• In exfoliative cytology, cells shed from body surfaces, such as the inside of the mouth, are collected and examined. (britannica.com)
  • This book provides detailed information on basic and advanced laboratory techniques in histopathology and cytology. (nshealth.ca)
  • Dada MA, Ansari NA (1997) Post-mortem cytology: a reappraisal of a little used technique. (springer.com)
  • Created to be used alongside the microscope, hundreds of high quality colour photos will help you to identify normal cell types and abnormal cytology, including both non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. (fennovet.fi)
  • Manual Liquid Based Cytology (MLBC) is a technique that enables cells to be suspended in a monolayer and thus improves detection of precursor lesions and improvement of specimen adequacy. (edu.in)
  • Using non- or minimally invasive techniques, the cytology of lung lesions can provide helpful diagnostic information. (ganeshdiagnostic.com)
  • The cytological methods currently available for examining the pathology of the lung include exfoliative (induced sputum), abrasive (bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL], bronchial brushing [BB], bronchial washing, and percutaneous/endobronchial fine-needle aspiration cytology), and percutaneous/endobronchial cytology.BBs have a higher cell yield than aspirates and washing. (ganeshdiagnostic.com)
  • Even in terms of diagnostics, it is clear that the Clinic for Haematology, Oncology and Gastroenterology boasts outstanding equipment: the full range of modern investigative techniques is on offer here, including cytological bone marrow diagnostics with special staining. (leading-medicine-guide.com)
  • Diagnosis of the type and, when feasible, the cause of a pathologic process by means of microscopic study of cells in an exudate or other form of body fluid. (edu.au)
  • Lai M, De Stefano V, Landolfi R. Haemoglobin levels in autoimmune haemolytic anaemias at diagnosis: relationship with immunoproteins on red blood cells. (jefferson.edu)
  • An interview with Livia Eberlin, Assistant Professor at the University of Texas at Austin, discussing the development of mass-spectrometry based techniques for cancer diagnosis and improved clinical outcomes. (pittcon.org)
  • Navani's group also stated that they believe that EBUS-TBNA should move to the front lines "because it reduces the time-to-treatment decision compared with conventional diagnosis and staging techniques. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Today, cytological analysis is an indispensable method in the diagnosis of nodular and cystic - nodular thyroid changes with the purpose of proving malignant changes such as thyroid cancer, thereby avoiding unnecessary operations for nodes that show a benign character. (stcatherine.com)
  • Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is a safe and useful sampling technique for the diagnosis of mediastinal adenopathies/masses, but its accuracy seems to be influenced by selected clinical and procedural aspects. (karger.com)
  • Over the past several years surgeons have used FNA extensively as a means to establish a cytological diagnosis for suspicious breast masses. (elitelearning.com)
  • South Africa) with subsequent histological investigations and attempt to identify predictors of pathology relevant to the clinical management of women with a cytological diagnosis of AGC. (bvsalud.org)
  • The analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), white blood cells, red blood cells, glucose, protein, and lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides the first clues to the diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • This technique is useful only for the examination of surface cells and often requires additional cytological analysis to confirm the results. (britannica.com)
  • Cytological examination may show yeasts and allow for a semi-quantification. (vin.com)
  • The various techniques can be used for cytological examination, including impression smears, swabs, scrapings, acetate tape preparations and a fine needle aspiration. (vin.com)
  • The conventional rationale for obtaining high producers is based on examination of transfected cell lines by low-throughput screening to identify the top producing clones," Dr. Wurm continued. (genengnews.com)
  • High-content screening differs from traditional drug discovery methods in that it provides richer datasets than traditional assays, allowing for the examination of the specific effect of compound treatments on specific sub-populations of cells, as well as providing access to more complex measurements than can be accomplished with traditional assay formats. (visikol.com)
  • The technique involves staining several compartments of the cell with organelle-specific stains to visualize phenotypic examination of physiological, metabolic, or epigenetic perturbations. (visikol.com)
  • Frozen sections of tissue and cytological specimens are also suitable for laser microdissection. (concordia.ca)
  • Aims In everyday practice, epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) testing is centralised in referral laboratories that receive paucicellular cytological specimens. (bmj.com)
  • This study assessed whether an Idylla EGFR prototype assay can be reliably applied to cytological lung cancer specimens. (bmj.com)
  • 3 Laboratories may use any validated EGFR testing method that is able to detect mutations in cytological specimens with as little as 10% tumour cells. (bmj.com)
  • Wish you could interpret cytological specimens in practice rather than paying a lab to do it for you? (fennovet.fi)
  • It describes techniques for obtaining good quality cytological diagnostic specimens, and guides you through the interpretation of cytological findings. (fennovet.fi)
  • The bone marrow, on the other hand, is preserved because the healthy stem cells are integrated again. (leading-medicine-guide.com)
  • Mutations in the C-terminal region of nucleophosmin in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) result in aberrant cytoplasmic nucleophosmin (cNPM) in leukemic blast cells which is detectable by immunocytochemistry in bone marrow trephine (BMT) biopsy sections. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Fig. 5: Immune cell yield and activation in brain (tumor) tissues differs across tissue dissociation methods. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 6: Cross-method validation of brain TIME and different isolation methods provide distinct advantages for the extraction of immune cells from brain tumor tissue. (nature.com)
  • Methods for cell capture and preparation are also provided that include flowing cells through a chamber, funneling the cells towards a cell trap, capturing a predefined number of the cells within the trap, interrupting the flow of cells, flowing a wash solution through the chamber to remove contaminants from the chamber, and sealing the predefined number of cells in the chamber. (justia.com)
  • In particular, the invention relates to microfluidic devices and their uses and methods for assaying cells. (justia.com)
  • Similarly, single cell methods are vital in stem cell research and cancer biology, where isolated populations of primary cells are heterogeneous due to limitations in purification protocols, and it is often a minority cell population that is the most relevant. (justia.com)
  • Existing methods for measuring transcript levels in single cells include RT-qPCR (1), single molecule counting using digital PCR (2) or hybridization probes (3, 4), and next generation sequencing (5). (justia.com)
  • Cell membranes, methods and reviews. (epa.gov)
  • Methods The limit of detection (LOD) of the Idylla EGFR prototype assay was assessed by cell line dilution studies. (bmj.com)
  • Cytological puncture of the thyroid is one of the oldest diagnostic methods for clarifying pathological changes. (stcatherine.com)
  • The cytological methods currently available for. (ganeshdiagnostic.com)
  • As evidenced by the micrograph, combining phase contrast microscopy with classical histological staining techniques in pathological research often yields enhancement of cellular features. (fsu.edu)
  • Histological/cytological preparation. (surrey.ac.uk)
  • Differing in technique, core needle biopsy is used to guide a special biopsy needle to the lesion so that a histological sample can be obtained without surgery. (elitelearning.com)
  • Cytological screening in the control of cervical cancer : technical guidelines. (who.int)
  • His research, which utilized Drosophila melanogaster as a model genetic system, incorporated molecular, genetic, cytological and biochemical techniques to characterize the role of the Orientation Disruptor (ORD) and dRING proteins in promoting normal sister-chromatid cohesion and chromosome condensation during meiosis. (hbsr.com)
  • The second approach is to isolate actin-associated proteins using molecular and biochemical techniques, to characterize their function in vitro, and to use these as probes to dissect cytoskeletal function in living plant cells. (purdue.edu)
  • The protocol maximizes the information yield from limited tissue and includes both the preservation of bulk tissue, which can be performed within 1 h following surgical resection, as well as tissue dissociation for an in-depth characterization of individual TIME cell populations, which typically takes several hours depending on tissue quantity and further downstream processing. (nature.com)
  • We also describe integrated modules for immunofluorescent staining of sectioned tissue, bulk tissue genomic analysis and fluorescence- or magnetic-activated cell sorting of digested tissue for subsequent culture or transcriptomic analysis by RNA sequencing. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 3: Variation in immune cell abundance and cell viability across different brain (tumor) tissue types. (nature.com)
  • The Applied Biosystems ArcturusXT is a microdissection system (LCM) that uses UV and IR lasers to capture the isolated cell without changing morphology or integrity of a biological tissue. (concordia.ca)
  • These techniques should now be the first step for tissue verification after a positive CT or FDG-PET scan," he stated. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Visikol Inc. is a contract research services company that specializes in advanced tissue imaging and advanced cell culture services to accelerate the drug discovery and development process. (visikol.com)
  • Visikol provides end-to-end services that include 3D tissue imaging , multiplex tissue imaging , digital pathology , 2D cell culture assays and 3D cell culture assays . (visikol.com)
  • The technique of placing cells or tissue in a supporting medium so that thin sections can be cut using a microtome. (harvard.edu)
  • Cell and Tissue Display: An Alternative Multipurpose Tool for Microscopy. (harvard.edu)
  • During this procedure, a sample of cells, not tissue, is drawn from the lump. (elitelearning.com)
  • Conclusions Idylla EGFR prototype assay is sensitive on extracted DNA and can reliably be applied on cytological samples, enabling implementation of EGFR testing even in less experienced diagnostic units. (bmj.com)
  • Visikol's expertise lies in transforming tissues into actionable insights and bridging the gap between in vitro assays and in vivo results through the use of best-in-class cell culture models. (visikol.com)
  • The basics of two broad ranging techniques used in the investigation of the reaction between biomaterials and host (recipient) tissues. (surrey.ac.uk)
  • Advantages of ICM over flow cytometry include low set up cost, smaller number of nuclei required and greater sensitivity for non-diploid cell populations. (nature.com)
  • Ideally, EGFR testing should be carried out in the centre where the patient is diagnosed such that the most cellular slide can be selected from in-house collected cytological material. (bmj.com)
  • The microtubule and microfilament cytoskeleton is essential for many dynamic cellular process including: cell division, cytoplasmic streaming, cellular architecture and morphogenesis. (purdue.edu)
  • The Cell Painting Assay is a powerful tool for drug discovery, as it allows researchers to visualize changes at the cellular level and analyze hundreds of parameters. (visikol.com)
  • By providing researchers with a wealth of information about how drugs impact cellular pathways, the Cell Painting Assay can help researchers make informed decisions about which compounds to pursue. (visikol.com)
  • Smeere thought inadequate were those that had deteriorated or poorly preserved cell morphology, as well as extensive haemorrhage that obscured cellular features. (ganeshdiagnostic.com)
  • The bony orbit has its cellular ancestry from the mesenchymal cells surrounding the optic vesicle. (medscape.com)
  • A combination score based on both techniques performed better than either test in isolation. (nature.com)
  • McLean CA, Harney MC, Gonzales MF (1994) Cytological demonstration of features of Alzheimer's disease using brain smear technique. (springer.com)
  • To study the interaction of neurons with CNS glial cells, dissociated sympathetic or sensory ganglion cells or fetal retinal cells were plated onto cultures of dissociated optic nerve glial cells of young rats. (nih.gov)
  • Isolated myelin from adult rat spinal cord was adsorbed to polylysine-coated culture dishes and tested as a substrate for peripheral neurons, neuroblastoma cells, or 3T3 cells. (nih.gov)
  • Allsop D, Haga SI, Haga C, Ikeda SI, Mann DM, Ishii T (1989) Early senile plaques in Down's syndrome brains show a close relationship with cell bodies of neurons. (springer.com)
  • A cytological smear of human multipolar neurons stained with a mixture of eosin and hematoxylin is illustrated in the photomicrograph presented below. (fsu.edu)
  • A typical human brain contains over 100 billion neurons, about 10 percent of the total number of cells in the entire nervous system. (fsu.edu)
  • Neurons, the functional component of the nervous system, are elongated cells that exhibit a high degree of conductivity, which allows them to sense environmental changes and transmit chemical impulses from one part of the body to another. (fsu.edu)
  • Neurons consist of a cell body and one or more cytoplasmic processes that extend from the cell body. (fsu.edu)
  • This sampling technique is mainly used for fluid-containing lesions. (vin.com)
  • He Y, Duyckaerts C, Delaere P, Piette F, Hauw JJ (1993) Alzheimer's lesions labelled by anti-ubiquitin antibodies: comparison with other staining techniques. (springer.com)
  • In addition, the procedure allows for real-time biopsy sampling of suspect lesions, and the immediate availability of cell material for on-site cytological assessment. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Most surgeons use this technique for palpable breast masses, however, it can also be used for suspicious mammographic lesions. (elitelearning.com)
  • Two commonly used techniques for targeting lesions using ultrasound guidance are needle guides and the freehand method. (elitelearning.com)
  • The major limitation with this technique is that the person performing the ultrasound is restricted to a single angle of approach, which may not be convenient for all lesions. (elitelearning.com)
  • In order to prevent malignant transformation of these precursor lesions, multiple screening and detection techniques have been developed to address this problem. (medscape.com)
  • The use of tobacco has been well established as a significant risk for the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and premalignant lesions. (medscape.com)
  • These nonpermissive oligodendrocytes were characterized by a radial, highly branched process network, often contained myelin basic protein, and may, therefore, correspond to cells actively involved in the production of myelin-like membranes. (nih.gov)
  • PD-L1 Antibodies to Its Cytoplasmic Domain Most Clearly Delineate Cell Membranes in Immunohistochemical Staining of Tumor Cells. (harvard.edu)
  • Although these systems provide a high-throughput qPCR readout, they do not address the front end sample preparation and require single cell isolation by FACS or micropipette followed by off-chip processing and pre-amplification of starting template prior to analysis. (justia.com)
  • Morphological Study of the Seminal Fluid -- 4.1 Preparation of Semen Smears -- 4.2 Staining Techniques -- 5. (nshealth.ca)
  • Considerable effort over the last decade has been directed towards developing integrated and scalable single cell genetic analysis on chip (7, 8). (justia.com)
  • The first, a cytological and molecular genetic analysis of cell division, makes use of a large collection of maize meiotic mutants. (purdue.edu)
  • In collaboration with researchers in the laboratory of Zemer Gitai , an associate professor of molecular biology at Princeton, the team used a laboratory technique referred to as bacterial cytological profiling to investigate the mode of action of TDA. (princeton.edu)
  • However, available techniques are little standardised and difficult to be implemented in settings with little expertise in molecular testing. (bmj.com)
  • His research articles have appeared in the journals Molecular Biology of the Cell, Chromosoma , and Current Biology . (hbsr.com)
  • The Master in Laboratory Techniques in Biopathology (BioPat) has 3 branches of specialization - Cytopathology, Histopathology and Molecular Pathology. (ipp.pt)
  • One of the services offered by Visikol that can revolutionize the drug discovery process is the Cell Painting Assay . (visikol.com)
  • Cell Painting is a high-content, multiplexed image-based assay used for cytological profiling. (visikol.com)
  • High-content screening is a powerful tool for drug discovery, and Visikol's Cell Painting Assay is a game-changer in this field. (visikol.com)
  • Transformation assay of established cell lines : mechanisms and application, proceedings of a workshop organized by IARC in collaboration with the US National Cancer Institute and the US Environmental Protection Agency, held in Lyon, 15-17 February 1984 / editors, T. Kakunaga, H. Yamasaki. (who.int)
  • Cytologies are evaluated for the presence of rods or cocci, yeast, filamentous bacteria and inflammatory cells. (vin.com)
  • Inflammatory cells infiltrates were identified among 21 (14%) of the cases and only 12 (8%) of the controls and the adjusted OR and the 95% CI were found to be 5 (2.51-11.21) and P = 0.009. (bvsalud.org)
  • The excellent adequate tory smears were divided into four categories: inflammatory, suspicious/atypical favouring neoplasia, and positive for malignant cells. (ganeshdiagnostic.com)
  • Covering indications for cytological investigation, collection techniques and the evaluation and interpretation of findings, this concise manual will be your go-to resource. (fennovet.fi)
  • Rabe based his opinion in part on a study done by Neal Navani, MD, PhD , of University College London Hospital, and colleagues, that assessed EBUS-TBNA as an initial investigation technique for patients with suspected lung cancer. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Biology plays a dominant role in cell performance," Dr. Wurm added, believing that the karyotypic makeup of the transfected cell lines needs to be carefully monitored during expansion. (genengnews.com)
  • Testing for epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) mutations is part of the current standard of care in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. (bmj.com)
  • Can cytoplasmic nucleophosmin be detected by immunocytochemical staining of cell smears in acute myeloid leukemia? (ox.ac.uk)
  • High-throughput single cell measurement technologies are therefore of interest and have broad applications in clinical and research settings. (justia.com)
  • The effects of Paks inhibition on tumour cell proliferation and signal transduction were assayed by RNAi and by the use of three pan-Paks inhibitors (PF-3758309, FRAX1036, GNE-2861), evaluating CRC cells, spheroids and tumour xenografts' growth. (bvsalud.org)
  • Several cytological techniques can be used: impression smear, « scotch test » using pieces of tape (clear cellophane) strip, scrape smear, swab smear. (vin.com)
  • The LCM enables a wide range of applications ranging from single-cell isolation to large biopsy extractions. (concordia.ca)
  • In cases where a biopsy technique cannot be undertaken because of a high risk of bleeding, it may be beneficial to research. (ganeshdiagnostic.com)
  • The technique used for performing an ultrasound-guided breast biopsy is a personal preference to the people performing the procedure. (elitelearning.com)
  • 1 Cytological samples are suitable for EGFR testing, which is crucial, since the large majority of patients present in advanced disease stages. (bmj.com)
  • The Quasi Vivo ® System consists of interconnected cell culture chambers and a peristaltic pump to create a continuous flow of media over cells. (genengnews.com)
  • The Quasi Vivo System is available with three different culture chambers (QV500, QV600, and QV900) to support a wide range of applications, including submerged cell culture, co-culture, and modeling of air-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces. (genengnews.com)
  • For example, single cell analysis allows for the direct measurement of gene expression kinetics, or for the unambiguous identification of co-regulated genes, even in the presence of de-synchronization and heterogeneity that could obscure population-averaged measurements. (justia.com)
  • Moreover, the device does not allow isolated cells to be washed from the supernatant prior to treatment or analysis. (justia.com)
  • Accordingly, a goal of microfluidics research has been the development of integrated technology for scalable analysis of transcription in single cells. (justia.com)
  • Microfluidic systems provide numerous advantages for single cell analysis: economies of scale, parallelization and automation, and increased sensitivity and precision that comes from small volume reactions. (justia.com)
  • Thus, many of the basic functionalities for microfluidic single cell gene expression analysis have been demonstrated in isolation, including cell manipulation and trapping (9, 10), RNA purification and cDNA synthesis (11-13), and microfluidic qPCR (14) following off-chip cell isolation cDNA synthesis and preamplification. (justia.com)
  • The critical step of integrating all steps of single cell analysis into a robust system capable of performing measurements on large numbers of cells has yet to be reported. (justia.com)
  • Why is there a need for alternatives to cytological analysis in the field of oncology? (pittcon.org)
  • The procedure sometimes takes less than a minute and the cytological analysis results are usually available within 24 - 48 hours. (stcatherine.com)
  • Note the elongated RBC in the center, known as a pencil cell, which is also commonly encountered during analysis of iron-deficient blood samples. (cdc.gov)
  • Under a magnification of 1125X, this photomicrograph of a Giemsa stained blood smear, revealed a number of white blood cells (WBC), which included lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, or neutrophils, as well as a number of platelet clusters. (cdc.gov)
  • A new study of a protein found in cilia - the hair-like projections on the cell surface - may help explain how genetic defects in cilia play a role in developmental abnormalities, kidney disease and a number of other disorders. (princeton.edu)
  • The researchers at Princeton University and Northwestern University found that the protein, which goes by the name C21orf59 or "Kurly," is needed for cilia to undulate to keep fluid moving over the surface of cells. (princeton.edu)
  • The Northwestern team showed that when the kur gene was inactivated using a gene-editing technique called CRISPR-Cas9, the lack of a functioning Kurly protein led to the mis-positioning of a second protein on the cell surface called Prickle2, which helps cells know which direction they face. (princeton.edu)
  • Mammalian cell culture is and will remain the principle vehicle for protein production in upstream manufacturing, according to Florian Wurm, Ph.D., professor of biochemistry at the University of Lausanne and founder of ExcellGene . (genengnews.com)
  • By periodically monitoring the karyotype of the cells during the scale-up process, it is possible to guarantee the presence of the target marker, assuring that the cell will in fact produce the desired protein. (genengnews.com)
  • In this case, spectrin, a cytoskeletal protein, remained intact after the RBCs had gone through the histochemical process involved in the Giemsa staining technique, washing away the cells' hemoglobin contents. (cdc.gov)
  • It discusses the principles of and offers clear guidance on all routine and special laboratory techniques. (nshealth.ca)
  • RESULTS: Paks activation positively correlated with KRAS mutational status in both patients and cell lines. (bvsalud.org)
  • en] Results of the longitudinal cytogenetic monitoring of clean-up workers 1986-1987 population. (iaea.org)
  • However, the vast majority of biological knowledge has emerged as a consequence of studying cell populations and not individual cells. (justia.com)
  • Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. (nih.gov)
  • It was found that age can cause cytological and biochemical changes in the parameters of CSF. (bvsalud.org)
  • Age may lead to changes in cytological and biochemical parameters of CSF. (bvsalud.org)
  • The image revealed a number of malformed erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), also referred to as microcytes. (cdc.gov)
  • Under a magnification of 1125X, this photomicrograph of a Giemsa stained blood smear, revealed what are referred to as numerous ghost red blood cells (RBCs). (cdc.gov)
  • Five patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCCs) were included as internal controls. (bvsalud.org)
  • prise about 4% of cancers in women, invasive squamous-cell carcinoma. (who.int)
  • This method involves destroying bacterial cells with the antibiotic in the presence of a set of dyes, and then visually assessing the aftermath. (princeton.edu)
  • A membrane-bound organelle that is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells. (hokudai.ac.jp)
  • In this interview, Dr. Nancy Allbritton from The Allbritton Lab talks to News-Medical and Life Sciences about the revolutionary technology and techniques for the application of new technologies for oncology and stem cell research. (pittcon.org)
  • Smears that contained alveolar macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells were deemed sufficient. (ganeshdiagnostic.com)
  • Type of lesion observed in the mucosal epithelia: scored as 0 (normal), 1 (lesion limited to epithelial hyperplasia, attenuation or single cell necrosis), 2 (multifocal erosion or ulceration present), or 3 (extensive erosion or ulceration present). (cdc.gov)
  • But through different chemical reactions, they are both able to cause chemical disruptions in the cell membrane that render the bacterium unable to produce the energy needed to perform critical tasks, such as cell division and making proteins. (princeton.edu)
  • DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). (nih.gov)
  • Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. (nih.gov)
  • An immunoalkaline phosphatase method was developed using the OCI-AML3 cell line, known to have mutated NPM1, and assessed on blood and marrow smears of 60 AML cases. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Due to the high false positive and negative rates for cNPM in cell smears, this method should not be used as a surrogate for NPM1 mutations in AML. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It is an invasive, but quick and simple, minimally painful method based on the suction (aspiration) of a small amount of cells using a needle and syringe under ultrasound control. (stcatherine.com)
  • Dr. Wurm reported that 70% of the $20-billion to $30-billion annual bioproducts inventory is generated with mammalian cells, and the gap separating them from other approaches (yeast, bacteria, baculovirus, transgenic plants, and animals) is only growing wider. (genengnews.com)
  • Cytological atypia was found in all the 5 control cases with OSCCs. (bvsalud.org)
  • For the cytological atypia among alcohol abuse individuals, the adjusted OR and the 95% CI were found to be 5 (4.34-5.84) and P = 0.008. (bvsalud.org)
  • The response of the host to the yeast includes non-specific defense mechanisms (phagocytosis by neutrophils) as well as cell-mediated specific defense mechanisms. (vin.com)