• In neurons, TASK channels carrying hyperpolarizing \(K^+\) leak currents, and the pacemaker channel HCN2, carrying depolarizing Background Brain ischemia is known to include neuronal cell death and persisting neurological deficits. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • We used the ratioable fluorescent dye mag-fura-5 to measure intracellular free Zn 2+ ([Zn 2+ ] i ) in cultured neocortical neurons exposed to neurotoxic concentrations of Zn 2+ in concert with depolarization or glutamate receptor activation and identified four routes of Zn 2+ entry. (jneurosci.org)
  • The kainate-induced increase was highly sensitive to Gd 3+ or Na + removal in most neurons but insensitive in a minority subpopulation ("cobalt-positive cells"), suggesting that a fourth route of neuronal Zn 2+ entry is through the Ca 2+ -permeable channels gated by certain subtypes of AMPA or kainate receptors. (jneurosci.org)
  • The subiculum, one of the projection areas of the examined axons at the alveus of the hippocampus, is divided into three regions (proximal, mid, and distal) and contains two types of principal neurons: regular firing and bursting pyramidal cells.Wefound a significant increase in excitatory synaptic responses following optogenetic oligodendrocyte depolarization in bursting neurons at two of the three regions, but not in regular firing neurons at any region. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In neurons and neuroendocrine cells this depolarization induces the opening of plasmalemmal voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs), which generate nano- or microdomains of relatively higher intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+ ]i ) within the vicinity of docked, NOP Receptor/ORL1 Agonist Biological Activity primed vesicles (Neher Sakaba, 2008). (nicotinic-receptor.com)
  • A puzzling case is presented by cerebellar granule cells (GrC), the most numerous neurons of the brain 4 . (nature.com)
  • Your neurons , which are specialized cells in your nervous system responsible for transmitting information across the body, contain both sodium voltage-gated ion channels and potassium voltage-gated ion channels in their membranes. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Specifically, we analyzed the maximum capacity of the nigrostriatal neurons to release dopamine (DA) in the striatum following KCl-induced depolarization of the plasma membrane and after administration of amphetamine. (lu.se)
  • The voltage region encompassed by this transition is commonly known as pacemaker phase, or slow diastolic depolarization or phase 4. (wikipedia.org)
  • The duration of this slow diastolic depolarization (pacemaker phase) thus governs the cardiac chronotropism. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is now substantial evidence that also sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ -transients participate in the generation of the diastolic depolarization via a process involving the Na-Ca exchanger. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bucchi A, Baruscotti M, Robinson RB, DiFrancesco D. (2007) Modulation of rate by autonomic agonists in SAN cells involves changes in diastolic depolarization and the pacemaker current. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, attaches to the portion of the nicotinic receptor outside of the cell wall, it induces a conformational change that selectively opens up the channel to sodium ions. (cdc.gov)
  • Stimulation above a threshold value induces the opening of voltage-gated ion channels and a flood of cations into the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • PM induces mitochondrial depolarization and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. (omicsonline.org)
  • Oxidation of the defense system like glutathione or glutathione peroxidase 4 illustrates the dysfunction of cellular metabolism and induces lipid peroxidation attributed to depolarization and integrity brokerage. (bvsalud.org)
  • Evidence that the tonic Ca+2 response after depolarization depended primarily on the sarcolemmal Ca+2 influx was observed. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, Nar stimulates the mitochondrial calcium-dependent potassium channel (mitoBKCa), which causes an influx of potassium ions, a mild depolarization, and a decrease in the mitochondrial matrix calcium uptake, all of which contribute to stabilizing the mitochondria during cellular damage [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The resulting influx of positively charged sodium then triggers membrane depolarization. (cdc.gov)
  • During the initial upstroke of action potential in a normal cardiac cell, a rapid net influx of positive ions (Na + and Ca ++ ) occurs, which results in the depolarization of the cell membrane. (medscape.com)
  • In this study, we confirm that T-type CaV3.2 contributes to calcium influx by initiating membrane depolarization and activating L-type CaV. (lu.se)
  • Further, cell death effect of ST was associated with induction of apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Generally, neurotoxicity can be mediated by ionic imbalances that contribute to apoptosis (programmed cell death). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Jurkat cells treated by apoptosis inducing reagent, Staurosporine, were stained with JC-1 MitoMP Detection Kit. (dojindo.com)
  • ST also caused the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Relative absence of selective toxicity: nonspecific for cell membranes of any type, highly toxic. (wikipedia.org)
  • The depolarization of the muscle cell membranes, or an excess of positive charges on the inside of the cell, causes the myofibrils (the contracting components of the myofilaments that constitute the muscle tissues) to contract. (britannica.com)
  • Depolarization is followed by the opening of other transmembrane channels that selectively allow the flow of K+ ions into the cell. (cdc.gov)
  • The positively charged ions entering the cell cause the depolarization characteristic of an action potential. (wikipedia.org)
  • And when your cell isn't transmitting electrical signals, there'll be a higher concentration of sodium ions outside the cell than inside the cell. (howstuffworks.com)
  • On the flip side, you'll also have more potassium ions inside the cell than outside it. (howstuffworks.com)
  • OK, so when a cell is in the RMP stage, sodium and potassium ions are both present on either side of the membrane. (howstuffworks.com)
  • The contractions of the circular and longitudinal muscles are regulated by electrical impulses that begin with the passage of calcium ions into the muscle cell . (britannica.com)
  • Peri-infarct depolarizations (PIDs) are seemingly spontaneous spreading depression-like waves that negatively impact cells outcome in both experimental Olanzapine (LY170053) and human being stroke. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
  • the specific differences in ion channels and mechanisms of polarization give rise to unique properties of SA node cells, most importantly the spontaneous depolarizations necessary for the SA node's pacemaker activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Background Brain ischemia is known to include neuronal cell death and persisting neurological deficits. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • The cerebellar granule cells (GrCs) are classically described as a homogeneous neuronal population discharging regularly without adaptation. (nature.com)
  • Besides pollen tubes, other cell types such as root hairs, fungal hyphae, and neuronal cells likewise elongate by tip growth, sharing conserved mechanisms that bring about this type of growth. (frontiersin.org)
  • The amount of net inward current required to move the cell membrane potential during the pacemaker phase is extremely small, in the order of few pAs, but this net flux arises from the time to time changing contribution of several currents that flow with different voltage and time dependence. (wikipedia.org)
  • The normal cardiac impulse of the vertebrate heart originates in the pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial node, located in the right atrium. (medscape.com)
  • Like skeletal muscle, depolarization causes the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and release of Ca 2+ from the t-tubules . (wikipedia.org)
  • The period between depolarization and repolarization is called the refractory period . (cdc.gov)
  • After a delay, potassium channels reopen, and the resulting flow of K + out of the cell causes repolarization to the resting state. (wikipedia.org)
  • These changes in repolarization do not occur in all myocardial cells. (medscape.com)
  • The deep endocardial region and midmyocardial layer (composed of M cells) of the ventricle are more prone to prolongation of repolarization and EADs because they have a less-rapid delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr), while other regions might have short or normal cycles. (medscape.com)
  • 2004), exactly where we discovered quantal, focal Ca2+ release events by means of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) from intracellular Ca2+ shops which were similar to Ca2+ sparks in muscle cells (Cheng et al. (nicotinic-receptor.com)
  • Several compounds have been shown to inhibit the efflux activity of ABC transporters, thereby increasing intracellular drug accumulation and sensitising cancer cells to therapy. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Moreover, we revealed the ability of proadifen to increase the intracellular hypericin content in HT-29 cells most likely via the inhibition of BCRP and MRP1 transporters ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. (bvsalud.org)
  • This was for two reasons: (1) mice have a thin olfactory nerve layer compared to rats and this will favor drug access to the glomerular layer, and (2) transgenic G-CaMP2 mice express the fluorescent calcium sensor protein G-CaMP2 in mitral cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • In contrast to nonpacemaker cells, SA and AV nodal cells predominantly use calcium channels for the initial upstroke in phase 0 (Fig. 1) and lack sodium ion channels for the rapid initial upstroke in phase 1 of their action potentials. (medscape.com)
  • Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. (bvsalud.org)
  • In pancreatic β-cells, the active of voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channels play an essential role in the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). (lu.se)
  • Cell Calcium. (lu.se)
  • Thereby, the acidified milieu after arterial occlusion most probably influences the activity of acid-sensing ion channels as well as the cell membrane potential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Like a neuron, a given myocardial cell has a negative membrane potential when at rest. (wikipedia.org)
  • To quote Harvard Extension School's official YouTube channel , the "difference in total charge inside and outside of the cell is called the membrane potential . (howstuffworks.com)
  • Mitophagy was not detected in untreated cells and the membrane potential was normal. (dojindo.com)
  • However, reduction of membrane potential and mitophagy were observed in treated cells. (dojindo.com)
  • The overall goal of this method is to control the cell membrane potential upon stimulation by visible light pulses. (jove.com)
  • The basic principles of this local control are illustrated in the images below and are outlined as follows: First, an anatomic barrier exists between perilymph and endolymph, and it consists of Reissner membrane, the stria vascularis, and the reticular lamina formed by tight junctions between the apices of hair cells and the adjacent supporting cells (see the image above). (medscape.com)
  • The nicotinic receptors are cylindrically-shaped proteins imbedded in synaptic walls that act as chemically-controlled sodium channels (also called ligand-gated sodium channels) that penetrate through the cell walls of post-synaptic nerves and myocytes at the skeletal neuromuscular junctions. (cdc.gov)
  • Note: In most cells, the potassium channels outnumber the sodium ones. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Given that depolarization starts in axon hillock and NMDA receptors are on dendrites, how does it all work? (stackexchange.com)
  • begingroup$ 'depolarization starts in axon hillock' - this is not true, why do you think this? (stackexchange.com)
  • The conduction system consists of specialized heart muscle cells , situated within the myocardium . (wikipedia.org)
  • Embryologic evidence of generation of the cardiac conduction system illuminates the respective roles of this specialized set of cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The heart achieves the coordinated contraction of the atrial and ventricular chambers due to the precise timing of the cardiac conduction system (CCS), a specialized complex and heterogeneous network of cells that initiate and allow propagation of action potentials through the heart. (medscape.com)
  • In MDA-MB-231 cells, ST caused a significant dose-dependent cell growth inhibition by 31- 63% (p ≤ 0.0001) in 48 h and 40-50% (p ≤ 0.0001) in 72 h. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show for the first time that proadifen is able to enhance the cytotoxic properties of MTX in cBCRP cells, particularly through the inhibition of BCRP expression and activity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • So NMDA receptors need a depolarization which is below +30? (stackexchange.com)
  • 2006) due within this case for the opening of variety 2 ryanodine receptors (RyR2s), and once again we designated them syntillas as the ACCs are neurosecretory cells. (nicotinic-receptor.com)
  • Interestingly, we found that SVCT2 could be positively modulated by potassium-induced depolarization of myotubes. (nih.gov)
  • The present work introduces a computational implementation of some principles of a theory of organism development, namely that the default state of cells is proliferation and motility, and includes the principle of variation and organization by closure of constraints. (nature.com)
  • In the present model, the bioelectric context of cells and tissue is the field responsible for organization, as it regulates cell proliferation and the level of communication driving the system's evolution. (nature.com)
  • Starting from a depolarized (proliferative) cell, the organism grows to a certain size, limited by the increasingly polarized state after successive proliferation events. (nature.com)
  • Cdc37 Expression in Multiple Myeloma and Its Role in Cell Proliferation]. (nih.gov)
  • Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. (bvsalud.org)
  • These results show that oligodendrocyte depolarization contributes to the fine control of synaptic activity between the axons they myelinate and targets subicular cells in a region- and cell type-specific manner, and suggest that oligodendrocyte depolarization during conditioning of stimuli is involved in the induction of LTP. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In peri-infarct tissues transmembrane ionic gradients are conserved but critically decreased cerebral blood circulation (CBF) and oxygenation and mildly raised extracellular potassium concentrations render the tissues extremely vunerable to anoxic depolarization. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
  • The accumulation of Ca+2 caused by depolarization with 90 nanomolar potassium-chloride (7447407) (KCl) was inhibited as well, but to a lesser degree. (cdc.gov)
  • As a result, the chemical-gated nicotinic receptor Na+ channels are held in the open position, and a constant state of depolarization occurs. (cdc.gov)
  • To achieve this, pollen tubes perform a specialized type of cell expansion called "tip growth" in which all growth occurs in a single region, the apical part of the tip-growing cell. (frontiersin.org)
  • If a slow inactivation of the Ca ++ and Na + currents occurs, this inward "window" current can cause single or repetitive depolarization during phases 2 and 3 (ie, EADs). (medscape.com)
  • Although the abnormal protein is ubiquitously expressed throughout the organism, cell degeneration occurs mainly in the brain, particularly in the striatum. (lu.se)
  • The long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by theta burst stimulation at the synapses showing a significant increase was also enhanced after oligodendrocyte depolarization. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Conversely, the reduction of oligodendrocyte depolarization during theta burst stimulation, which was achieved by photostimulation of archaerhodopsin-T expressed selectively on oligodendrocytes, reduced the magnitude of LTP. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These data suggest that shoulder stimulation increased O2 extraction specifically within its cortical representation and that the additional metabolic burden triggered anoxic depolarization in this critically hypoperfused hot zone. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
  • A method for stimulation of in-vitro cell cultures electrical activity with visible light, based on the use of organic semiconducting polymers is described. (jove.com)
  • This method provides a new tool in the technologies field seeing as it represents a valuable alternative to existing methods such as optogenetics and thermal stimulation for optical control of living cells activity. (jove.com)
  • CGRP release was induced by either 60 mM K + (for depolarization-induced stimulation) or 100 nM capsaicin (for transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) -induced stimulation) and measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (lu.se)
  • On the microscopic level, the wave of depolarization propagates to adjacent cells via gap junctions located on the intercalated disc . (wikipedia.org)
  • The tips of the Purkinje fibers are electrically coupled to muscle cells and the working myocytes are longitudinally connected via gap junctions, thereby initiating a coordinated, efficient contraction of the ventricles. (medscape.com)
  • Is the strength of presynaptic stimulus on the postsynaptic neuron affected more by the dendrites, or the cell body? (stackexchange.com)
  • CB2 was mainly expressed in satellite glial cells and did not show substantial colocalization with either CGRP or RAMP1. (lu.se)
  • For this purpose, a cellular model of senescent myocardial cells was set up and evaluated using colorimetric, fluorimetric, and immunometric techniques. (hindawi.com)
  • These results suggested that naringenin has antiaging effects on myocardial cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Because aging has been demonstrated to be directly related to the occurrence of cardiac disorders, together, the data have prompted us to investigate the effects of Nar in a cellular model of aged myocardial cells. (hindawi.com)
  • The results demonstrated that Nar exerts effective antiaging properties in myocardial cells. (hindawi.com)
  • This protein is a molecular chaperone with specific function in cell signal transduction. (nih.gov)
  • Studies on depolarization of light at microscope lens surfaces. (microscopyu.com)
  • 2, 3, 4] Mutations in at least 11 genes that play a role in regulating beta-cell insulin secretion have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HI. (medscape.com)
  • The rate of insulin secretion is dependent on the ratio of ATP to ADP within the beta cell. (medscape.com)
  • Independent Regulation of Receptor-Mediated Cell Depolarization and Ad. (erowid.org)
  • The rate of glucose entry into the beta cell is facilitated by a glucose transporter, and the entry rate exceeds the oxidation rate of glucose. (medscape.com)
  • INTRODUCTION Peri-infarct distributing depolarization waves (PIDs) akin to distributing Olanzapine (LY170053) depression frequently happen in ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke and after head trauma in both animal and human being brains (Dohmen et al. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
  • Waves move the basilar membrane but not the tectorial membrane resulting in conformational changes in the stereocilia of hair cells. (powershow.com)
  • In addition to its role as a strong antioxidant, vitamin C regulates the differentiation of several cell lineages. (nih.gov)
  • Our method is described here for photostimulation of in vitro cell culture. (jove.com)
  • This theory would deal with the way an organism spontaneously grows from a single cell to a complete and complex organism, introducing organization at the different development stages and homeostasis for a mature organism. (nature.com)
  • Electrical synapses are important where __________ activity among a group of cells are a major function. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Single-cell recordings provided the first strong evidence for mammalian electrical synapses in the __________ nucleus of cranial nerve __________, the __________ nucleus, and the __________ __________ nucleus. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • synapses use neurotransmitter to carry information from cell to cell. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • ST caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest which was accompanied by a decrease in CDK4 and cyclin D1, and an increase in p21/Cip1and p27/Kip1 protein levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we evaluated the efficacy of ST on three different human cancer cell lines including skin epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells, lung epithelial carcinoma A549 cells and breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Whereas similar ST treatments moderately inhibited the growth of A549 cells by up to 13% (p ≤ 0.05) in 48 h and 14% (p ≤ 0.05-0.0001) in 72 h. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because aging has been demonstrated to be directly related to the occurrence of cardiac disorders, in the present study, the ability of naringenin to prevent cardiac cell senescence was investigated. (hindawi.com)
  • To the best of our knowledge, the effect of Nar in cardiac cell senescence has not yet been studied. (hindawi.com)
  • [1] Polymyxin B works by breaking down the cytoplasmic membrane which generally results in bacterial cell death . (wikipedia.org)
  • Removal of the hydrophobic tail of polymyxin B yields polymyxin nonapeptide (PMBN), which still binds to LPS, but no longer kills the bacterial cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, it still detectably increases the permeability of the bacterial cell wall to other antibiotics, indicating that it still causes some degree of membrane disorganization. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pollen grain of flowering plants germinates on a receptive stigma and develops a pollen tube that grows through the pistil toward the ovules, thus serving as a courier that delivers the sperm cells to the embryo sac. (frontiersin.org)
  • These results suggest prominent in vitro anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of ST in MDA-MB-231 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • increased K conductance depolarizes cell, opening vg-Ca channels, and increases transmitter release. (powershow.com)
  • CGRP release was induced by either 60 mM K + (for depolarization-induced. (lu.se)
  • 35. Do all nerve cells have the same threshold and space constant? (fsu.edu)
  • In a functional syncytium, electrical impulses propagate freely between cells in every direction, so that the myocardium functions as a single contractile unit. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to Cdc 37, a cell division cycle control protein of Sacchromyces cerevisiae. (nih.gov)
  • Relevant cellular senescence markers, such as X-gal staining, cell cycle regulator levels, and the percentage of cell cycle-arrested cells, were found to be reduced in the presence of naringenin. (hindawi.com)
  • Various cellular senescence hallmarks (the percentage of X-gal staining cells, the mRNA levels of the p16 and p21 cell cycle regulators, and the percentage of cell cycle-arrested cells) were investigated. (hindawi.com)
  • 2021). The antiandrogen enzalutamide downregulates TMPRSS2 and reduces cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells . (essex.ac.uk)
  • It exhibits low cytotoxicity and selectivity between microbial and mammalian cells suggesting its potent antimicrobial ability. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, under conditions favoring reverse operation of the Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger, Zn 2+ application induced a slow increase in [Zn 2+ ] i and outward whole-cell current sensitive to benzamil-amiloride. (jneurosci.org)
  • An __________ __________ is a low resistance pathway between cells that allow current to flow directly from one cell to another. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • In this study, we prove that a dynamic magnetic field upregulates insulin gene expression in low-content insulin-secreting INS-1 832/13 cells. (lu.se)
  • This state is resilient to cell death (random or due to injure) and to limited depolarization (potentially carcinogenic) events. (nature.com)
  • ST (30-90 μM) treatments for 48 h and 72 h did not show any significant effect on cell growth and death in A431 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While exploring the molecular changes associated with strong ST efficacy in breast cancer cells, we observed that ST induced cell cycle arrest as well as cell death. (biomedcentral.com)