AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Cell CycleCyclin-Dependent KinasesCell Cycle ProteinsCyclin-Dependent Kinase 2Cyclin D1CyclinsCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Cyclin ECyclin ACyclin-Dependent Kinase 4CDC2-CDC28 KinasesCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21G1 PhaseRetinoblastoma ProteinCyclin BCyclin D3CDC2 Protein KinaseProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesCyclin DCyclin B1S PhaseCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16Cell DivisionTumor Suppressor ProteinsCyclin-Dependent Kinase 5Cyclin D2PhosphorylationApoptosisCell ProliferationMitosisCyclin CTumor Suppressor Protein p53Cell Line, TumorMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor ProteinsSignal TransductionCells, CulturedTumor Cells, CulturedNuclear ProteinsBlotting, WesternCyclin-Dependent Kinase 6Proto-Oncogene ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataDNA-Binding ProteinsProliferating Cell Nuclear AntigenCell LineTranscription FactorsEnzyme InhibitorsTransfectionS-Phase Kinase-Associated ProteinsG2 PhaseCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57RNA, MessengerCarrier ProteinsCell Cycle CheckpointsProtein KinasesProtein Kinase InhibitorsProtein BindingGene Expression RegulationCyclin A1ImmunohistochemistryE2F1 Transcription FactorMutationPurinesTranscription, GeneticBase SequenceCyclin A2Cell NucleusE2F Transcription FactorsTranscription Factor DP1Antineoplastic AgentsCyclin GDown-RegulationHeLa CellsPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesCyclin G1Amino Acid SequenceRNA, Small InterferingFlow CytometryTime FactorsMAP Kinase Signaling SystemDNA DamageGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticDNACell DifferentiationCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein KinasesUp-RegulationReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionModels, BiologicalDNA ReplicationEnzyme ActivationKineticsMenstrual CyclePromoter Regions, GeneticRecombinant Fusion ProteinsBreast NeoplasmsIron Regulatory Protein 1G0 PhaseSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
InhibitorsCdksCdk2ProliferationCDK6RetinoblastomaComplexesPathwaysSubunitsInhibitsApoptosisIncluding D-type cyclinsCdk1DifferentiationRegulationCytoplasmAntibodyOverexpressionTranscriptionActivation of cyclinExtracellularInduceArrestCyclinDSubunitVitroCDKITyrosine kinaseMutationGenesLOCALIZATIONMRNAInhibitionCatalyticCancersSynthesisEnzymeRegulatorsProgression through the cell cycleBindMoleculesActivityTumor suppressorSubstratesActivateINK4aFamily of proteinsRegulatesEpithelial cellsHighly conservedReplicationSubsequentlyTumorsUbiquitin-proteaSequentialAlterations
Inhibitors17
  • Development of Highly Potent and Selective Diaminothiazole Inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases. (proteopedia.org)
  • The activity of this kinase first appears in mid-G1 phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits including D-type cyclins and members of INK4 family of CDK inhibitors. (cancerindex.org)
  • CDKs are under inhibitory control of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) are proteins that bind to and inhibit the activity of CDKs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The CDKN2A/B locus contains genes encoding cell cycle inhibitors, including p16 Ink4a , which have not yet been implicated in the control of hepatic glucose homeostasis. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • At molecular level, down-regulation of HSP70-2 resulted in reduced expression of cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases, anti-apoptotic molecules and mesenchymal markers and enhanced expression of CDK inhibitors, caspases, pro-apoptotic molecules and epithelial markers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At least three alternatively spliced variants encoding distinct proteins have been reported, two of which encode structurally related isoforms known to function as inhibitors of CDK4 kinase. (rc-crispr.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors have the potential to induce growth arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
  • The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p16 inhibit the activity of CDKs, such as CDK4. (medscape.com)
  • Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • This review examines how LSD1 modulates different cell behavior in TME and emphasizes the potential use of LSD1 inhibitors in combination with ICB therapy for future cancer research studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors synergistically increased the effectiveness of antiprogrammed cell death protein-1 (anti-PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies in preclinical studies. (bmj.com)
  • Unchecked proliferation of Rb-positive tumor cells is often connected with mutations that dysregulate this pathway: like the overexpression of D-type cyclins, the overexpression or mutation of CDK4, or mutations in the Printer ink4 category of CDK inhibitors [3, 5, 6]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • The need for cyclin D holoenzymes for inactivation of Rb as well as the advancement of cancers in mice prompted the introduction of CDK4/6 inhibitors to take care of a number of neoplasms [7, 8]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • Multiple mobile mechanisms have already been advanced to take into account the scientific activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors (analyzed in Klein et al. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • Selective compounds have been developed that target either the extracellular ligand-binding region of the EGFR (including a number of monoclonal antibodies [MAbs], immunotoxins, and ligand-binding cytotoxic agents) or the intracellular tyrosine kinase region (including various small-molecule inhibitors). (medscape.com)
  • Various techniques have been developed for targeting cancer cells: gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), antibody toxin conjugates, small-molecule inhibitors, antisense molecules, and tumor vaccines. (medscape.com)
Cdks17
  • Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) are evolutionarily conserved proteins that are essential for cell-cycle control in eukaryotes. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Cyclins (regulatory subunits) bind to cdks (catalytic subunits) to form complexes that regulate the progression of the cell cycle. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The main cyclin-cdks complexes formed in vertebrate cells are cyclin D-cdk4 (G0/G1), cyclin E-cdk2 (G1/S), cyclin A-cdk2 (S) and cyclin B1-cdk1 (G2/M). These complexes are regulated by activating and inhibitory phosphorylation events, as well as by interactions with small regulatory proteins including p21 and p27Kip1. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that act as key regulatory elements in cell cycle progression. (rcsb.org)
  • The profiling of compound 51 against a panel of 339 kinases revealed high selectivity for CDKs, with preference for CDK2 and CDK5 over CDK9, CDK1, CDK4, and CDK6. (rcsb.org)
  • Cyclins regulate the cell cycle in association with cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The progression of cells through the cell cycle is regulated by a family of protein kinases known as the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclins function as the positive regulators of CDKs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • D-type and E-type cyclins assemble with CDKs during the G1 phase and these holoenzymes act as rate-limiting controllers to regulate passage through the restriction point and the subsequent onset of DNA replication [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclins and CDKs assemble into complexes with one another as cells progress through G1 phase, cyclins being required to activate the serine-threonine kinase activity of their catalytic partners. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, CDK-activating kinase (CAK) phosphorylates cyclin-bound CDKs on a single threonine residue, a modification that is essential for their activity [ 6 - 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The p16 protein (p16) is a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor that decelerates the cell cycle by inactivating the CDKs that phosphorylate retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. (yemialadeworld.com)
  • Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) form a complex which phosphorylates proteins that drive the cell through the cell cycle. (ctsqena.com)
  • The genes encoding cdks involved in G1-S progression are often amplified in B-cell malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
  • OCI-LY3 and OCI-LY18 cell lines and Dr. B. (cdks). (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
  • Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)
  • The activity of CDKs is controlled by their binding to coactivator subunits termed Cyclins, as well as by CDK inhibitory proteins termed CKIs. (intechopen.com)
Cdk215
Proliferation35
  • Our results suggest that BRCA1 overexpression sensitizes cancer cells to lovastatin via regulation of cyclin D1-CDK4-p21WAF1/CIP1 pathway, which will provide an innovative experimental framework to study control of breast cancer cell proliferation. (nih.gov)
  • Compound 51 inhibited the proliferation of 13 out of 15 cancer cell lines with IC50 values between 0.27 and 6.9 μM, which correlated with the complete suppression of retinoblastoma phosphorylation and the onset of apoptosis. (rcsb.org)
  • Furthermore, silencing PrP c expression with si-PRNP amplified the fucoidan-induced changes in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Crucial role in orchestrating a fine balance between cellular proliferation, cell death, and DNA repair in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (proteopedia.org)
  • A mutation in this gene resulting in reduced cell proliferation, and impaired cell motility and polarity, and has been identified in patients with primary microcephaly. (cancerindex.org)
  • Here, we have investigated the role of ChoK in the development of breast cancer and found that ChoK is both necessary and sufficient for growth factor-induced proliferation in primary human mammary epithelial cells and an absolute requirement for the specific mitogenic response to heregulin in breast tumor-derived cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • These results demonstrate that ChoK plays an essential role in both normal human mammary epithelial cell proliferation and breast tumor progression. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Indeed, this process is controlled by the same oncoproteins and tumor suppressors that normally control cell cycle progression, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. (oncotarget.com)
  • Using computational predictions, we revealed that HPV-positive cervical cancers are regulated by transcription factors including, SOX2, E2F, NANOG, OCT4, and MYC, which control various processes such as the renewal of cancer stem cells, and the proliferation and differentiation of tumour cells. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Recent studies have found that overexpression of the High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein, in conjunction with its receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) and toll-like receptors (TLRs), is associated with proliferation of various cancer types, including that of the breast and pancreatic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our simulations show that, if HMGB1 is overexpressed, then the oncoproteins CyclinD/E, which regulate cell proliferation, are overexpressed, while tumor suppressor proteins that regulate cell apoptosis (programmed cell death), such as p53, are repressed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, a number of extracellular proteins can bind to their receptors and activate signaling pathways that promote the proliferation of cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The HMGB1 signal transduction can influence the cell's fate by two important processes - apoptosis and cell proliferation - which are regulated respectively by the proteins p53 and CyclinE, acting in two different signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CyclinE is a cell cycle regulatory protein which regulates the G1-S phase transition during cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further, trans-caryophyllene and -humulene, two sesquiterpenes present in the remove, were proven to synergize and inhibit cell development and proliferation in MCF-7 breasts cancer tumor cells (29). (unambitiousus.com)
  • Each cell is programmed for a certain number of cell divisions and at the end of that time proliferation halts. (lookformedical.com)
  • EB1089 inhibited the proliferation of NCI-H929 cells and RPMI8226 cells in a dose-dependent manner among three myeloma cell lines tested. (drlauda.at)
  • During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
  • Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. (intechopen.com)
  • Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation. (intechopen.com)
  • Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose products normally provide negative control of cell proliferation, contributes to malignant transformation in various cell types. (medscape.com)
  • HIV-1 expression induces cyclin D 1 and phospho-pRb (Ser780) expression in infected podocytes, suggesting that HIV-1 activates cyclin D1-dependent cell-cycle mechanisms to promote proliferation of infected renal epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In comparison to the two general alternative mechanisms utilized by known transforming viruses to promote cell-cycle progression, namely, by activating or bypassing endogenous D-type cyclins (herein, referred to as "cyclin D"), it has not been established whether HIV-1 gene products trigger either cyclin D-dependent or cyclin D-independent proliferation in non-lymphoid tissues [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enforced expression of PTTG3P significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, as well as tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HCT116 cell proliferation was assessed by conducting crystal violet and BrdU assays. (biomedcentral.com)
  • EOPK significantly decreased HCT116 cell proliferation and migration, and induced G1 arrest without affecting normal cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our studies indicate that EOPK significantly reduced proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PAK1 is an important effector of Rac and Cdc42 that regulates cell transformation and tumor proliferation [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Functional loss of p16 may lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation 3,4 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Our results show a novel role for DDX5 in cancer cell proliferation and suggest DDX5 as a therapeutic target in breast cancer treatment. (aacrjournals.org)
  • DDX5 is required for cell proliferation by controlling the transcription of genes expressing DNA replication proteins in cancer cells in which the DDX5 locus is amplified, and this has uncovered a dependence on DDX5 for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Defects in the control of cell proliferation are a hallmark of cancer, and DNA replication is a key process for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Introduction The commitment to cell proliferation is set up when extracellular signals converge on the cell cycle and induce the expression of D-type cyclins, their association with CDK4 and/or CDK6, as well as the activation from the holoenzyme complex [1C3]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • Launch The dedication to cell proliferation is set up when extracellular indicators converge on the cell routine and stimulate the appearance of D-type cyclins, their association with CDK4 and/or CDK6, as well as the activation from the holoenzyme complicated [1C3]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • The cyclin D-associated kinases are essential for the proliferation of Rb-positive cells because they initiate the phosphorylation-dependent cascade that inactivates this tumor suppressor [2, 4]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
CDK62
  • The p16 family (p15, p16, p18 and p19) binds to and inhibits the activities of CDK4 and CDK6. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This cyclin forms a complex with and functions as a regulatory subunit of CDK4 or CDK6, whose activity is required for cell cycle G1/S transition. (genetex.com)
Retinoblastoma14
  • It also binds closely to the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2, which is a regulator of the degradation of p53 and retinoblastoma protein, both transcription factors involved in tumor suppression and found mutated in many cancers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and retinoblastoma protein (pRb), was further down-regulated under exposure to lovastatin in condition of BRCA1 overexpression, but the expression of p21WAF1/CIP1, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI), was further up-regulated, both in vitro and in vivo detected with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. (nih.gov)
  • Specific substrates for cdk-cyclin complexes include nuclear lamins, histones, oncogenes (e.g., c-abl and SV40 large T-Ag), tumor suppressor genes (e.g., retinoblastoma protein, Rb), nucleolin and others. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Cao L, Faha B, Dembski M, Tsai LH, Harlow E, Dyson N. Independent binding of the retinoblastoma protein and p107 to the transcription factor E2F. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and retinoblastoma protein (RB) are both important cell-cycle regulators that function in different scenarios. (bvsalud.org)
  • As long as a retinal cell has at least one RB1 gene that works as it should, it will not form a retinoblastoma. (yemialadeworld.com)
  • For example, pinocembrin, a flavanone which comprises nearly 55% of the total LOE, has been shown to decrease viability and prevent epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF- in Y-79 retinoblastoma cells (25). (unambitiousus.com)
  • This kinase was shown to be responsible for the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma gene product (Rb). (thermofisher.com)
  • Ser/Thr-kinase component of cyclin D-CDK4 (DC) complexes that phosphorylate and inhibit members of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein family including RB1 and regulate the cell-cycle during G(1)/S transition. (ayassbioscience.com)
  • For example, the cvclinD/CDK4 complex phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein, which promotes progression through the G^S checkpoint. (ctsqena.com)
  • [ 1 ] His prediction was subsequently supported by the cloning of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene ( RB1 ) and by functional studies of the retinoblastoma protein, Rb. (medscape.com)
  • The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
  • The cyclinD/CDK4/6 complexes induce the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein and the release of E2F, which trigger G1 cell cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other markers, such as retinoblastoma and p53, may be related with early steps of carcinogenesis in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. (bvsalud.org)
Complexes5
  • The p21 family (p21, p27, p28 and p57) can bind to broad range of CDK-cyclin complexes and inhibit their activities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclin D-CDK4 complexes are major integrators of various mitogenenic and antimitogenic signals. (ayassbioscience.com)
  • The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
  • Forms a complex with cyclin type D-CDK4 complexes and is involved in the assembly, stability, and modulation of CCND1-CDK4 complex activation. (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • Acts either as an inhibitor or an activator of cyclin type D-CDK4 complexes depending on its phosphorylation state and/or stoichometry. (neobiotechnologies.com)
Pathways10
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Taken together, we uncover a landscape of the key regulatory pathways and proteins in HPV-positive cervical cancers, all of which may provide attractive drug targets for future therapeutics. (fortuneonline.org)
  • The cell cycle is strictly regulated and controlled by a complex network of signaling pathways [ 1 ], comprised of hundreds of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Which signaling pathways are fundamental for describing HMGB1 signal transduction, and what mechanisms are responsible to explain recent results linking overexpression of HMGB1 with decrease of apoptosis (and increased cancer cell survival)? (biomedcentral.com)
  • These observations raise the possibility that HIV-1 gene products may interact with mitogenic pathways in infected renal epithelium to cause aberrant cell-cycle engagement. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutations in K-Ras and B-Raf activate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With the increased understanding of molecular mechanisms and basic pathways in the pathogenesis of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck , these pathways may be modified, and rational approaches in cancer therapy at the molecular level may be created. (medscape.com)
  • Some of the new approaches depend on tumor biology and aim specifically to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis by targeting the tumor microenvironment or vasculature (leaving normal cells unaffected) or focusing on specific protein or signal transduction pathways. (medscape.com)
  • ADP ribosylation factors (ARFs), which are members of the Ras superfamily of GTP-binding proteins, are critical components of vesicular trafficking pathways in eukaryotes. (embl.de)
Subunits2
  • p16 Ink4a downregulation leads to an activation of PKA-CREB-PGC1α signaling through increased phosphorylation of PKA regulatory subunits. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The activity of this kinase is restricted to the G1-S phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits D-type cyclins and CDK inhibitor p16(INK4a). (thermofisher.com)
Inhibits3
  • Here, we report that FERM domain-containing 8 (FRMD8) inhibits CDK4 activation and stabilizes RB, thereby causing cell-cycle arrest and inhibiting colorectal cancer (CRC) cell growth. (bvsalud.org)
  • Herein, we also provide evidence that LOE inhibits NF-B signaling by reducing RIP1 protein levels in MDA-MB-231 cells. (unambitiousus.com)
  • this is augmented by GTPase activating protein, v. Mutated ras inhibits the activity of GTPase activating protein. (ctsqena.com)
Apoptosis17
  • Protein ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis and degradation by the proteasome are important mechanisms in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth and differentiation, gene transcription, signal transduction and apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further, we studied the effect of HSP70-2 protein ablation on signaling cascades involved in apoptosis, cell cycle and Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition both in culture as well as in-vivo human breast xenograft mouse model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Depletion of HSP70-2 in MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells resulted in a significant reduction in cellular growth, motility, onset of apoptosis, senescence, cell cycle arrest as well as reduction of tumor growth in the xenograft model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, we have examined the putative role of HSP70-2 in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in-vitro and in-vivo xenograft mouse model using gene silencing approach. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further, cell death effect of ST was associated with induction of apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protein p53 is one of the most important tumor suppressor proteins: its activation can lead to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, or apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this paper, we ask the following questions: How do these proteins and their mutations change the cell's fate - apoptosis or survival - when HMGB1 signal transduction is activated? (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plumbagin, for example, was shown to inhibit the DNA-binding activity of NF-B and induce apoptosis in triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells (20). (unambitiousus.com)
  • Our outcomes present that treatment with LOE network marketing leads to a G0/G1 stage halt and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breasts cancer tumor cells without marketing necrotic cell loss of life. (unambitiousus.com)
  • 3. B cells that would normally undergo apoptosis during somatic hypermutation in the lymph node germinal center accumulate, leading to lymphoma. (ctsqena.com)
  • The cell enters a quiescent state after which it experiences CELL DEATH via the process of APOPTOSIS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Treatment of DLBCL cells with CVT-313 resulted in apoptosis. (omecamtivmecarbilactivator.com)
  • The TP53 gene is also capable of stimulating apoptosis of cells containing damaged DNA. (medscape.com)
  • TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)
  • Mechanistically, over-expression of PTTG3P up-regulated PTTG1, activated PI3K/AKT signaling and its downstream signals including cell cycle progression, cell apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The various markers that enable assessment of the progression of preneoplastic lesions to spindle cell carcinoma include the p16 protein, which halts the cell cycle and induces apoptosis by pRb-mediated phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). (bvsalud.org)
  • Resveratrol could play a toxic role through inducing apoptosis of the cancer cell in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. (mdpi.com)
Including D-type cyclins1
  • Mutations in this gene as well as in its related proteins including D-type cyclins, p16(INK4a) and Rb were all found to be associated with tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers. (thermofisher.com)
Cdk11
  • controls the timing of entry into mitosis/meiosis by controlling the subsequent activation of cyclin B/CDK1 by phosphorylation, and coordinates the activation of cyclin B/CDK1 at the centrosome and in the nucleus. (proteopedia.org)
Differentiation7
  • Background: The putative functions of the cellular prion protein (PrP c ) are believed to be associated with cell signaling, differentiation, survival, and cancer progression. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Neuronal differentiation and cell-cycle programs mediate response to BET-bromodomain inhibition in MYC-driven medulloblastoma. (cancerindex.org)
  • HIV-1-infected podocytes showed markedly elevated cyclin D 1 mRNA and cyclin D 1 protein, the latter of which did not down-regulate during cell-cell contact or differentiation, suggesting post-transcriptional stabilization of cyclin D 1 protein levels by HIV-1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Results DIM, but not I3C, increased adipocyte differentiation through upregulation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α. (researchgate.net)
  • Another protein, calgranulin A (Cal A), is involved in the regulation of several cell processes, including the cell cycle and cell differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cystatin A (Cys A), a cysteine protease inhibitor, is a precursor of proteins involves in keratinocyte keratinization, and is expressed during the late phase of differentiation of these cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • This family, which includes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), plays a pivotal role in normal cell growth, lineage determination, repair, and functional differentiation. (medscape.com)
Regulation6
  • Their de-regulation in tumors could be responsible for both a surge in ribosome biogenesis, and the loss of cell cycle control [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • If some important proteins are mutated or there are defects in the signaling mechanisms, normal cell growth regulation will break down, possibly leading to the occurrence of cancer in the future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Similarly, marked modifications occur in the larger phosphoprotein clusters involving cytoskeleton and neuronal structures, membrane stabilization, and kinase regulation in the late elderly.Present findings may increase understanding of human brain proteostasis modifications in the elderly in the subpopulation of individuals not having AD neuropathological change and any other neurodegenerative change in any telencephalon region. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
  • Cell-cycle-related proteins, such as cyclins or cyclin-dependent kinases, may have functions beyond that of cell cycle regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is the sequential activation and inactivation of cyclin-dependent kinases, through the periodic synthesis and destruction of cyclins, that provides the primary means of cell-cycle regulation. (expasy.org)
  • Conclusion: p63, p16, MIB, Cal A, Cys A are markedly expressed and p16 is strongly suppressed in oral cavity tumors, which suggests that the latter protein may play a role in negative regulation of cell cycle progression. (bvsalud.org)
Cytoplasm2
Antibody10
  • ATCC CCL-243) were probed with the mouse anti-human cyclin A antibody at concentration of 2.0 µg/mL (lane 1), 1.0 µg/mL (lane 2), and 0.5 µg/mL (lane 3). (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Both methods yield antibody in solution that is free of most other soluble proteins, lipids, etc. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The following product was used in this experiment: CDK4 Polyclonal Antibody from Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog # 11026-1-AP. (thermofisher.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue slide using 55004-1-AP (Cyclin B1 Antibody) at a dilution of 1:200 (under 10x lens). (ptgcn.com)
  • Western blot of Knockout validated Cyclin D1 antibody in HepG2, SW 1990, and NIH/3T3 cell lines with 60186-1-Ig at a dilution of 1:10000 incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours. (ptgcn.com)
  • WB analysis of HeLa cell lysate using GTX33611 Cyclin D1 antibody [RM241]. (genetex.com)
  • IHC-P analysis of human tonsil tissue using GTX33611 Cyclin D1 antibody [RM241]. (genetex.com)
  • There are currently no references for Cyclin D1 antibody [RM241] (GTX33611) . (genetex.com)
  • In Western blotting of cell lysates from 7 human breast cancer cell lines (ZR75-1, ZR75-30, MCF-7, MDAMB453, T47D, CAL51, 734B), the antibody labels a single band corresponding to p27Kip1. (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • Methods This non-randomized, multicohort, phase II study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab 240 mg administered every 2 weeks in combination with the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib 150 mg twice daily and either fulvestrant (FUL) or letrozole (LET) as a first-line or second-line treatment for HR-positive HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. (bmj.com)
Overexpression5
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate whether breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) overexpression sensitizes mammary cancer cells to statins. (nih.gov)
  • MCF-7 cells, which have only one wild-type BRCA1 allele, were transfected with pcDNA3-beta-HA-hsBRCA1 plasmids via liposomes to reconstitute BRCA1 overexpression human breast cancer cell line, and tumoral xenografts with BRCA1 overexpression were subsequently established in BALB/c nude mice. (nih.gov)
  • METHODS: Young and replication-induced senescent endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) derived from human circulating EPCs were used to examine cellular activities and senescence-associated indicators after transfection of short interference RNA specific to Panx1 or lentivirus-mediated Panx1 overexpression. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recent biological studies have revealed that p16 expression is markedly influenced by the status of Rb expression, and p16 overexpression has been demonstrated in cervical cancers because of functional inactivation of Rb by human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 protein. (yemialadeworld.com)
  • Mutations, amplification and overexpression of this gene, which alters cell cycle progression, are observed frequently in a variety of tumors and may contribute to tumorigenesis. (genetex.com)
Transcription5
  • FAK (focal adhesion kinase), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) were activated in senescent ECFCs with Panx1 knockdown, in which the intracellular calcium level was reduced, and the activation was inhibited by supplemented calcium. (bvsalud.org)
  • Among them, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)s with their modulatory partners, cyclins, represent the major players acting with switch-like behavior to turn on cell growth, through the control of chromatin replication and condensation, gene transcription, assembly of the mitotic spindle, and proper cytodieresis. (mdpi.com)
  • The accumulation of both Cyclin and CKI proteins is tightly regulated at the level of transcription. (intechopen.com)
  • As a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage, p53 blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)
  • The selective suppression of HIV-1 transcription by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, flavopiridol, abrogated cyclin D 1 expression, underlying the requirement for HIV-1 encoded products to induce cyclin D 1 . (biomedcentral.com)
Activation of cyclin1
Extracellular2
  • Further, the contribution of PAK1 to EOPK-induced AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) suppression was assessed by siRNA-mediated PAK1 knockdown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The TME consists of various cellular components, including immune cells, stromal cells, and extracellular matrix, along with soluble factors and signaling molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Induce1
  • Indeed, HIV-1 virus deleted of nef failed to induce cyclin D 1 mRNA to the level of other single gene mutant viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Arrest7
  • While exploring the molecular changes associated with strong ST efficacy in breast cancer cells, we observed that ST induced cell cycle arrest as well as cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ST caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest which was accompanied by a decrease in CDK4 and cyclin D1, and an increase in p21/Cip1and p27/Kip1 protein levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PMID: 10102234 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] 1: Exp Cell Res 2000 Feb 1;254(2):279-86 Cell cycle arrest induced by the vitamin D(3) analog EB1089 in NCI-H929 myeloma cells is associated with induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. (drlauda.at)
  • EB1089 (1 x 10(-8) M) efficiently induced G(1) arrest of the cell cycle. (drlauda.at)
  • Activation of p21 or p16 therefore causes cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)
  • The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)
  • This unrecognized transition previously, known as senescence after development arrest or SAGA today, is prompted in the CDK4/6 inhibitor-induced quiescent cell by the increased loss of MDM2 proteins and elevated focal localization from the chromatin-remodeling enzyme ATRX [17, 18]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
CyclinD1
  • 2. E2F is released when RB is phosphorylated by the cyclinD/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) complex, 3. (ctsqena.com)
Subunit2
  • 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 10 or gankyrin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PSMD10 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression and G1/S transition. (cancerindex.org)
Vitro5
  • The proliferative ability of MCF-7 cells treated with lovastatin was reduced compared to normal, and further decreased in the presence of excess BRCA1, detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and flow cytometry techniques in vitro or by 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in vivo. (nih.gov)
  • These results suggest prominent in vitro anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of ST in MDA-MB-231 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. (lookformedical.com)
  • EB1089, a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analog, has been known to have potent antiproliferative properties in a variety of malignant cells in vitro and in vivo. (drlauda.at)
  • Further, a recent report on the effects of EOPK indicated that the oil has anti-obesity and hypolipidemic activity in vitro and in vivo , using 3 T3-L1 cells and high fat diet-fed rats [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
CDKI1
  • PCNA is a co-factor of cyclin-D and it makes a complex with cyclin-D, a cyclin dependent kinase (CDK), and a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI). (biomedcentral.com)
Tyrosine kinase1
  • PAPbeta, a protein that binds to and is phosphorylated by the non-receptor tyrosine kinase PYK2, contains several modular signaling domains including a pleckstrin homology domain, an SH3 domain, ankyrin repeats and an ARF-GAP domain. (embl.de)
Mutation1
Genes7
  • But when both of the RB1 genes are mutated or missing, a cell can grow unchecked. (yemialadeworld.com)
  • With CRISPR-U™, Ubigene has successfully edited over 3000 genes on more than 100 types of cell lines. (rc-crispr.com)
  • Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we ask whether the expression of HIV-1 genes in infected podocytes induces cyclin D 1 and phospho-pRb (Ser780) expression, hallmarks of cyclin D1-mediated G 1 → S phase progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Compared to controls, cultured podocytes expressing HIV-1 genes, and podocytes and tubular epithelium from hyperplastic nephrons in Tg26 kidneys, had increased levels of phospho-pRb (Ser780), a target of active cyclin D 1 /cyclin-dependent kinase-4/6 known to promote G 1 → S phase progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After wanting to knockdown five different genes whose protein have been previously proven to inhibit MDM2 turnover [19], we present. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • This task can be accomplished by replacing tumor suppressor genes that have been lost or mutated, selectively inserting genes that produce cytotoxic substances, or modifying the immune system to destroy the tumor cells. (medscape.com)
LOCALIZATION1
  • Further, halofuginone inhibited the nuclear localization of NF-B and AP1, which are essential transcriptional activators of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), therefore reducing migration and invasiveness of these cells (21). (unambitiousus.com)
MRNA2
  • We also found that after JHDM1B KD, cells showed a higher ribosome content: which were engaged in mRNA translation. (oncotarget.com)
  • In the present study, we have investigated the possible association of HSP70-2 mRNA and protein expression with various stages, grades and histotypes of breast cancer patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibition6
  • Conclusion: Combination of fucoidan with silencing of PrP c has a synergic effect on the inhibition of HT29 colon cancer cell growth. (iiarjournals.org)
  • In MDA-MB-231 cells, ST caused a significant dose-dependent cell growth inhibition by 31- 63% (p ≤ 0.0001) in 48 h and 40-50% (p ≤ 0.0001) in 72 h. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, EOPK suppressed PAK1 expression in a dose-dependent manner, and this suppression of PAK1 led to inhibition of ERK, AKT, and β-catenin activities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Given the high frequency of DDX5 amplification in breast cancer, our results highlight DDX5 as a promising candidate for targeted therapy of breast tumors with DDX5 amplification, and indeed we show that DDX5 inhibition sensitizes a subset of breast cancer cells to trastuzumab. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Many Rb-positive Posaconazole cells leave the cell routine after CDK4/6 inhibition [10C16]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • Your choice of the tumor cell to senesce after CDK4/6 inhibition is manufactured following the cell provides withdrawn in the cell routine. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
Catalytic2
  • RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (lookformedical.com)
  • Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis. (lookformedical.com)
Cancers6
  • gene name abbreviated Rb, RB or RB1) is a tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in several major cancers. (yemialadeworld.com)
  • In the p16/cyclin D1/cdk4/pRb cell cycle regulatory cascade, the correlation between pRb and p16 is obvious in various cancers. (yemialadeworld.com)
  • We applied functional pathway analysis to show that HPV-positive cancers are characterised by perturbations of numerous cellular processes, predominantly in those linked to the cell cycle, mitosis, cytokine and immune cell signalling. (fortuneonline.org)
  • The crosstalk is regulated by tumor suppressor proteins, including ARF, P21 and FBXW7, which are also frequently mutated in many cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cancers Cell in press). (healthandwellnesssource.org)
  • The PD0332991-induced downregulation of MDM2 and entrance into senescence is normally observed in a variety of types of cancers cell lines, including those produced from well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (WD/DDLS), breasts cancer tumor, non-small cell lung cancers, and glioma [18]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
Synthesis4
Enzyme1
  • Choline kinase (ChoK), the enzyme responsible for the generation of phosphorylcholine (PCho) from its precursor choline, is the first enzyme in the Kennedy pathway that renders phosphatidylcholine as its final product. (aacrjournals.org)
Regulators3
  • B. Categories of oncogenes include growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transducers, nuclear regulators, and cell cycle regulators (Table 3.3). (ctsqena.com)
  • 4, Cell cycle regulators mediate progression through the cell cycle {e.g., cyctin and cyclin-dependent kinase). (ctsqena.com)
  • Cyclins function as regulators of CDK kinases. (genetex.com)
Progression through the cell cycle1
Bind4
Molecules2
  • The genetic information in eukaryotic cells is stored in linear DNA molecules known as chromosomes [ 1 ]. (actanaturae.ru)
  • Shortening of the 5'-terminus of the daughter strand, caused by the removal of the terminal RNA-primer and the subsequent incomplete replication of linear DNA molecules, is observed during the genome replication occurring upon cell fission. (actanaturae.ru)
Activity14
  • It is well established that statins display potent anticancer activity in several types of proliferating tumor cells. (nih.gov)
  • Then, the inhibitory activity of lovastatin on cancer cells and tumoral xenografts, and the underlying mechanism involving in cell-cycle regulatory proteins were analyzed. (nih.gov)
  • Cyclin A may also form a complex with the adenovirus oncoprotein E1A which has DNA binding activity. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • This kinase, as well as CDK4, has been shown to phosphorylate, and thus regulate the activity of, tumor suppressor protein Rb. (cancerindex.org)
  • Taken together, these data indicate that the reduction of JHDM1B leads to a more aggressive cellular phenotype in mammary gland cells, by virtue of its negative regulatory activity on ribosome biogenesis. (oncotarget.com)
  • The proper development and homeostasis of tissues and organs at the cellular level are ensured by a finely and timely regulated progression of the cell division cycle, which requires the perfectly harmonized activity of numerous protein kinases/phosphatases and regulatory proteins. (mdpi.com)
  • Also phosphorylates SMAD3 in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and represses its transcriptional activity. (ayassbioscience.com)
  • Component of the ternary complex, cyclin D/CDK4/CDKN1B, required for nuclear translocation and activity of the cyclin D-CDK4 complex. (ayassbioscience.com)
  • Enlargement , polymorphism , polychromasia , increased cell count and/or enlarged nucleoli are all signs of increased activity of nuclei . (amboss.com)
  • Stem cells are characterized by a lower telomerase activity, which enables only partial compensation for the shortening of telomeres. (actanaturae.ru)
  • Somatic cells are usually characterized by the absence of telomerase activity. (actanaturae.ru)
  • However, this activity is regulated in an androgen receptor (AR) dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, by comparing the activity of normal cell lines and cancer cell lines after treating with resveratrol, it was found that resveratrol has more significant cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. (mdpi.com)
  • Like Ras, ARFs are active in their GTP-bound form, and their duration of activity is controlled by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), which assist ARFs in hydrolyzing GTP to GDP. (embl.de)
Tumor suppressor3
Substrates1
  • HAUSP is normally a deubiquitinase that binds to gets rid of and MDM2 ubiquitin from Posaconazole it, stabilizing the proteins and and can ubiquitinate various other substrates [20, 21]. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
Activate1
  • HMGB1 can activate a series of signaling components, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and AKT, which play an important role in tumor growth and inflammation, through binding to different surface receptors, such as RAGE and TLR2/4. (biomedcentral.com)
INK4a1
  • p16 (INK4a/CDKN2A) is a cell cycle regulatory protein that is overexpressed in cervical dysplasia related to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. (yemialadeworld.com)
Family of proteins2
  • Heat shock family of proteins (HSPs) is proposed to play pivotal role in breast tumor development owing to their intrinsic molecular chaperone properties [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The p21 activated kinase (PAK) family of proteins has been identified as a novel target for cancer therapies [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulates3
Epithelial cells5
  • We studied the consequences of stable inducible JHDM1B silencing in cell lines derived from transformed and untransformed mammary epithelial cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining is seen in dysplastic squamous cervical epithelial cells infected with HPV, but not in normal cells. (yemialadeworld.com)
  • Epithelial cells have a specific microscopic structure with different lateral , apical, and basal membrane domains. (amboss.com)
  • A benign tumor that arises from glandular epithelial cells. (amboss.com)
  • Expression of p63 is almost exclusively restricted to epithelial cells, mutations in this gene are infrequent, and its expression is increased in a variety of solid tumors, particularly those of the head and neck area 12,13 . (bvsalud.org)
Highly conserved2
  • from Int J Paediatr Dent 2000 Dec;10(4):328-34) The X-linked form is also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome and involves the gene which encodes a highly conserved protein called dyskerin. (lookformedical.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. (genetex.com)
Replication3
  • The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) to produce two daughter cells. (ptgcn.com)
  • We applied an assay that measures the stability of maintenance of an episomal plasmid in human tissue culture cells to screen for new DNA replication factors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Understanding how DNA replication is regulated in human cells can provide insight into cancer development and may reveal vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically. (aacrjournals.org)
Subsequently4
  • Subsequently, a compromised proteasome complex assembly and function lead to reduced proteolytic activities and the accumulation of damaged or misfolded protein species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Materials and Methods: PrP c expression was suppressed in HT29 human colon cancer cells by utilizing small-interfering RNA (si-PRNP), and cells were subsequently used to study the antiproliferative and anticancer effects of fucoidan treatment of HT29 human colon cancer cells. (iiarjournals.org)
  • FRMD8 interacts separately with CDK7 and CDK4, and it disrupts the interaction of CDK7 with CDK4, subsequently inhibiting CDK4 activation. (bvsalud.org)
  • The cells subsequently enter a state of crisis, accompanied by massive cell death. (actanaturae.ru)
Tumors1
  • Choline kinase (ChoK) is increased in human mammary tumors with high incidence, and this activation is associated with clinical variable indicators of greater malignancy. (aacrjournals.org)
Ubiquitin-protea2
  • The proteasomes form a pivotal component for the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and corresponding cellular Protein Quality Control (PQC). (wikipedia.org)
  • As part of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), the proteasome maintains cardiac protein homeostasis and thus plays a significant role in cardiac ischemic injury, ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure. (wikipedia.org)
Sequential1
Alterations1
  • This study provides valuable insight into the chemopreventive efficacy and associated molecular alterations of ST in breast cancer cells whereas it had only moderate efficacy on lung cancer cells and did not show any considerable effect on skin cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)