Cell death protein. Medical search. Frequent questions

Thus, we conclude that ADF/cofilin activity is not generally required for induction or progression of apoptosis in mammalian cells. (nature.com)
Interestingly, mitochondrial association of ADF and n-cofilin during apoptosis was preceded by, and dependent on, actin that translocated by a yet unknown mechanism to mitochondria during cell death. (nature.com)
These proteases are responsible for the dismantling of cells during apoptosis. (nature.com)
To test the relevance of ADF/cofilin activity for apoptotic processes, we here employed a genetically well-defined system of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) devoid of any ADF/cofilin activity and challenged these cells with well-characterized apoptosis inducers. (nature.com)
Importantly, the mitochondrial association of n-cofilin and ADF had no impact on apoptosis signaling because ablation of either n-cofilin, ADF, or both proteins together did not change cell death progression. (nature.com)
In summary, our work demonstrates that in mammalian cells ADF/cofilin activity is not generally required for efficient induction of apoptosis. (nature.com)
Regulated cell death (RCD) relies on activation and recruitment of pore-forming proteins (PFPs) that function as executioners of specific cell death pathways: apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX), BCL-2 homologous antagonist/killer (BAK) and BCL-2-related ovarian killer protein (BOK) for apoptosis, gasdermins (GSDMs) for pyroptosis and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) for necroptosis. (ugent.be)
Pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels mediate the efflux of ATP and AMP from cancer cells in response to induction of extrinsic apoptosis by death receptors or intrinsic apoptosis by chemotherapeutic agents. (aspetjournals.org)
We previously described the accumulation of extracellular ATP /AMP during chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in Jurkat human leukemia cells. (aspetjournals.org)
When cells suffer too much DNA damage, they are usually forced to undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis. (cancerlive.net)
Drugs that mimic the effects of this protein could push cancer cells that are resistant to apoptosis into necrosis instead. (cancerlive.net)
While apoptosis is a tightly controlled procedure that breaks down and disposes of the dying cell in a very orderly way, necrosis is a messier process in which the cell's membrane ruptures and its contents spill out. (cancerlive.net)
Mammalian apoptosis-inducing protein, HAP, induces bacterial cell death. (bvsalud.org)
In attempting to produce the HAP, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeted apoptosis -inducing protein , as a GST-fusion protein we found that the expression of HAP, but not GST alone, induced bacterial cell death . (bvsalud.org)
It interacts with a wide variety of proteins, such as apoptosis antigen Fas, centromere protein C, and transcription factor erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (ETS1). (wikipedia.org)
In the cytoplasm, the encoded protein may function to regulate apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
Low PDCD4 level was associated with reduced proliferation but not apoptosis or phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase caused by pulsatile shear stress to help maintain the homeostasis of endothelial cells. (plos.org)
The programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) protein is induced in animals during apoptosis and functions to inhibit translation and tumor promoter-induced neoplastic transformation. (biomedcentral.com)
It is unknown how interconnection between ACD and apoptosis is mediated in insulin-deprived HCN cells. (dgist.ac.kr)
Taken together, these data demonstrate that VCP may play an essential role in completion of ACD and mediation of crosstalk between ACD and apoptosis in HCN cells following insulin withdrawal. (dgist.ac.kr)
The characteristics of cell death induced by Ni-CE infection resemble those of apoptosis (rounded and shrunken cells, DNA fragmentation), but the intracellular signalling pathway for this process has not been fully investigated. (microbiologyresearch.org)
We demonstrated that the Ni-CE strain induced DNA fragmentation, cell membrane disruption, exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS), activation of caspase-3/7 and anti-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) cleavage, an early apoptosis indicator, whereas the Nishigahara strain did not induce DNA fragmentation, caspase-3/7 activation, cell membrane disruption, or PARP-1 cleavage, but did induce PS exposure. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In cancer, the PD-1/PD-L1 system prevents the proliferation of T lymphocytes and causes the release of cytokines and cytotoxicity, which leads to the apoptosis of tumor-specific T cells, thereby preventing the immune response to cancer cells. (ac.ir)
Using a TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling) assay, we found that IDV D/OK and D/600 infections induced apoptosis in epithelial cells lining alveoli and bronchioles, as well as nonepithelial cells in lung tissues. (cdc.gov)
Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance include inactivation of autoantigen-recognizing T and B cells by the induction of apoptosis, anergy or conversion into immunosuppressive regulatory cells. (frontiersin.org)
A successful therapy must therefore eliminate these cells known to be highly resistant to apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
In this paper, we describe the metabolic changes as well as the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis occurring in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, underlying the connection between these two processes. (hindawi.com)
Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. (bvsalud.org)
This lactone ring is a Michael acceptor that is known to affect biological processes such as cell proliferation, death/apoptosis, and cell migration, by interfering with nucleophilic sites in cell signalling pathways. (lu.se)

Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is a key component of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor signaling complex that regulates both pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling. (mdpi.com)
It has been reported that RNF4 negatively regulates TNF-α-induced activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) through downregulation of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activity, indicating the possibility that RNF4-mediated TAK1 suppression results in enhanced sensitivity to cell death. (mdpi.com)
In this study, we compared how different signaling pathways determine extracellular nucleotide pools in control Jurkat cells versus Jurkat lines that lack the Fas-associated death domain (FADD) or receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) cell death regulatory proteins. (aspetjournals.org)
Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) is a stress-regulated protein kinase that mediates a range of processes, including signal-induced cell death and autophagy. (ed.ac.uk)
Although the kinase domain of DAPK has a range of substrates that mediate its signalling, the additional protein interaction domains of DAPK are relatively ill defined. (ed.ac.uk)
After Fas stimulation, Daxx is activated and plays its role of pro-apoptotic protein in activating the c-JUN-N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway. (wikipedia.org)
When the cell is treated with TGF-β, HIPK2, a nuclear kinase, phosphorylates Daxx and the activated Daxx in turn activates the JNK pathway (see "The Daxx Pathway" figure). (wikipedia.org)
Immunohistochemical and biochemical investigations of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II(CaM kinase II) and protein phosphatase (calcineurin) after transient forebrain ischemia demonstrated that the activity of CaM kinase II was decreased in the CA1 region of the hippocampus early (6-12 hours) after ischemia. (nih.gov)

In the May 10 online edition of the journal Genes and Development , Samson and colleagues report that a protein known as ALKBH7 plays a key role in controlling the programmed necrosis pathway. (cancerlive.net)
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) of identified DEGs was constructed to characterize hub-genes. (bmj.com)
We previously reported the genome of T. horrida , and 597 genes that encoded secreted proteins were annotated. (biomedcentral.com)
These two encoded genes were up-regulated during early infection, and the encoded proteins were confirmed to be secreted using a yeast secretion system. (biomedcentral.com)
Ample evidence shows that pro-atherosclerotic disturbed flow induces sustained activation of atherogenic genes in endothelial cells to promote their oxidation, inflammation, cell cycle progression and proliferation, whereas pulsatile shear stress tends to maintain endothelial cells in a quiescent and less proliferative state with a low level of oxidation and inflammation [16] , [17] . (plos.org)
To overcome this difficulty, the team adapted a method that some of the members had already been working on - one that searches the "translatome" as opposed to the genome - to find the proteins involved in communicating changes arising from master regulator genes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Involvement of nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and matrix protein genes of rabies virus in virulence for adult mice. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The proteins produced from the affected genes form part of NADPH oxidase. (bartleby.com)

Most of the mammalian ALKBH proteins appear to be involved in DNA repair, similar to the original E. coli version. (cancerlive.net)
Valosin-containing protein (VCP)/p97 is known to be essential for autophagosome maturation in mammalian cells. (dgist.ac.kr)
Although most mammalian cell death regulators are not conserved at the sequence level in plants, the GAAP gene family shows expansion, with five paralogues ( AtGAAP1-5 ) in the Arabidopsis genome. (cam.ac.uk)

Outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and cytochrome c release are typically achieved by pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, such as Bax and Bak. (nature.com)
Ninjurin-1 proteins assemble (green/yellow) into filaments and rupture the cell membrane (gray) until the cell disintegrates completely. (phys.org)
Cells do not simply burst at the end of their lives but rather, a specific protein serves as a breaking point for cell membrane rupture. (phys.org)
In the journal Nature , they describe how a protein called ninjurin-1 assembles into filaments that work like a zipper and open the cell membrane , thus leading to the disintegration of the cell. (phys.org)
At the final stage of this process, the cell's protective membrane is compromised by tiny pores which allow ions to stream into the cell. (phys.org)
Instead of bursting like a balloon, the protein ninjurin-1 provides a breaking point in the cell membrane, causing rupture at specific sites. (phys.org)
Ninjurin-1 is a small protein embedded in the cell membrane. (phys.org)
Upon receiving the suicide command, two ninjurin-1 proteins initially cluster together and drive a wedge into the membrane," explains Morris Degen, first author of the study and Ph.D. student at the Ph.D. School of the Swiss Nanoscience Institute. (phys.org)
In this way, the cell membrane is cleaved open piece by piece until the cell disintegrates completely. (phys.org)
They do swell to a certain extent due to the influx of ions, but membrane rupture is contingent on the function of this protein ," adds Hiller. (phys.org)
Morris Degen et al, Structural basis of NINJ1-mediated plasma membrane rupture in cell death, Nature (2023). (phys.org)
P. Vandenabeele, G. Bultynck, and S. Savvides, "Pore-forming proteins as drivers of membrane permeabilization in cell death pathways," NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY , 2023. (ugent.be)
SARS-CoV-2 genome consists of 14 functional open reading frames (ORFs), including two regions (ORF1a and ORF1b) for 16 non-structural proteins (Nsp1-Nsp16), nine regions for nine putative accessory proteins, and other regions for four structural proteins, spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins [ 5 - 7 ]. (ijbs.com)
Aims Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) is a membrane receptor expressed on the surface of T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, natural killers, and dendritic cells. (ac.ir)
and tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane. (nih.gov)
Even minute errors in the composition of the inner mitochondrial membrane can lead to severe metabolic derangements, which can have an especially negative impact on the energy-hungry muscle and nerve cells. (sciencedaily.com)
In order to function, the cellular generators depend on the support of numerous highly specialized membrane proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane. (sciencedaily.com)
In investigating the insertion of a family of membrane proteins which is of great pharmacological interest, the so-called ABC transporters, the research team made the surprising discovery that some segments of the transporters are evidently initially skipped by the insertion machinery and transported completely over the membrane. (sciencedaily.com)
Thus, the scientists were able to demonstrate for the first time that at least two different protein translocases cooperate closely to insert proteins with complex structures into the inner mitochondrial membrane. (sciencedaily.com)
The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. (bvsalud.org)

The activated BAX proteins congregated inside the cell's power plants, the mitochondria and caused cell death. (medindia.net)
3 Pro-apoptotic proteins, such as cytochrome c and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC), are released from mitochondria into the cytosol where they participate in the activation of execution caspases. (nature.com)
The MIT team found that ALKBH7 prevents ATP and NAD levels from returning to normal by disrupting the function of mitochondria - the cell structures that generate energy for a cell. (cancerlive.net)
Ribosomal protein L10 in mitochondria serves as a regulator for ROS level in pancreatic cancer cells. (nih.gov)
Scientists in Germany have discovered a new mechanism which plays an essential role in the assembly and growth of mitochondria, the "power plants" of the cell. (sciencedaily.com)
Feb. 18, 2020 As power plants and energy stores, mitochondria are essential components of almost all cells in plants, fungi and animals. (sciencedaily.com)
METHOD: Both genetic and functional alterations in mitochondria can lead to errors that trigger programmed cell death, which in turn give rise to a number of diseases that affect the nervous system. (lu.se)

If you better understand precisely how cancer cells that are potentially metastatic survive in these sorts of foreign environments, then you can potentially antagonize those survival pathways and selectively cause those cells to die," said Schafer, also an affiliate member of Notre Dame's Harper Cancer Research Institute. (medicalxpress.com)
Thus, extracellular nucleotide accumulation during regulated tumor cell death involves interplay between ATP/AMP efflux pathways and different cell-autonomous ectonucleotidases. (aspetjournals.org)
In this scenario, the UPR has three aims: initially to restore normal function of the cell by halting protein translation, degrading misfolded proteins, and activating the signalling pathways that lead to increasing the production of molecular chaperones involved in protein folding. (wikipedia.org)
It is now clear that tumours co-opt certain immune-checkpoint pathways as a major mechanism of immune resistance, particularly against T cells that are specific for tumour antigens. (nih.gov)
This is a mathematical mechanistic immunobiochemical model that incorporates T cell pathways that control programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression. (ebi.ac.uk)
Here, we proceed to ground the experimental observations in a mechanistic immunobiochemical model that incorporates T cell pathways that control PD-1 expression. (ebi.ac.uk)
In conclusion, our data suggest that M95 mutation-related cell death is caused by both the caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)

These nutrients include glucose, which allows the cell to survive after it detaches from the scaffold of proteins it had been attached to, called the extracellular matrix. (medicalxpress.com)
Non-cancerous cells often die after detaching from the extracellular matrix , but SGK1 activity promotes survival and therefore increases the chances that the cancer could spread, or metastasize. (medicalxpress.com)
SGK1 signaling promotes glucose metabolism and survival in extracellular matrix detached cells, Cell Reports (2021). (medicalxpress.com)
Robust extracellular ATP/AMP accumulation was observed in the FADD-deficient cells during necroptosis, but not during apoptotic activation of Panx1 channels. (aspetjournals.org)
Accumulation of extracellular ATP/AMP was similarly absent in RIP1-deficient Jurkat cells during apoptotic responses to chemotherapeutic agents. (aspetjournals.org)
The differences in extracellular ATP/AMP accumulation correlated with cell-line-specific expression of ectonucleotidases that metabolized the released ATP/AMP. (aspetjournals.org)
Conclusions: Excessive synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins induced unfolded protein accumulation in FECD. (cardiff.ac.uk)
Methods & Materials In this study, the extracellular part of the humanized PD-1 protein was cloned and expressed, and the protein was injected as an antigen into a camel (Camelus dromedarius) to obtain a camel polyclonal antibody against PD-1 protein. (ac.ir)
7] C albicans prevacuolar protein sorting gene VPS4 is required for extracellular secretion of the secreted aspartyl proteases Sap2p and Saps4-6p. (medscape.com)

IFNγ induces cell death in epithelial cells, but the mediator for this death pathway has not been identified. (silverchair.com)
However, overexpression of AtGAAP1 induces cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and lesion mimic phenotype in Arabidopsis. (cam.ac.uk)

It maintains specific transmembrane receptor proteins involved in initiation of the downstream signalling of the UPR in an inactive state by binding to their luminal domains. (wikipedia.org)
Italian and US researchers have revealed how the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein interacts with human Estrogen Receptor-α (ERα) leading to severe coagulopathy observed in COVID-19 patients. (businesswire.com)
This interaction is mediated by a nuclear receptor co-regulator (NRC) LXD-like motif present on the viral protein S2 subunit, and the activation function 2 (AF-2) region on ERα 2 . (businesswire.com)
Plant receptor proteins that trigger defense responses can recognize effectors, and the functions of several plant receptor proteins function have been reported. (biomedcentral.com)
Daxx, a Death domain-associated protein, was first discovered through its cytoplasmic interaction with the classical death receptor Fas. (wikipedia.org)
At the level of the cell, Daxx is found in the cytoplasm, interacting with Fas-receptor or other cytoplasmic molecules, as well as in the nucleus, where it interacts with some subnuclear structures. (wikipedia.org)
Daxx interacts with the TGF-β type II receptor by binding of C-terminal domain of the protein. (wikipedia.org)
Of them, SARS-CoV-2 S protein binds to its cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) [ 8 , 9 ], to enter the cells. (ijbs.com)
Additionally, the host serine protease TMPRSS2 is important for priming of the S protein for receptor interactions and entry [ 9 ]. (ijbs.com)
The role that T cell receptor (TCR) activation and feedback loops play in the underlying processes are also highlighted and discussed. (ebi.ac.uk)

Also, in the case of premature cell death observed in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease or in life-threatening conditions such as septic shock, drugs that interfere in this process could be a potential treatment option. (phys.org)
Protein aggregates in neurons are characteristic for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases. (unibas.ch)
In neurodegenerative diseases, amyloids cause damage and death of neurons. (unibas.ch)

Further, by investigating the role of mitochondrial cell death proteins it was determined that a distinct approach will be required to improve kidney mitochondrial health in diabetes, due to their unique metabolic profile. (monash.edu)
In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)

The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), mainly including anti-programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), has shaped therapeutic landscape of some type of cancers. (nih.gov)
iii) at the same time, virus-specific cells adapt to strong stimulation by their cognate antigen by lowering the transiently-elevated expression of PD-1, remaining functional and mobile in the inflamed lung, while the infection is cleared. (ebi.ac.uk)
Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
A serum sample test showed a weak positive result for dengue virus by using IgM and IgG antibody tests, and a strong positive result for dengue virus nonstructural protein-1, or NS1, antigen, demonstrating acute dengue virus infection. (cdc.gov)

Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of VCP significantly decreased ACD and autophagy markers, while apoptotic cell death was induced in insulin-depleted HCN cells. (dgist.ac.kr)

Cancer cells demand high energy production to sustain their pathological increase in proliferation rate. (hindawi.com)
TGF-β regulates a variety of different cellular developmental processes including growth, differentiation, proliferation, and cell death. (wikipedia.org)
Previous studies of TSAd-deficient mice have revealed a role for TSAd in the induction of T cell interleukin 2 secretion and proliferation. (uky.edu)
Cell proliferation involves the replication of all cellular contents with the required energy for this to happen. (hindawi.com)
This activation is necessary for both cell proliferation as well as glucose uptake and use. (hindawi.com)

Although eIF4A is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that binds the MA3 domain of eIF4G to promote translation initiation, binding of eIF4A to the MA3 domains of PDCD4 inhibits protein synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Following transcription and processing of an mRNA, the ribosome is responsible for performing protein synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Dissociation of rabies virus matrix protein functions in regulation of viral RNA synthesis and virus assembly. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)

Interestingly, one of the identified potential host interactors of smut_5844 was laccase-10 protein (OsLAC10), which has been predicted to be involved in plant lignification and iron metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)

Scientists identified mechanisms governing immune cells, selectively removing troublemakers to reshape skin immunity. (medindia.net)
These mechanisms involve protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions, proteolytic processing and phosphorylation. (ugent.be)
Lastly, we highlight commonalities and differences of PFP mechanisms involving BAX/BAK/BOK, GSDMs and MLKL and conclude with a discussion on how, in a population of challenged cells, the coexistence of cell death modalities may have profound physiological and pathophysiological implications. (ugent.be)
The maintenance of the steady-state equilibrium between ROS generation and elimination is crucial for cell survival, while its loss causes cell death by different mechanisms triggered by oxidative damage. (hindawi.com)
However, where circumstances cause a more global disruption to protein folding that overwhelms the ER's coping mechanisms, the UPR is activated. (wikipedia.org)
This continuing research is critical to understand the pathogenetic mechanisms associated with SARS-CoV2 infection and causal mechanisms of some rare COVID-19 vaccine side effects," says Dompé farmaceutici Chief Scientific Officer Marcello Allegretti "Ongoing expanding data is revealing a well-conserved region with the same characteristics of the LXD-like motif present on the viral protein S2 subunit, also in other Coronaviruses. (businesswire.com)
Little is known about the mechanisms underlying macular degenerations, mainly for the scarcity of adequate experimental models to investigate cone cell death. (nature.com)
In this review article, we are focusing on the signaling mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 N protein in viral replication, cell death and inflammation. (ijbs.com)
Mark L., Lee W. H., Villoutreix B. O., Proctor D., Blackbourn, D., Spiller B. O. and Blom A. M. (2004) KSHV complement control protein mimics human molecular mechanisms for inhibition of the complement system. (lu.se)

One specific protein may be a master regulator for changing how cancer cells consume nutrients from their environments, preventing cell death and increasing the likelihood the cancer could spread, a study from the University of Notre Dame has shown. (medicalxpress.com)
These findings illustrate the role of TSAd as a critical regulator of T cell death whose absence promotes systemic autoimmunity. (uky.edu)

The results were further validated by overexpressing S-protein in mice. (businesswire.com)
Mice homozygous for a conditional allele activated in Schwann cells exhibit transient acceleration of postnatal myelination, reduced demyelination in culture, and reduced myelin degradation and increases remyelination following nerve axotomy or sciatic nerve crush. (jax.org)
Mice homozygous for a null allele exhibit incomplete prenatal lethality, decreased osteoclast cell number, decreased angiogenesis, increased long bone epiphyseal plate size, and short long bones. (jax.org)
While exposure of wt mice resulted in massive pyknosis in a focal region of the outer nuclear layer (ONL), the exposure of R91W;Nrl −/− mice led to additional cell death detected within the inner nuclear layer. (nature.com)
Collectively, our data suggest that exposure of R91W;Nrl −/− mice to blue light not only induces cone cell death but also disrupts the inner blood-retinal barrier. (nature.com)
Older C57BL/6 TSAd-deficient mice (1 yr of age) accumulate large numbers of activated T and B cells in spleen, produce autoantibodies against a variety of self-targets including single stranded (ss) and double stranded (ds) DNA, and, in addition, develop glomerulonephritis. (uky.edu)
The development of autoimmunity in TSAd-deficient mice is associated with defective T cell death in vivo. (uky.edu)
With genetically engineered mice, the team captured the genetic messages being translated into proteins in dopaminergic neurons in the mice's midbrain region. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Furthermore, after prolonged exposure to allergen, hyperplastic epithelial cells persist longer, and nuclear phospho-ERK is more prevalent in airways of IFNγ −/− or bik −/− compared with wild-type mice. (silverchair.com)

In innate immune system, N protein inhibits IFN-β production and RNAi pathway for virus survival. (ijbs.com)
Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is an important tumor suppressor in the development of various human cancers [1] and inhibits translation rather than transcription. (plos.org)
Bik but not BikL61G interacts with and suppresses nuclear translocation of phospho-ERK1/2, and suppression of ERK1/2 activation inhibits IFNγ- and Bik-induced cell death. (silverchair.com)
In this way, the team identified a new small protein, growth inhibitor gene product (Gp) 0.6, which specifically targets and inhibits the activity of a protein essential to bacterial cells. (eurekalert.org)
Trouw L., Nilsson S., Goncalvez I., Landberg G. and Blom A. M. (2005) C4b-binding protein binds to necrotic cells and DNA, which limits DNA release and inhibits complement activation. (lu.se)

This results in the formation of insoluble protein amyloids, which destroy the vasopressin producing neurons in the brain. (unibas.ch)
We set out to find which cause cell death among neurons. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The team found that the two proteins SATB1 and ZDHHC2 are more abundant in the dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc than in the VTA. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Particularly, VCP is expressed abundantly in HCN cells compared to hippocampal tissue and neurons. (dgist.ac.kr)
Specialized nerve cells that control muscle movement (motor neurons) are particularly susceptible to disruptions in cell function, likely due to their large size. (medlineplus.gov)
Transient forebrain ischemia leads to delayed death of the CA1 neurons in the hippocampus. (nih.gov)

These are as follows: sustained proliferative signalling, cell death resistance, replicative immortality, genome instability and increased mutations, tumour-promoted inflammation, insensibility to growth repressors, deregulation of cellular energetics, evasion of immune destruction, induction of metastasis, and promotion of angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, we screened 597 secreted proteins from the T. horrida genome, some of which induced expression in host-pathogen interaction processes. (biomedcentral.com)
N protein can also undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) with viral genome RNA and inhibit stress granules to facilitate viral replication and assembly. (ijbs.com)
After being entry, the viral and host membranes can fuse together and then release the positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 that directly translates into the structural and nonstructural proteins [ 9 ]. (ijbs.com)

If this fails to restore the normal folding process, exposed hydrophobic residues of the misfolded protein are bound by the protein glucose regulate protein 78 (Grp78), a heat shock protein 70kDa family member that prevents the protein from further transit and secretion. (wikipedia.org)

This review will summarize our current knowledge of the DAPK interactome, the use of peptide aptamers to define novel protein-protein interaction motifs, and how these new protein-protein interactions give insight into DAPK functions in diverse cellular processes, including growth factor signalling, the regulation of autophagy, and its emerging role in the regulation of immune responses. (ed.ac.uk)
To further investigate regulation of ApoL1 expression, we showed that ApoL1 is inducible by interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, suggesting that ApoL1 may play a role in cytokine-induced inflammatory response. (unm.edu)
Our data also unravel a new function of the viral protein in direct regulation of thrombosis associated factors. (businesswire.com)
It has been associated with heterochromatin and PML-NBs (Promyelocytic Leukaemia nuclear bodies) and has been implicated in many nuclear processes including transcription and cell cycle regulation. (wikipedia.org)
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays essential roles in regulation of survival and function of neural stem cells (NSCs). (dgist.ac.kr)
Sjöberg A., Trouw L., McGrath F., Hack E. C. and Blom A. M. (2006) Regulation of complement activation by C-reactive protein: targeting of the inhibitory activity of C4b-binding protein. (lu.se)

ApoL1, a BH3-only lipid-binding protein, induces autophagic cell death. (unm.edu)
We recently reported the identification and characterization of a novel BH3-only pro-death protein, apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1), that, when overexpressed, induces autophagic cell death (ACD) in a variety of cells, including those originated from normal and cancerous tissues. (unm.edu)
We have previously reported that adult rat hippocampal neural stem (HCN) cells undergo autophagic cell death (ACD) following insulin withdrawal without apoptotic signs despite their normal apoptotic capabilities. (dgist.ac.kr)

This pathway normally regulates stress-induced cell death. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, we report that VCP regulates the rate of autophagic flux in HCN cells following insulin withdrawal, suggesting the novel roles of VCP at other steps of autophagy as well as maturation. (dgist.ac.kr)
GET4 is a novel driver gene in colorectal cancer that regulates the localization of BAG6, a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein. (nih.gov)
Programmed cell death regulates developmental and stress responses in eukaryotes. (cam.ac.uk)

Cell Death Dis, 2023 Jun 7. (nih.gov)

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. (wikipedia.org)
As resistance against drugs targeting viral proteins emerges rapidly, we assessed the antiviral activity of already approved drugs that target cellular proteins involved in the viral life cycle and were orally bioavailable. (frontiersin.org)
In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
The mitochondrion seems to play an important part in the cellular decision making that leads, irreversibly, toward the execution phase in cellular death processes. (lu.se)
Kask L., Hillarp A., Ramesh B., Dahlbäck B., and Blom A. M. (2002) Structural requirements for the intra-cellular subunit polymerization of the complement inhibitor C4b-binding protein. (lu.se)

The new data - published in Nature's Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy - shows that point mutations in the sequence of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S)-protein eliminate its pro-coagulation effect without compromising immunogenicity. (businesswire.com)
This pro-coagulative function of Spike in vitro and in vivo, was abolished or strongly reduced by the variants of the Spike proteins carrying mutations in the interaction domain with ERα (as predicted by EXSCALATE). (businesswire.com)
Also in the case of the hormone vasopressin, only the negative effects of such protein aggregates have been recognized so far: Mutations in the vasopressin gene prevent the correct folding of the defective hormone causing it to be retained in the secretory pathway. (unibas.ch)
However, cancer cells overcome these controls, in particular by acquiring genetic mutations leading to the activation of oncogenes (pten, myc) or loss of tumor suppressors (p53) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)

Changes in the redox state of cells affect proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in different ways. (hindawi.com)
HAMLET (Human Alpha-lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumour cells) is a compound of proteins and lipids (fats and fat-like substances) from breast milk. (lu.se)

Commonly used radio- and chemotherapies are prooxidant strategies that alter cancer cells through ROS modulation and induce cell death [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Overall, this study identified two secreted proteins in T. horrida that induce cell death or are involved in defense machinery in non-host plants. (biomedcentral.com)

In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which M95 affects cell death induced by human neuroblastoma cell infection with the Nishigahara, Ni-CE and M95-mutated strains. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Prolonged ER stress-mediated cell death, occurring via the intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway, therefore might be associated with the pathogenesis of FECD. (cardiff.ac.uk)
The appearance of a unique form of PDCD4 in plants correlates with the appearance of components of the ethylene signaling pathway, suggesting that it may represent the adaptation of an existing protein involved in programmed cell death to one that functions in abiotic stress responses through hormone signaling. (biomedcentral.com)

Protein degradation helps to maintain the proper balance of protein production and breakdown (protein homeostasis) that cells need to function and survive. (medlineplus.gov)
This buildup also disrupts protein homeostasis. (medlineplus.gov)
We propose that AtGAAPs function as Golgi-localized ion channels that regulate cell death by affecting ionic homeostasis within the cell. (cam.ac.uk)

Therapeutic interventions to treat cancer are conceivable, since some tumor cells evade programmed cell death. (phys.org)
Differential expression of particular ectonucleotidases in tumor cell variants will determine whether chemotherapy-induced activation of Panx1 channels drives accumulation of immunostimulatory ATP versus immunosuppressive adenosine within the tumor microenvironment. (aspetjournals.org)
We recently found low level of tumor suppressor programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) associated with reduced atherosclerotic plaque area (unpublished). (plos.org)
Melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells were shunted to the lung in the presence of the infection, where they expressed high levels of inflammation-induced cell-activation blocker PD-1, and became incapable of migrating back to the tumor site. (ebi.ac.uk)
Accumulating evidence shows that cancer stem cells are key drivers of tumor formation, progression, and recurrence. (hindawi.com)
Typically, rapidly proliferating tumor cells have glycolytic rates up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissue of origin, even in the presence of oxygen [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

By directly activated this trigger, the researchers were able to kill laboratory cells by setting off their self-destruct mechanism. (medindia.net)
ALKBH7 belongs to a family of proteins first discovered in E. coli about a dozen years ago as part of a DNA-repair mechanism. (cancerlive.net)
Besides the function in viral life cycle, N protein can bind GSDMD to antagonize pyroptosis but promotes cell death via the Smad3-dependent G1 cell cycle arrest mechanism. (ijbs.com)
Using the same mechanism that HAMLET employs to initiate cell death, it can also make the bacteria react to the weakened or ineffective antibiotics so that they once again become effective. (lu.se)

Purpose: The unfolded protein response (UPR) is believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). (cardiff.ac.uk)
Methods: Descemet's membranes with corneal endothelial cells (CECs) were obtained during keratoplasty, and expression of aggresomes, type 1 collagen, fibronectin, and agrin was evaluated. (cardiff.ac.uk)
In the new article the scientists of the italo-american collaboration (encompassing Centro Cardiologico Monzino in Italy and the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in the US) demonstrated that the interaction between the Spike protein and ERα leads to an increase in tissue factor (TF) and the overall pro-coagulation activity in two human endothelial cell lines. (businesswire.com)
We investigated whether atheroprotective unidirectional pulsatile shear stress affects the expression of PDCD4 in endothelial cells. (plos.org)
En face co-immunostaining of the mouse aortic arch revealed a low level of PDCD4 in endothelial cells undergoing pulsatile shear stress. (plos.org)
Application of unidirectional pulsatile shear stress to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) decreased PDCD4 protein but not mRNA level. (plos.org)
However, the action of PDCD4 in endothelial cells is unclear. (plos.org)
Vascular endothelial cells, as a monolayer in direct contact with the flowing blood, bear the most of the wall shear stresses and have important homeostatic functions in response to stress [16] . (plos.org)

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether unfolded proteins accumulate in the corneal endothelium in FECD and if they are involved in triggering cell death. (cardiff.ac.uk)
Where circumstances continue to cause a particular protein to misfold, the protein is recognized as posing a threat to the proper functioning of the ER, as they can aggregate to one another and accumulate. (wikipedia.org)

This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S ribosome subunit. (nih.gov)
PDCD4 is composed of two MA3 domains that share similarity with the single MA3 domain present in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4G, which serves as a scaffold protein to assemble several initiation factors needed for the recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit to an mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)

This review describes recent advances in the role of human HMGB proteins and other proteins interacting with them, in cancerous processes related to oxidative stress, with special reference to ovarian and prostate cancer. (hindawi.com)
better source needed] The term protein folding incorporates all the processes involved in the production of a protein after the nascent polypeptides have become synthesized by the ribosomes. (wikipedia.org)
The researchers are continuing their study of bacterial viruses in the hope of identifying compounds and processes that facilitate improved treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria using yet uncharacterized bacterial viruses' proteins. (eurekalert.org)

In cancer cells, ROS production is mainly due to overexpression of the NADPH oxidase [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma. (bvsalud.org)

This gene encodes a multifunctional protein that resides in multiple locations in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)

In such circumstances the protein is guided through endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). (wikipedia.org)

The biological functions of HMGB1 are diverse in normal cells and during the start and progression of cancer. (hindawi.com)
Although PDCD4 in general suppresses the development and progression of tumors, its specific biological functions differ by cell type [8] . (plos.org)
There, a team from The Rockefeller University and Columbia University, both in New York, NY, describes finding two proteins that may play a key role in the progression of Parkinson's disease . (medicalnewstoday.com)
The researchers - whose study focuses on molecular changes in dopamine-releasing cells - suggest their discovery could lead to new targets for drugs that slow the progression of Parkinson's disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Harmful protein aggregates produced by defective proteins appear to be an adverse result of the ability to form granules. (unibas.ch)
The defective protein leads to nuclear instability from cell division and early death of every body cell. (msdmanuals.com)
Lonafarnib is an oral medication that prevents defective progerin or progerin-like protein build-up. (msdmanuals.com)

The primary roles of N protein are to assemble with genomic RNA into the viral RNA-protein (vRNP) complex and to localize to the replication transcription complexes (RTCs) to enhance viral replication and transcription. (ijbs.com)

The UPR is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. (wikipedia.org)

SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N) protein plays a critical role in multiple steps of the viral life cycle and participates in viral replication, transcription, and assembly. (ijbs.com)

Mutant vasopressin forms pathological protein aggregates (red) instead of natural granules (green) in the nerve cells. (unibas.ch)
These solid, insoluble protein clumps damage the nerve cells. (unibas.ch)

Metabolically active cells, neutrophils, and macrophages from the immune system produce high levels of ROS. (hindawi.com)
Consequently, the recruitment of immune cells during chronic inflammation increases oxidative stress (OS) in the microenvironment [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
When dying cells release their contents during necrosis, it serves as a warning signal for your body that there is a virus there and recruits macrophages and other immune cells to the area,' Fu says. (cancerlive.net)
Preliminary clinical findings with blockers of additional immune-checkpoint proteins, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), indicate broad and diverse opportunities to enhance antitumour immunity with the potential to produce durable clinical responses. (nih.gov)
Recent studies have identified several new immune checkpoint targets, like lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), and so on. (nih.gov)
In addition, suppressor immune cells such as FOXP3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert dominant immune suppression to control autoreactive T and B cells. (frontiersin.org)
Loss of immune tolerance to autoantigens associated with a specific organ results in the activation of organ-specific T and B cells that in turn cause organ-specific inflammation and the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) ( 5 ), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ( 6 ), psoriasis ( 7 ), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has become a major treatment option for patients with hematopoietic malignancies and immune deficiencies. (cdc.gov)
HAMLET is also promising in terms of its ability to kill tuberculosis bacteria hiding in macrophages - a type of white blood cell which is part of the immune system. (lu.se)

July 6, 2021 The death of cells is well regulated. (sciencedaily.com)

Their envelope contains the ion channel forming M2 protein and the hemagglutinin (HA), and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins. (frontiersin.org)

In the nucleus, the encoded protein functions as a potent transcription repressor that binds to sumoylated transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)

In humans, there are nine different ALKBH proteins, which Samson's lab has been studying for several years. (cancerlive.net)
Death-associated protein 6 also known as Daxx is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAXX gene. (wikipedia.org)

HMGB1 is an abundant protein, 10 6 molecules per cell [ 7 ], which has been postulated as a redox sensor [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Without an adequate supply of those critical energy-carrying molecules, the cell cannot survive and undergoes necrosis. (cancerlive.net)
The translatome is the complete collection of messenger molecules that are involved with translating genetic information from DNA and carrying it to sites where proteins are made inside cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
However, although Michael acceptors are reactive, the Michael addition is reversible and it can be assumed that also other parts of the molecules will moderate the binding to and the release from any given nucleophilic site in a protein, and thereby moderate a specific biological activity. (lu.se)
We are identifying the molecules that are active when HAMLET causes bacterial death, and when the resistant bacteria become sensitive to antibiotics. (lu.se)

eIF4B and PABP also bind to a site within the central region of eIF4G that partially overlaps the HEAT-1/eIF4G-MIG but they do not bind the HEAT-2/eIF4G-MA3 domain [ 9 ], demonstrating the functional diversity of the HEAT-1/eIF4G-MIG and HEAT-2/eIF4G-MA3 domains in their interactions with partner proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

T cell-specific adaptor protein (TSAd) is a T lineage-restricted signaling adaptor molecule that is thought to participate in the assembly of intracellular signaling complexes in T cells. (uky.edu)

An imbalance in protein production and breakdown can ultimately lead to cell death. (medlineplus.gov)
We hypothesized that an imbalance of Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein phosphorylation-dephosphorylation may be involved in delayed neuronal death after ischemia. (nih.gov)

This enzyme is necessary for a process that targets damaged or unneeded proteins to be broken down (degraded) within cells. (medlineplus.gov)

These results suggest that a trace amount of HAP induces bacterial cell death and the death is related with reactive oxygen species (ROS). (bvsalud.org)
The inhibitor was found to cripple the activity of a protein vital to bacterial cells -- a protein that maintains the bacterial cell structure. (eurekalert.org)
Malfunction of this bacterial protein consequently resulted in the rupture and consequent death of the bacterial cell. (eurekalert.org)

We previously reported that the avirulent fixed rabies virus strain Ni-CE induces a clear cytopathic effect in mouse neuroblastoma cells, whereas its virulent progenitor, the Nishigahara strain, does not. (microbiologyresearch.org)

SCOPe: Structural Classification of Proteins - extended. (berkeley.edu)
The textbooks chapter on cell death will be expanded with these beautiful structural insights. (phys.org)
The protein HMGB1 behaves as a redox sensor and its structural changes, which are conditioned by the oxidative environment, are associated with different functions of the protein. (hindawi.com)
Favoured by the highly oxidizing environment of the ER, protein disulfide isomerases facilitate formation of disulfide bonds, which confer structural stability to the protein in order for it to withstand adverse conditions such as extremes of pH and degradative enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
The researchers further plan to clarify the effects of vasopressin at the structural level and whether protein aggregates reflect a general principle of granule formation. (unibas.ch)
Blom A. M. , Kask L. and B. Dahlbäck (2001) Structural requirements for the complement regulatory activities of C4b-binding protein. (lu.se)

This work builds on other recent studies 3,4 showing that coagulopathy is clearly associated with the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein with the human Erα. (businesswire.com)
Several additional interacting proteins are known, but not always is there an understanding of the specific function and relevance of this interaction. (wikipedia.org)
This interaction was demonstrated when PML-NB disrupted cells were treated and Daxx relocalized with the PML-NB. (wikipedia.org)
Chenik M , Chebli K , Gaudin Y , Blondel D . In vivo interaction of rabies virus phosphoprotein (P) and nucleoprotein (N): existence of two N-binding sites on P protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Now, researchers at the Biozentrum of the University of Basel, the University of Lausanne and the Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE) at ETH Zurich have provided new insights into the final step of cell death. (phys.org)
There are unique circumstances where the SGK1 protein is critically important, so there might be a vulnerability that researchers can target and alter the way the cells process their nutrients, said Schafer. (medicalxpress.com)
A new finding from MIT researchers may offer a way to overcome that resistance: The team has identified a key protein involved in an alternative death pathway known as programmed necrosis. (cancerlive.net)
When the researchers lowered ALKBH7 levels in human cells grown in the lab, those cells were much more likely to survive DNA damage than cells with normal ALKBH7 levels. (cancerlive.net)
Upon further investigation, the researchers found that when healthy cells suffer massive DNA damage from alkylating agents, they enter the programmed necrosis pathway. (cancerlive.net)
Other researchers have shown that some types of cancer cells have much lower ALKBH7 levels than normal cells. (cancerlive.net)
The researchers are now investigating the molecular details of the programmed necrosis pathway in hopes of identifying ways to activate it in cancer cells. (cancerlive.net)
Researchers grappling to understand what happens inside brain cells of people with Parkinson's disease are baffled by a mystery that plays out as the disease progresses. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms2

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs30

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes19

Information Science3

Health Care2

Apoptosis29

Kinase8

Genes8

Mammalian3

Membrane20

Mitochondria7

Pathways9

Extracellular9

Induces cell death2

Receptor10

Neurodegenerative diseases3

Mitochondrial2

Antigen4

Apoptotic cell1

Proliferation5

Synthesis4

Metabolism2

Mechanisms9

Regulator2

Mice9

Inhibits5

Neurons6

Genome4

Secretion1

Regulation6

Autophagic cell death3

Regulates4

20231

Cellular5

Mutations4

Lipids2

Induce cell2

Human neuroblastoma1

Signaling pathway2

Homeostasis3

Tumor6

Mechanism4

Endothelial8

Accumulate2

Subunit2

Processes3

Overexpression2

Gene encodes1

Degradation1

Progression4

Defective3

Assemble1

Accumulation1

Viral life1

Nerve cells2

Immune9

20211

Glycoproteins1

Binds1

Humans2

Molecules5

Interactions1

Intracellular1

Imbalance2

Targets1

Bacterial cell3

Neuroblastoma1

Structural6

Interaction4

Researchers8