natural embryogenesis (but lacking the organismal character of human embryos) and containing cells from which pluripotent stem cell lines can be derived. (georgetown.edu)

Until now, these cells have been obtainable only from living human embryos [at the 100-to-200-cell (blastocyst) stage of development] by a process that necessarily destroys the embryos and that therefore makes this research ethically controversial. (georgetown.edu)
These stem cells are derived from embryos, typically during the blastocyst stage, which occurs within the first few days after fertilization. (falconediting.com)

5. Main landmarks in embryo development. (laboris.net)
For a variety of reasons, many believe that research advancement requires the development of new embryonic stem cell lines, and for certain applications, stem cells derived from cloned embryos may offer the best hope for understanding and treating disease. (congressionalresearch.com)
Therefore, these cells are important models for pre- and post-implantation embryonic development. (biomedcentral.com)
The primary approach in our research group is to use pluripotent stem cells to mimic human development using in vitro model systems. (ncl.ac.uk)
Pursuing novel differentiation methods and mimicking embryonic development, we were able to generate long-term engrafting hematopoietic stem cells, a finding of great interest in the field, which was published in Cell Stem Cells and accompanied by several press releases. (ncl.ac.uk)
Work carried out in my group in collaboration with Prof. Figueiredo has resulted in the development of a GMP compatible culture system for expansion of limbal epithelial cells which have been transplanted into patients with unilateral limbal stem cell (LSC) deficiency. (ncl.ac.uk)
Dr. Thomson stressed that significant differences exist between embryonic stem cells derived from mice and humans, cautioning that the use of murine embryonic stem cell models may be misleading in understanding the earliest events in human embryonic development and urging the need for continued study using non-human primate model systems. (nih.gov)
Yu Y, Tsang JC, Wang C… Dougan G, Liu P. (2016) Single-cell RNA-seq identifies a PD-1hi ILC progenitor and defines its development pathway. (hkstemcell.hk)
Yang W, Garrett L, Feng D… Yang Y, Gao B. (2017) Wnt-induced Vangl2 phosphorylation is dose-dependently required for planar cell polarity in mammalian development. (hkstemcell.hk)
Trimethylation at histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and lysine 27 (H3K27me3) controls gene activity during development and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, physiologically relevant models, permitting the study of disease mechanisms in a human genetic context, with physiological gene expression levels and in the cell types specifically affected in disease would be a great asset for deepening our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of AD and the development of novel therapeutics. (biomedcentral.com)
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Use in Human Models of Disease and Development. (kyoto-u.ac.jp)
1 Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6 Center Drive,Bethesda, MD 20892-2753, USA. (silverchair.com)
The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. (lookformedical.com)

Basal cells in the ducts of SMGs also show stem/progenitor cell characteristics. (medscape.com)
I will provide examples of the roles of Notch in control of stem/progenitor cell differentiation but also discuss how Notch signaling is important for cellular homeostasis in different organs. (hkstemcell.hk)

6. Derivation of three clones from human embryonic stem cell lines by FACS sorting and their characterization. (nih.gov)
18. Characterization of epithelial cell adhesion molecule as a surface marker on undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells. (nih.gov)
Distinguishing embryonic stem cell derivation, culture, and characterization. (laboris.net)
On November 7, 2001, NIH posted the Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry, a list of human embryonic stem cell lines at varying stages of characterization that meet the President's eligibility criteria. (nih.gov)

The question now is not whether stem cell lines were created before a particular date, but whether or not those lines meet criteria that have been defined for ethically derived stem cell lines (NIH, 2009). (research-ethics.org)
Accordingly, in an effort to find ethically uncontroversial ways to advance human embryonic stem cell research, the Council has recently been looking into specific proposals for obtaining pluripotent, genetically stable, and long-lived human stem cells by methods that would meet the moral standard of not destroying or endangering human embryos in the process. (georgetown.edu)

This restriction was partially lifted in 2001 by President Bush s announcement that research with stem cell lines existing as of August 9, 2001 could be eligible for federal funding. (research-ethics.org)
2001 Bush Administration stem cell policy for the first time allowed federal funds to be used for research on human embryonic stem cells, the Bush policy also limited federal research to only the 22 stem cell lines that were in existence in August 2001. (congressionalresearch.com)

Characteristics that define stem cells include their capacity for self renewal, production of daughter cells and extensive proliferative capacity. (medscape.com)
1. Side scatter intensity is highly heterogeneous in undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells and predicts clonogenic self-renewal. (nih.gov)
9. Self-renewal and differentiation capabilities are variable between human embryonic stem cell lines I3, I6 and BG01V. (nih.gov)

Embryonic stem cells were isolated in mice in 1981, and in humans in 1998. (wikipedia.org)
Martin, 1981), and only in 1998 that the derivation of human embryonic stem cells was first reported (Thomson et al. (research-ethics.org)
In hosting the workshop, NIGMS aimed to learn how best to stimulate research that will advance the basic biology of mammalian stem cells, a field with the potential for rapid growth following the recent successful isolation of human embryonic stem cells and human embryonic germ cells in 1998 and the establishment of policies governing the use of human embryonic stem cells in Federally funded research. (nih.gov)

TA cells eventually become incapable of proliferation and enter the terminally differentiated compartment. (medscape.com)

The best known of these sources is bone marrow, in which stem cells are produced that are capable of differentiating into different types of blood ells. (research-ethics.org)

First, as I noted on December 2, there is some uncertainty about the status of the cells that Dr. Gearhart of Johns Hopkins University has cultured from fetal germ cells after abortions. (usccb.org)

The have been applied to both the plant and ani- stem cells possess pluripotential charac- mal kingdoms without even stirring a ripple teristics, and can differentiate into various of concern in international conscience [ 2 ]. (who.int)

Stem cell laws are the law rules, and policy governance concerning the sources, research, and uses in treatment of stem cells in humans. (wikipedia.org)
The European Union has yet to issue consistent regulations with respect to stem cell research in member states. (wikipedia.org)
Whereas Germany, Austria, Italy, Finland, Portugal and the Netherlands prohibit or severely restrict the use of embryonic stem cells, Greece, Sweden, Spain and the United Kingdom have created the legal basis to support this research. (wikipedia.org)
Germany has restrictive policies for stem cell research, but a 2008 law authorizes "the use of imported stem cell lines produced before May 1, 2007. (wikipedia.org)
The new Spanish law allows existing frozen embryos - of which there are estimated to be tens of thousands in Spain - to be kept for patient's future use, donated for another infertile couple, or used in research. (wikipedia.org)
In 2003, Spain's laws state that embryos left over from IVF and donated by the couple that created them can be used in research, including ES cell research, if they have been frozen for more than five years. (wikipedia.org)
The United Kingdom is one of the leaders in stem cell research, in the opinion of Lord Sainsbury, Science and Innovation Minister for the UK. (wikipedia.org)
A new £10 million stem cell research centre has been announced at the University of Cambridge. (wikipedia.org)
The primary legislation in South Africa that deals with embryo research is the Human Tissue Act, which is set to be replaced by Chapter 8 of the National Health Act. (wikipedia.org)
I am grateful for the opportunity to present the Catholic bishops' concerns about efforts to justify the use of cells from deliberately destroyed human embryos in federally funded research. (usccb.org)
Even at that time, one of the advances cited by supporters as a future benefit of embryo research -- the ability to grow new blood vessels in the heart -- was already in clinical use in human patients with no need for embryonic cells.1 In the six weeks that have elapsed since then, however, two startling scientific breakthroughs have made it even more clear that destructive embryo research is unnecessary. (usccb.org)
In its effort to find that federal funding of embryonic stem cell research is consistent with congressional intent, HHS has overlooked some obvious facts, and created its own arbitrary definition of a human embryo that has no basis in biology or federal law. (usccb.org)
HHS claims that current law on embryo research does not cover embryonic stem cell research, because the law protects only the embryo, which is an "organism" -- and a stem cell obtained by destroying an embryo is not an "organism. (usccb.org)
It demands a scientific answer, before federal funds are spent on the research -- because these funds by law cannot be used, even inadvertently, to create embryos which briefly develop and then die in culture. (usccb.org)
1 University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research. (nih.gov)
This has led to an intense debate that threatens to limit embryonic stem cell research. (jci.org)
Should blastocysts be protected under the same laws that govern research on human subjects? (jci.org)
A stem cell is defined by two properties (see A stem cell research lexicon ). (jci.org)
Recognizing the fundamentals of basic research, emphasizing the lines of research related to Human Reproduction Developing a critical point of view on published papers. (laboris.net)
Having made a considered decision to use human stem cells, no use of those cells for the purposes of research, teaching, or testing should commence that is not explicitly part of an approved protocol or specifically waived under relevant regulations. (research-ethics.org)
If you are responsible for training others or if you observe indifference to considerations for responsible stem cell research, you should make attempts to initiate discussion, to identify relevant regulations, and to promote responsibility. (research-ethics.org)
In recent years, biomedical research has been significantly altered by technologies for the derivation of human cell lines capable of differentiation into any of the cells of the human body. (research-ethics.org)
However, because a necessary first step was to use and destroy human embryos such research raised serious questions for some members of the public, as well as some scientists. (research-ethics.org)
Notwithstanding our sometimes sharp individual ethical differences, we have recognized that all parties to the debates about embryo research have something vital to defend, and not only for themselves but for all of us. (georgetown.edu)
The research is controversial, in the opinion of some, because the stem cells are located within the embryo and the process of removing them destroys the embryo. (congressionalresearch.com)
Due to the controversy, federal policy has limited federal funding for research on embryonic stem cells. (congressionalresearch.com)
In response, many states are moving forward with their own initiatives to encourage or provide funding for stem cell research in order to remain competitive and prevent the relocation of scientists and biotechnology firms to other states or overseas. (congressionalresearch.com)
Despite its promise, only a relatively small amount of federal funding has been used to support embryonic stem cell research. (congressionalresearch.com)
Federal funding for embryonic stem cell research is limited by two factors. (congressionalresearch.com)
It prohibits using federal funds for the creation of human embryos for research purposes or for research in which human embryos are destroyed. (congressionalresearch.com)
Stem cell research has emerged as a groundbreaking field with immense potential to revolutionize medicine, offering hope for treating a wide array of diseases and injuries. (falconediting.com)
This article delves into the world of stem cell research, exploring its potential, controversies, and the delicate balance between scientific advancement and ethical considerations. (falconediting.com)
Spinal cord injuries, which often lead to permanent paralysis, represent another area where stem cell research holds immense promise. (falconediting.com)
Diabetes, a chronic disease affecting millions worldwide, may also benefit from stem cell research. (falconediting.com)
Heart disease, one of the leading causes of death globally, could see revolutionary treatments emerge from stem cell research. (falconediting.com)
It's essential to recognize that while the promise of stem cell research is vast, it is not without challenges and ethical considerations. (falconediting.com)
Stem cell research represents a beacon of hope in the field of medicine. (falconediting.com)
Understanding the different types of stem cells is crucial in navigating the complex landscape of stem cell research. (falconediting.com)
Our parallel research programme aims to perfect the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to fully laminated retinal structures capable of recapitulating the function of a human retina in vivo . (ncl.ac.uk)
At this junction in time, NIH realized the importance of looking beyond merely listing the availability of the stem cell lines to encouraging the conduct of research that will help unite the fields of basic molecular and cell biological research with more biomedically applied stem cell biological pursuits. (nih.gov)
The workshop began with keynote speaker Dr. James Thomson, who gave an overview of the stem cell research field. (nih.gov)
Experimental Cell Research 352: 304-312. (hkstemcell.hk)
Embryoid bodies (EBs) were generated from the H9 embryonic stem cell line (WiCell Research Institute, WA09) using Gibco® KnockOut™ Serum Replacement. (thermofisher.com)
This paper outlines the debates prompted through a reproduction mechanism involv- by progress in cloning research, with special ing male and female germ cells. (who.int)
Human embryonic stem cell research has been touted as both the hero and monster of the next age in medical science. (ucdavis.edu)
Although worries over the treatment of human embryos are legitimate, a close examination of the practices associated with stem cell research shows that its use of human embryonic cells does not disrespect human life. (ucdavis.edu)
Current laws virtually preclude scientists from obtaining the stem cells they need to conduct research. (ucdavis.edu)
Stem cells have other characteristics besides their unspecialized nature that are important for research. (ucdavis.edu)
This limits their usefulness in research and may not even give researchers the six months necessary to establish a cell line. (ucdavis.edu)

They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. (lookformedical.com)

2. Brief report: benchmarking human pluripotent stem cell markers during differentiation into the three germ layers unveils a striking heterogeneity: all markers are not equal. (nih.gov)
The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo. (lookformedical.com)

Embryonic stem cells are usually derived from the undifferentiated cells of a five-day-old embryo that go on to form all the tissue types of the developing fetus. (ucdavis.edu)

To determine the signaling preference and potential role of SMAD7 in the ovary, we herein examined the expression, regulation, and function of SMAD7 in mouse granulosa cells. (bioscientifica.com)
We showed that SMAD7 was expressed in granulosa cells and subject to regulation by intraovarian growth factors from the TGFβ superfamily. (bioscientifica.com)

2018) Defining murine organogenesis at single-cell resolution reveals a role for the leukotriene pathway in regulating blood progenitor formation. (hkstemcell.hk)

Establishment in Culture of Mouse Expanded Potential Stem Cells. (hkstemcell.hk)
Gao X, Nowak-Imialek M, Chen X… Niemann H, Liu P. (2019) Establishment of human and pig expanded potential stem cells uncovers conserved signaling requirements. (hkstemcell.hk)

Italy has a 2004 law that forbids all sperm or egg donations and the freezing of embryos, but allows, in effect, using existing stem cell lines that have been imported. (wikipedia.org)
14. Heterogeneity of osteosarcoma cell lines led to variable responses in reprogramming. (nih.gov)
16. Derivation of Huntington's disease-affected human embryonic stem cell lines. (nih.gov)
19. Derivation of three new human embryonic stem cell lines. (nih.gov)
In a previous study, we established more than 150 DPC lines isolated from extracted wisdom teeth and evaluated the potential of DPCs for iPS cell banking 14 , 28 . (nature.com)
To create new cell lines, it is necessary to destroy preimplantation blastocysts. (jci.org)
Subsequently, President Obama annouced a new approach to approving stem cell lines for federal funding (Obama, 2009). (research-ethics.org)
While the result has been an increase in the number of stem cell lines approved for federal funding, it is noteworthy that the number of lines meeting these criteria is limited (NIH Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry). (research-ethics.org)
Scientists are concerned about the quality and longevity of these 22 stem cell lines. (congressionalresearch.com)
Since that time, more than 70 embryonic cell lines have been listed in the registry. (nih.gov)

The alveoli have a simple squamous epithelium, comprised of alveolar type I and II epithelial cells. (medscape.com)
Forbester JL, Lees EA, Goulding D… Powrie F, Dougan G. (2018) Interleukin-22 promotes phagolysosomal fusion to induce protection against Salmonella enterica Typhimurium in human epithelial cells. (hkstemcell.hk)

Therefore, the fundamental issue in animal species, including pig, is how to fully convert the somatic cells into ESC-like and germline-competent pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). (nature.com)
Multi-cellular organisms and higher species replicate naturally through a reproduction mechanism involving male and female germ cells. (who.int)
We also know that within humans (and other animal species) there are cells called stem cells. (who.int)
Indeed, 11 beta-HSD enzyme is expressed in the placenta of humans and a range of other animal species. (bioscientifica.com)

To engage in this debate, it is important to have an overview of stem cell biology. (jci.org)
Many scientists viewed this as a potentially revolutionary approach to studying human biology. (research-ethics.org)
Another goal was to explore the notion of employing stem cells as a model system for addressing fundamental problems in biology. (nih.gov)
One of the greatest controversies triggered by the rapid pace of evolution in biology, particularly in genomics and biotechnology, has been the technique of cloning. (who.int)
Nature Cell Biology, 21(6): 687-699. (hkstemcell.hk)
One of the greatest controversies triggered tissue, a stem cell encoding for heart tissue by the rapid pace of evolution in biology, will eventually develop into heart tissue particularly in genomics and biotechnology, and so on. (who.int)

However, clinical application of stem cells raises numerous ethical and safety concerns. (nih.gov)
Ethical debates, especially regarding the use of embryonic stem cells, continue to shape the field. (falconediting.com)
Stem cells are a diverse group of cells with varying properties and capabilities, each offering unique potential and ethical considerations. (falconediting.com)

Using a gene expression profiles between these two DPC groups, we identified a new transcript factor, distal-less homeobox 4 (DLX4), which was highly expressed in immature teeth DPCs and significantly promoted human iPSC generation in combination with OCT3/4, SOX2 and KLF4. (nature.com)
This cell contains a different set of genetic instructions (resulting in an alternative pattern of gene expression) and is characterized by a reduced proliferative capacity and more restricted developmental potential than its parent. (jci.org)

The different types of stem cell populations can be illustrated by considering the earliest stages of embryogenesis (Figure 1 ). (jci.org)

Anatomy58

Organisms11

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs62

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment55

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes61

Disciplines and Occupations5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities6

Information Science4

Health Care1

Mouse embryonic stem1

Therapeutic13

Tissues15

Pluripotency11

SCNT9

Nuclear4

Imprinting during embryonic deve1

HESC5

Pluripotent cell1

Adult8

Organisms are primed to replicate2

Mesenchymal4

Regenerative medicine6

Neural3

Transplantation3

Preimplantation embryos1

Vitro fertilization2

Early embryonic1

Sources of pluripotent stem1

Reproductive3

ESCs7

Multipotent4

Neurons6

Oocyte5

IPSCs11

Destruction3

Neuronal Differentiation1

Capacities2

Blastocyst stage2

Development14

Progenitor cell2

Characterization4

Ethically2

20012

Self renewal3

19983

Terminally differentiated1

Bone marrow1

Fetal1

Possess pluripotential1

Research49

Differentiate1

Germ layers2

Fetus1

Granulosa2

Murine1

Establishment2

Lines10

Epithelial cells2

Species4

Biology6

Ethical3

Gene expression2

Considering the earliest1