Cell destruction clones proliferate clone cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

When naive T cells are activated by T cell receptor (TCR) binding to antigen and its downstream signaling pathway, they actively proliferate and form a large clone of effector cells. (wikipedia.org)

Generally, T and B lymphocytes serve as effector cells and memory cells in the immune system. (pediaa.com)
Effector cells are the T and B lymphocytes of the immune system that serves in normal immune function. (pediaa.com)
Generally, there are two types of T lymphocytes: cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. (pediaa.com)
Moreover, memory T cells are T lymphocytes that also recognize previously encountered antigens. (pediaa.com)
Unlike B lymphocytes, T cells do not produce antibodies. (pediaa.com)
B and T lymphocytes serve as effector cells and memory cells. (pediaa.com)
Effector cells refer to relatively short-lived activated cells that defend the body in an immune response while memory cells refer to long-lived lymphocytes capable of responding to a particular antigen on its reintroduction, long after the exposure that prompted its production. (pediaa.com)
In general, effector T cells either kill infected cells or help B lymphocytes to produce antibodies against antigens while effector B lymphocytes produce antibodies against pathogens. (pediaa.com)
Memory T cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that might have some of the same functions as memory B cells. (wikipedia.org)
Central memory T cells (TCM): TCM lymphocytes have several attributes in common with stem cells, the most important being the ability of self-renewal, mainly because of high level of phosphorylation on key transcription factor STAT5. (wikipedia.org)
In mice, TCM proved to confer more powerful immunity against viruses, bacteria and cancer cells, compared to TEM lymphocytes in several experimental models. (wikipedia.org)
Effector memory T cells (TEM): TEM and TEMRA lymphocytes are primarily active as the CD8 variants, thus being mainly responsible for cytotoxic action against pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
Tissue-resident memory T cell (TRM): Because TRM lymphocytes are present over long periods of time in tissues, or more importantly, barrier tissues (epithelium for example), they are crucial for quick response to barrier breach and response to any relevant pathogen present. (wikipedia.org)
One mechanism used by TRM to restrict pathogens is the secretion of granzyme B. Stem cell-like memory T cells (TSCM): Those lymphocytes are capable of self-renewal as are the TCM lymphocytes and are also capable of generating both the TCM and TEM subpopulations. (wikipedia.org)
Using this approach, we have cloned a novel apoptotic gene from human Jurkat T lymphocytes. (deathbase.org)
Mch2 beta, 1.4 kb) were detected in Jurkat T lymphocytes and other cell lines. (deathbase.org)
One cell suspensions of thymocytes, LN cells, spleen cells, PBL, and little intestine intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL) had been prepared as defined (26, 27). (tech-strategy.org)
This tissue is composed of splenic nodules, which are similar to the lymphatic nodules in lymph nodes and are packed with lymphocytes (T lymphocyte cells and B lymphocyte cells). (healthjade.net)
This pulp contains numerous red blood cells, which impart its color, plus many lymphocytes and macrophages. (healthjade.net)
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes. (lookformedical.com)
They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation. (lookformedical.com)
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. (lookformedical.com)
A classification of B-lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. (lookformedical.com)

These cells contain CD8+ receptors that recognize antigens presented with the MHC class I molecules . (pediaa.com)
Helper T cells, on the other hand, contain CD4+ receptors that recognize antigens presented with the MHC class II molecules . (pediaa.com)
Generally, helper T cells recognize antigens presented in antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. (pediaa.com)
Memory cells are the long-lived cells in the immune system that have the ability to recognize antigens previously recognized by the immune system. (pediaa.com)
It is found that memory T cells can sometimes react to novel antigens, potentially caused by intrinsic the diversity and breadth of the T cell receptor binding targets. (wikipedia.org)
These T cells could cross-react to environmental or resident antigens in our bodies (like bacteria in our gut) and proliferate. (wikipedia.org)
or actively by prior immunization of the recipient with graft antigens which evoke specific antibodies and form antigen-antibody complexes which bind to the antigen receptor sites of the T-cells and block their cytotoxic activity. (lookformedical.com)
Adoptive cell therapy using engineered T-cell receptors (TCRs) targeting cancer-testis antigens, such as Melanoma-associated antigen 3 (MAGE-A3), is a potential approach for the treatment of NSCLC. (thno.org)
B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. (lookformedical.com)

The new gene encodes a approximately 34-kilodalton protein that is highly homologous to human CPP32, Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein CED-3, mammalian Ich-1 (Nedd2), and mammalian interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. (deathbase.org)
The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1). (lookformedical.com)

Upon recognition, cytotoxic T cells induce apoptosis and degranulation in infected cells. (pediaa.com)
Since epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including gefitinib (GEF) have been reported to induce the apoptosis of several cancer cell lines, in the present study, we examined whether the cytotoxic effects of GEF are further enhanced under amino acid starvation (AAS) culture conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
Unlike neuronal cell body apoptosis, which requires caspase 3, we show that axonal degeneration requires caspase 6, which is activated in a punctate pattern that parallels the pattern of axonal fragmentation. (deathbase.org)
In addition, overexpression of recombinant Mch2 alpha, but not Mch2 beta, induces apoptosis in Sf9 insect cells. (deathbase.org)
Our data suggest that Mch2 is a Ced-3/interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme-like cysteine protease and could be another important mediator of apoptosis in mammalian cells. (deathbase.org)
Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. (lookformedical.com)

No 2007/0059845-entitled "Reagents for the detection of protein phosphorylation in T-cell receptor signaling pathways" is related to phosphorylation sites downstream of the T-cell receptor that provides for selective detection and quantification of phosphorylated proteins. (justia.com)

Normally, central memory T cells and effector memory T cells occur in lymph nodes and peripheral circulation. (pediaa.com)
At birth and early childhood, T cells in the peripheral blood are mainly naïve T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Since T cells normally take into account only an extremely small percentage of thymocytes and peripheral T cells, we evaluated T cell advancement in the tiny intestine, where T cells represent a significant population from the iIEL in wild-type mice. (tech-strategy.org)

Clones of memory T cells expressing a specific T cell receptor can persist for decades in our body. (wikipedia.org)
Activation through the T cell receptor may play a role. (wikipedia.org)
Here we report that beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and death receptor 6 (DR6, also known as TNFRSF21) activate a widespread caspase-dependent self-destruction program. (deathbase.org)
CD3 and CD3 are two highly related components of the T cell receptor (TCR)CCD3 complex which is essential for the assembly and transmission transduction of the T cell receptor on mature T cells. (tech-strategy.org)
Clones that neutralised FBG activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), without impacting pathogenic TLR4 activation, were epitope mapped by crystallography. (bmj.com)
The present application is generally related to methods for evaluating the frequency of various subsets of pathogen-specific and tumor-specific T cells that are characterized by a pattern of Ca 2+ signaling mediated by productive engagement of antigen-specific receptor, reflecting the effectiveness of immune responses. (justia.com)

28 from 3 embryonic stem [Ha sido] clones) sent the Ha sido cell genome. (tech-strategy.org)
Cellular differentiation begins with the fertilized egg which serves as the identifying characteristic of an embryonic stem cell. (jcpa.org)
Most researchers obtain embryonic stem cells from the inner mass of a blastocyst, an embryonic stage when a fertilized egg has divided into 128 cells. (jcpa.org)
The predominant bioethical concern arising from this technology is that the blastocyt-stage embryo must be destroyed in the process of isolating and separating the embryonic stem cells from the inner mass region of the pre-embryo. (jcpa.org)
The destruction of the pre-embryo has been the critical issue in the U.S. behind imposing limits on federal government-sponsored research in embryonic stem cells. (jcpa.org)
In 2009, in a major reversal of U.S. policy, President Obama signed an executive order pledging to "vigorously support" embryonic stem cell research. (jcpa.org)
This policy is similar to that of other countries, including Israel, where scientists are funded by Government to study embryonic stem cells despite the aforementioned bioethical issue. (jcpa.org)

There are four types of memory T cells: central memory T cells, effector memory T cells, tissue-resident memory T cells, and virtual memory T cells. (pediaa.com)
Antigen-specific memory T cells specific to viruses or other microbial molecules can be found in both central memory T cells (TCM) and effector memory T cells (TEM) subsets. (wikipedia.org)

The main function of plasma B cells is to secrete antibodies in humoral immune response and to activate cytotoxic and helper T cells to generate a cell-mediated immune response. (pediaa.com)
Although OspA 165-184 stimulated nearly all OspA-specific human T cell clones tested to proliferate and secrete IFN-γ and IL-13, LFA-1α L326-345 stimulated ∼10% of these clones to proliferate and a greater percentage to secrete IL-13. (aai.org)

Effector cells undergo active cytokine secretion and other effector activities. (wikipedia.org)
Antibody efficacy in preventing RA synovial cell cytokine release, and in modulating collagen-induced arthritis in rats, was assessed. (bmj.com)
Anti-FBG antibodies inhibited cytokine release by RA synovial cells and prevented disease progression and tissue destruction during collagen-induced arthritis. (bmj.com)
these antibodies inhibit cytokine release by RA synovial cells and prevent disease progression and tissue destruction during collagen-induced arthritis. (bmj.com)
Currently, determining the frequency of T cells with specificity of interest is performed by staining of the T cells with the pMHC/tetramers or intracellular staining for cytokine or ELISpot assays. (justia.com)
ELISpot assay and intracellular cytokine staining provide information about functional activity of T cells, but does not detect antigen-specific cells that are unable to produce the indicator cytokine. (justia.com)

An induced state of non-reactivity to grafted tissue from a donor organism that would ordinarily trigger a cell-mediated or humoral immune response. (lookformedical.com)
Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. (lookformedical.com)

However, systematic analysis of T cell immune responses to MAGE-A3 antigen and corresponding antigen-specific TCR is still lacking. (thno.org)

In an alternate model, influenza vaccine peptide-bearing tetramers were able to detect influenza-specific T cells only after PBMC from influenza-vaccinated individuals were expanded in vitro by a 7-day culture with Ag ( 6 ). (aai.org)
DR6 is broadly expressed by developing neurons, and is required for normal cell body death and axonal pruning both in vivo and after trophic-factor deprivation in vitro. (deathbase.org)
In this study, we comprehensively screened HLA-A2 restricted MAGE-A3 tumor epitopes and characterized the corresponding TCRs using in vitro artificial antigen presentation cells (APC) system, single-cell transcriptome and TCR V(D)J sequencing, and machine-learning. (thno.org)
We identified the HLA-A2 restricted T cell epitopes from MAGE-A3 that could effectively induce the activation and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells using artificial APC in vitro . (thno.org)
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. (lookformedical.com)

Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. (lookformedical.com)
Caspase 6 regulates B cell activation and differentiation into plasma cells. (deathbase.org)
In this study, we show that Casp6 regulates B cell activation and differentiation into plasma cells by modifying cell cycle entry. (deathbase.org)
Casp6 may regulate both B cell activation and differentiation by modifying requirements for G(0) B cells to enter G(1). (deathbase.org)
to complete, a time during which T cells are exposed to stimulation resulting in activation of initially antigen-inexperienced T cells contributing to potentially pseudo positive data. (justia.com)
It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation. (lookformedical.com)

Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for killing virus-infected cells. (pediaa.com)
Although most information is currently based on observations in the cytotoxic T cells (CD8-positive) subset, similar populations appear to exist for both the helper T cells (CD4-positive) and the cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)

Tissue-resident memory T cells occur in tissues while virtual memory T cells occur in clonal expansion events. (pediaa.com)

To analyze the nature of response to OspA and LFA-1α L , we used OspA-specific T cell hybrids from DR4 transgenic mice, as well as cloned human cells specific for OspA 165-184 , the immunodominant epitope, from five DRB1*0401 + patients, using OspA-MHC class II tetramers. (aai.org)
A cohort of HLA-A2+ NSCLC donors demonstrated that the number of epitope specific CD8+ T cells increased in NSCLC than healthy controls when measured with tetramer derived from the candidate MAGE-A3 epitopes, especially epitope Mp4 (MAGE-A3: 160-169, LVFGIELMEV). (thno.org)
Statistical and machine-learning based analyses demonstrated that the MAGE-A3-Mp4 epitope-specific CD8+ T cell clones were mostly in effector and proliferating state. (thno.org)

Although class I tetramers identified large populations of virus-specific CD8 + cells, a different picture has emerged from the use of class II tetramers. (aai.org)

The cross-reactivity mechanism may be important for memory T cells in the mucosal tissues since these sites have higher antigen density. (wikipedia.org)
Although the LAT family plays important roles in the development and function of normal tissues, they are frequently increased in cancer cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
These large cells may be free, or fixed in various tissues. (healthjade.net)
This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. (lookformedical.com)

Since they are a clone of a parent B cell, memory B cells contain the same B cell receptors as the parent B cell. (pediaa.com)

Very low frequencies of collagen/matrix-specific CD4 + cells could be isolated from the PBMC or synovial fluid (SF) 4 of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), using class II tetramers that contained two joint-specific Ags ( 5 ). (aai.org)

The older, more fragile red blood cells may rupture during this passage, and the resulting cellular debris is removed by phagocytic macrophages in the venous sinuses. (healthjade.net)

After antigen clearance, some of these effector cells form memory T cells, either in a randomly determined manner or are selected based on their superior specificity. (wikipedia.org)
While these processes have some ability to determine specificity of T-cells, each has significant limitations. (justia.com)
Several United States patents or publications, or other literature have proposed approaches to characterize frequency of T-cells with the specificity of interest. (justia.com)

No. 2015/0030533-entitled "Compositions and methods for the detection diagnosis and therapy of hematological malignancies" proposes methods for eliciting immune and T cell responses to specific malignancy-related antigenic polypeptides. (justia.com)
However, there is no mention of detection strategies incorporating measurements of Ca 2+ in individual T cells as in the new methods described herein. (justia.com)
However, the Altman publication does not detect via Ca 2+ in individual T cells as in the methods disclosed herein. (justia.com)

Stem cell research is, in part, a quest to understand cellular differentiation, the process by which a human being develops from one fertilized cell into a multicellular organism composed of over 200 different cell types - for example muscle, nerve, blood cell, or kidney. (jcpa.org)

Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. (lookformedical.com)

The main difference between effector and memory cells is that effector cells are short-lived cells whereas memory cells are long-lived cells. (pediaa.com)
Moreover, effector cells are short-lived cells while memory cells are long-lived cells. (pediaa.com)

Electron microscopy demonstrated that the CAL 27 cells treated with GEF under AAS culture conditions exhibited swelling of the cytosol and organelles with an increased number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, but without chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation. (spandidos-publications.com)
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. (lookformedical.com)

wherein the recognition of stimulatory of pMHC by the peptide specific T cells leads to increase of intracellular Ca2+ level and fluorescence intensity in the responding T cells. (justia.com)
Importantly, T cells artificially expressing the MAGE-A3-Mp4 specific TCRs exhibited strong MAGE-A3+ tumor cell recognition and killing effect. (thno.org)

The spleen also acts as the primary reservoir for platelets and as a filter for red blood cells (RBCs), removing damaged or malformed red blood cells from the circulation. (healthjade.net)
The normal adult spleen contributes to the homeostasis of the body by removing from the blood useless or potentially injurious materials (e.g., abnormal or "wornout" red blood cells and microorganisms) and by synthesizing immunoglobulins and properdin 2 . (healthjade.net)

Although immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) reinvigorates anti-tumor immune responses by disrupting co-inhibitory T-cell signaling, relapse frequently occurs after ICB treatment and acquired resistance often emergence after initial response [ 4 ]. (thno.org)
If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely. (lookformedical.com)

The stem cells derived from the inner mass of a blastocyst lack the ability to form a fetus when implanted into a woman, but are self-renewing and can be maintained for long periods of time in the laboratory as undifferentiated stem cells. (jcpa.org)
Contrary to popular belief, stem cells are present in the human body throughout life and are found in many adult organs. (jcpa.org)

The addition of essential amino acids, but not non-essential amino acids to the cell culture medium resulted in the cancellation of this pronounced cytotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)

The main function of the effector cells is to mount an immune response to a particular pathogen. (pediaa.com)
Primary function of memory cells is augmented immune response after reactivation of those cells by reintroduction of relevant pathogen into the body. (wikipedia.org)
However, these approaches are generally lacking in one or more features and do not evaluate the frequency of pathogen-specific T cells with different efficiencies. (justia.com)

Thus, it is of great interest to characterize Ag-specific T cells in individuals afflicted by these illnesses. (aai.org)

Advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer with poor prognosis. (thno.org)
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. (lookformedical.com)

The main function of helper T cells is to activate other cells in the immune system to mount an immune response. (pediaa.com)

Recently, MHC tetramer technology has been developed that allows the direct enumeration of Ag-specific T cells ( 3 , 4 ). (aai.org)
We have analyzed the Ag-specific CD4 + T cells in treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis, using class II tetramers, and have shown that arthritis-associated Borrelia burgdorferi ( Bb) sensu stricto outer surface protein A (OspA)-specific T cells can be identified with this technology. (aai.org)
In Casp6 KO mice compared with WT mice, serum levels of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b are increased and Ag-specific Ab responses are also enhanced along with increased percentages of syndecan-1(+) plasma cells. (deathbase.org)
Staining with the tetramers does not allow determining functional capacity of virus-specific T cells. (justia.com)
addresses a tetramer assay to detect and quantify T-Cells that are specific for a given antigen within a blood sample. (justia.com)
However, neither the '533 nor the '845 Publication provided any disclosure of measurement of calcium ions as a mechanism for identifying specific or individual T cells and thus fail to provide mechanisms for detection and quantification of virus specific T-cells. (justia.com)
In addition, specific proteins or biological substances can be added to these stem cell cultures to transform them in the laboratory into a large variety of specialized cell types, such as nerve, liver, muscle, bone, and blood cells. (jcpa.org)

Therefore, they detect the same antigen that the parent B cell encountered. (pediaa.com)
Furthermore, cross-reaction between the bacterial OspA and human LFA-1α L at the T cell level and the inability to detect Bb in the joint implicate an autoimmune mechanism. (aai.org)

A marked Ab and T cell response to Bb outer surface protein A (OspA) often develops during prolonged episodes of arthritis. (aai.org)

The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease. (lookformedical.com)

As of April 2020, the lineage relationship between effector and memory T cells is unclear. (wikipedia.org)

We have developed a PCR approach to clone new apoptotic Ced-3/Ice-like cysteine protease genes. (deathbase.org)
the development of T cells, we generated a mouse strain having a disruption in both CD3 and CD3 genes (CD3? (tech-strategy.org)

Cells use a number of mechanisms to sense and maintain their homeostatic levels. (spandidos-publications.com)
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). (lookformedical.com)

Memory cells, on the other hand, recognize and mount immune responses against a previously recognized antigen. (pediaa.com)
Objectives Controlled immune responses rely on integrated crosstalk between cells and their microenvironment. (bmj.com)

B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. (lookformedical.com)

A variety of human autoimmune diseases are thought to be mediated by CD4 T cells ( 1 , 2 ). (aai.org)
Similarly, when the fertilized egg divides from two cells into four cells, each of these four cells has the potential to individually form a human fetus. (jcpa.org)

These cells would reverse from the active effector role to a state more similar to naive T cells and would be "turned on" again upon the next antigen exposure. (wikipedia.org)

The results allowed comparison of replication timing between polytene chromosomes in salivary glands and chromosomes from cultured diploid cell lines and to observe a substantial similarity in the global replication patterns at the band resolution level. (sdbonline.org)
Under AAS culture conditions, the cell killing effect of GEF was synergistically pronounced in the EGFR-expressing cell lines, namely, CAL 27, Detroit 562, A549 and PANC-1 cells compared with those treated with either GEF or AAS alone. (spandidos-publications.com)

B cells from Casp6 knockout (Casp6 KO) mice examined ex vivo have more cells in G(1) than wild-type B cells, and mitogen-induced G(1) entry of Casp6 KO B cells is much faster than that of wild-type B cells. (deathbase.org)
In contrast to mice deficient in CH5424802 biological activity either CD3 or CD3 chains, early thymic development mediated by pre-TCR is completely clogged, and TCR-+ or TCR-+ T cells were absent in the CD3? (tech-strategy.org)
mice, T cells had been once again nondetectable in the intestine (Fig. (tech-strategy.org)

While there is a great deal published on the potential medical applications of stem cell research to treat or cure diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and heart disease, much less has been published on the future impact of stem cell research in reproductive medicine. (jcpa.org)

Usually, the two types of memory cells are memory T cells and memory B cells. (pediaa.com)
Memory B cells are clones of parent B cells that previously worked as antigen-presenting B cells. (pediaa.com)

These events would help maintain the memory T cell population. (wikipedia.org)

Autophagic cell death was excluded as the inhibition of autophagy did not attenuate the cytotoxicity. (spandidos-publications.com)
Naturally occurring axonal pruning and neuronal cell death help to sculpt neuronal connections during development, but their mechanistic basis remains poorly understood. (deathbase.org)

Through frequent antigen exposure, the population of memory T cells accumulates. (wikipedia.org)

Used together, these scholarly research showed that Compact disc3 and Compact disc3 play an important, yet overlapping partially, role in the introduction of both and T cell CH5424802 biological activity lineages. (tech-strategy.org)
These observations are consistent with the biological evidence that in mature T cells, the TCRC CD3 complex lacking either CD3 or could sometimes be detected on the cell surface at reduced levels. (tech-strategy.org)
In order to better appreciate the role of stem cell research in reproductive medicine, there is a need to understand the critical biological principles of stem cell research and its potential applications to medicine. (jcpa.org)

Anatomy31

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