• Apoptosis, ROS, ATP, Ca2+ levels in cells and rats, as well as renal tissue and functional injury in rats were detected respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • At the cellular level, overexpression of Mfn2 promoted cell proliferation, inhibited cell apoptosis, attenuated mitochondrial damage and Ca2+ overload, and ER stress. (bvsalud.org)
  • Concomitant with elevated Mfn2 expression in the kidney, reduced renal cell apoptosis, restored mitochondrial function, and reduced calcium overload. (bvsalud.org)
  • Further data demonstrated that frankincense, pine needle and geranium essential oils induced apoptosis, but did not affect cell cycle progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Consistent with the in vitro activities, frankincense essential oil was effective in inhibiting tumor growth and inducing tumor cell apoptosis in a human BC mouse model. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Moreover, it was also reported that extracts from pine needle inhibited apoptosis of the normal cells induced by a hydroxyl radical ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Moreover, we elucidated the regulatory AMPK/mTOR pathway involving essential oils in BC cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis development. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Western Blotting was used to determine the level of expression of CDC2 protein as measure to quantify down regulation of CDC2 expression along with use of flow cytometry to investigate effect of shRNAs on cell cycles and detection of apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Retroviral vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against CDC2 caused efficient deletion of CDC2, cellular G2/M arrest concluding in apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in human glioma cells U251 and SHG-44 cell lines ex vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With syntenin SDCBP, functions as a regulator of p53/TP53 and p53/TP53-dependent apoptosis. (fn-test.com)
  • Formation of active Hsp90/Cdc37 complex is one of the essential steps for facilitation of chaperone client interaction, non-assembly of which can lead to prevention of the chaperone-client association resulting in apoptosis of tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, increasing evidence suggests a role of UBQLNs in diverse types of cancers due to their activities in the modulation of important players of cell cycle, apoptosis, membrane receptors, DNA repairs, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and miRNAs. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Activating transcription factor-(ATF-) 3, a stress-inducible transcription factor, is rapidly upregulated under various stress conditions and plays an important role in inducing cancer cell apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
  • First, we found that GS-002 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in dose-dependent manners. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, we found that GS-002 induced more cell apoptosis in ATF-3-overexpressing cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Tight control of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells exists to control proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis. (benthamscience.com)
  • Differentiation and apoptosis have cell cycle withdraw in common, while cancer and degenerative processes both show altered control of the cell cycle. (benthamscience.com)
  • Low PDCD4 level was associated with reduced proliferation but not apoptosis or phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase caused by pulsatile shear stress to help maintain the homeostasis of endothelial cells. (plos.org)
  • Mechanistically, over-expression of PTTG3P up-regulated PTTG1, activated PI3K/AKT signaling and its downstream signals including cell cycle progression, cell apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings suggest that CHOP is a fundamental factor that links protein misfolding in the ER to oxidative stress and apoptosis in β cells under conditions of increased insulin demand. (jci.org)
  • In the present study, we assessed the possible effects of frankincense, pine needle and geranium essential oils on cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion as well as the possible mechanisms. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In the present study, we clearly revealed that frankincense, pine needle and geranium essential oils suppressed cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion in human BC MCF-7 cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In future, a better understanding of the cell cycle machinery and its deregulation during oncogenesis may provide novel opportunities for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of cancer and other proliferation-related diseases. (unibas.ch)
  • The cell cycle is the process of accurate self-reproduction and proliferation of a cell. (intechopen.com)
  • Misregulation of the cell cycle may result in malignant cell proliferation, tumorigenesis or cell death. (intechopen.com)
  • Down-regulation of EIF5B significantly decreased proliferation and invasiveness of the HCC cells. (techscience.com)
  • The regulated expression and degradation of proteins are critical to all aspects of cell development and proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In each of these diseases, genes that play a role in the proliferation or activation of CD8+ T cells have been found to be affected by epigenetic modifications. (frontiersin.org)
  • Low power laser irradiation (LPLI) promotes proliferation of multiple cells, which (especially red and near infrared light) is mainly through the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the initiation of cellular signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell proliferation is a very important physiological effect for low power laser irradiation (LPLI) used in clinical practice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the mechanisms of cell proliferation induced by LPLI are poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently, a large number of signaling proteins reported play an important key role in the process of LPLI-induced cell proliferation, probably due to the fact that the molecular events they are involved in are the basic response of the cells to extracellular stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cellular senescence is a fundamental cellular program that is activated after a finite number of cell divisions and operates to avoid further cell proliferation. (plos.org)
  • These are responsible for abnormal gene expression, resulting in increased cancer cell proliferation and escape from immune surveillance, which can speed up the process of development into HCC. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • Instead ErbB3 silencing or nucleolar stress reduce cell proliferation and affect cell cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These data point to the existence of an ErbB3-mediated non canonical pathway that glioblastoma cells use to control ribosomes synthesis and cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nucleolar activity is also influenced by the interaction between pathways activated from extracellular signals in order to coordinate ribosome synthesis and cell proliferation [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ATF-3 induces DNA synthesis and expression of cyclin D1 in hepatocytes [ 21 ] and is involved in serum-induced cell proliferation as a target gene of c-myc [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • However, the underlying mechanisms involved in the induction of genomic instability, genotoxicity, mutations and consequent increased cell proliferation are still a matter of intense research. (benthamscience.com)
  • AKT prevents cell death by inactivating proapoptotic factors including BAD, procaspase-9 and Forkhead transcription factor family proteins (FOXOs), activates transcription factors that upregulate antiapoptotic genes, including NF-kB, inactivates p53 through Mdm2, and phosphorylates the cell cycle inhibitors p21 CIP1/WAF1 and p27 KIP1 , thus increasing cell proliferation (Hennessy et al. (ebrary.net)
  • While AKT phosphorylates multiple downstream targets (see above), the emerging picture is that the ability of AKT to coordinate mitogenic and nutrient-sensing pathways controlling protein synthesis is a key mechanism by which AKT regulates cell proliferation. (ebrary.net)
  • Ample evidence shows that pro-atherosclerotic disturbed flow induces sustained activation of atherogenic genes in endothelial cells to promote their oxidation, inflammation, cell cycle progression and proliferation, whereas pulsatile shear stress tends to maintain endothelial cells in a quiescent and less proliferative state with a low level of oxidation and inflammation [16] , [17] . (plos.org)
  • Enforced expression of PTTG3P significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, as well as tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • EIF5B (Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5B) is a conserved eukaryotic translation factor that mediates association of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits during eukaryotic translation initiation, and modulates the cell cycle progression by regulating the translation of upstream open reading frames (uORF)-containing mRNAs such as p27 and p21 [ 3 ]. (techscience.com)
  • Subsequently, mTOR phosphorylates key eukaryotic translation regulators, including p70-S6 kinase (p70S6K) and the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) (Hay and Sonenberg 2004). (ebrary.net)
  • It can also compete with eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)4G and RNA for eIF4A binding and trap eIF4A in an inactive conformation to inhibit translation initiation via its two highly conserved MA3 domains [3] - [6] . (plos.org)
  • In most metazoans, GCN2 is one of the four known kinases that phosphorylate eukaryotic initiation factor 2, α subunit (eIF2α) to inhibit translation initiation [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mitotic cell cycle progression is accomplished through a reproducible sequence of events, DNA replication (S phase) and mitosis (M phase) separated temporally by gaps known as G1 and G2 phases. (kegg.jp)
  • To promote progression towards DNA replication, CDK/cyclin complexes phosphorylate proteins required for the activation of genes involved in DNA synthesis, as well as components of the DNA replication machinery. (unibas.ch)
  • In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
  • However, we still do not fully understand how the pathways that control cell growth are coupled to the cell cycle machinery that controls DNA replication and division. (noorderlink.nl)
  • Moreover, we show that the Polycomb protein BMI1 interacts with CDC6, an essential regulator of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. (plos.org)
  • The S. cerevisiae ORC binds to specific DNA sequences throughout the cell cycle but becomes active only when it binds to the replication initiator Cdc6. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The results illuminate the molecular mechanism of a critical biochemical step in the licensing of eukaryotic replication origins. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Functional and pathway enrichment analysis showed that up-regulated genes were significantly involved in cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, DNA replication and p53 signaling pathway, while down-regulated genes were enriched in Huntington's disease,metabolic pathways. (oncotarget.com)
  • The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)
  • Maintaining genomic integrity is of utmost importance to eukaryotic cells, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure speed, accuracy, and an adequate pool of nucleotide and replication factors as well as high-fidelity repair pathways to correct errors occurring during DNA replication. (bmj.com)
  • In the presence of errors or damage during DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoint nodes and repair machinery work in concert to retard cell cycle progression until sufficient repair has been achieved. (bmj.com)
  • Any obstacles encountered by cells in this process can lead to 'replicative stress' ( Figure 1 ), 1 which may be overcome by replicative stress response proteins, but deficiencies in this response result in accumulated errors in DNA replication and loss of genomic integrity, which lead to cell death. (bmj.com)
  • Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process. (openstax.org)
  • If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA. (openstax.org)
  • Downstream targets of CDKs include transcription factor E2F and its regulator Rb. (kegg.jp)
  • The cell division cycle of the unicellular eukaryote Trypanosome brucei is tightly regulated despite the paucity of transcriptional control that results from the arrangement of genes in polycistronic units and lack of dynamically regulated transcription factors. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • The activation, differentiation, and development of CD8+ T cells can be affected by numerous inflammatory cytokines, transcription factors, and chemokines. (frontiersin.org)
  • Various cytokines, transcription factors, and other regulatory molecules have been found to be differentially methylated in CD8+ T cells in autoimmune diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • The activation, differentiation, and development of CD8+ T cells is accompanied by large-scale changes in the coordinated expression of numerous inflammatory cytokines, transcription factors (TFs) and chemokines that are correlated with their survival, effector function, and self-renewal ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We have shown that anchoring of Hog1 to osmoresponsive promoters by the transcription factor is essential for recruitment and activation of RNA polymerase II, a mechanism that might be conserved among eukaryotic cells. (upf.edu)
  • Rpd3 histone deacetylase, SAGA and Mediator complexes were identified as novel regulators of osmostress-mediated transcription. (upf.edu)
  • Nrf2 is a master eukaryotic redox-active factor and belongs to Cap 'n' Collar (Cnc)-bZIP (basic leucine zipper) family of transcription factors. (springer.com)
  • Tumor suppressors, oncogenes and alternatively deregulated upstream signalling pathways can directly influence the RNA polymerase I activity inducing hyper activation of rRNA transcription in cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is an important tumor suppressor in the development of various human cancers [1] and inhibits translation rather than transcription. (plos.org)
  • Transcription factors (TFs) are critical for B-cell differentiation, affecting gene expression both by repres- sion and transcriptional activation. (lu.se)
  • Cell cycle regulated changes in phosphorylation site abundance (917 sites, average 5- fold change) were more widespread and of a larger magnitude than changes in protein abundance (443 proteins, average 2-fold change) and were mostly independent of each other. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Hierarchical clustering of co-regulated phosphorylation sites according to their cell cycle profile revealed that a bulk increase in phosphorylation occurs across the cell cycle, with a significant enrichment of known cell cycle regulators and RNA binding proteins (RBPs) within the largest clusters. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Cell cycle regulated changes in essential cell cycle kinases are temporally co-ordinated with differential phosphorylation of components of the kinetochore and eukaryotic initiation factors, along with many RBPs not previously linked to the cell cycle such as eight PSP1-C terminal domain containing proteins. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Subsequently, a different set of CDK/cyclin complexes triggers the phosphorylation of numerous proteins to promote the profound structural reorganizations that accompany the entry of cells into mitosis. (unibas.ch)
  • In the glioma cells, EIF5B promotes cell survival by enhancing the translation of several IRES-containing mRNAs including those encoding anti-apoptotic proteins such as XIAP and Bcl-xL [ 4 ]. (techscience.com)
  • These genes are involved in T cell regulation, including interferons, interleukin (IL),tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as well as linker for activation of T cells (LAT), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), and adapter proteins. (frontiersin.org)
  • LPLI-induced cell cycle progression can be regulated by the activation or elevated expressions of cell cycle-specific proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In vivo studies further confirmed the inhibitory effect of celastrol on the expression of HIF-1α proteins, leading to a decreased growth of Hep3B cells in a xenograft tumor model. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The antiviral dsRNA-binding proteins, NF90/NF110, act as key regulators in circRNA biogenesis. (ijbs.com)
  • Our results suggest that in young cells Polycomb proteins are recruited to the INK4/ARF locus through CDC6 and the resulting silent locus is replicated during late S-phase. (plos.org)
  • Evidence supporting the direct control of the cell cycle by Pc-G proteins in vertebrates came from studies on mouse Bmi1 mutants. (plos.org)
  • The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
  • However it is also involved in the maturation and stabilization of a wide range of oncogenic client proteins which are crucial for oncogenesis and malignant progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is one of the most abundant proteins in the eukaryotic cells comprising 1-2% of total proteins under non-stress conditions [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Generally, these receptors explain their function on the cell membrane where, after the binding with growth factors or neuregulin undergo to homo or hetero oligomerization with the activation of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and the subsequent recruitment of proteins involved in the cytoplasmic signalling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nevertheless, the mechanisms of how UBQLNs are involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression are fragmented or contradictory, making it difficult to assess the contribution of such a family of proteins to the network of human cancers. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is a self-protective mechanism resulting from an imbalance in quality control of unfolded proteins when cells are stressed, which plays an active role in lung cancer development, but the relationship between ERS and the pathological characteristics and clinical prognosis of LUAD patients remains unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • GS-002 also induced endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress as evidenced by increases in ER stress-responsive proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153), phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α (eIF2 α ), phosphorylated protein endoplasmic-reticular-resident kinase (PERK), and ATF-3. (hindawi.com)
  • Silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) proteins, or sirtuins, are protein deacetylases dependent on nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and are found in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In CKD patients or obstructive mice model, we observed that Plk1, a critical mitotic regulator, was upregulated in kidneys. (nature.com)
  • CSN5 knockdown caused mitotic defects, G2/M arrest and apoptotic cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Strategies that increase replicative stress while lowering cell cycle checkpoint thresholds may allow unrepaired DNA damage to be inappropriately carried forward in replicating cells, leading to mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (bmj.com)
  • Cellular differentiation - A concept in developmental biology whereby less specialized cells become a more specialized cell type in multicellular organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • When a cell switches state from one cell type to another, it undergoes cellular differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • At present, much research is focused on elucidating the links between CDK/cyclin complexes and signal transduction pathways controlling cell growth, differentiation and death. (unibas.ch)
  • Sequential rounds of division and differentiation give rise to an enormous amplification of cell numbers, necessary for the production of mature blood cells. (justia.com)
  • This process of division and differentiation is subject to regulation at many levels to control cell production. (justia.com)
  • The Draviam lab aims to understand the molecular principles that govern cell division and the consequence of its failure when cells transition between states during differentiation. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • Together with MSD, the project aims to focus on developing AI methods to track iPSC (induced Pluripotent Stem Cells) differentiation to neural precursors, astrocytes and neurons. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • During the process of differentiation, quiescence and senescence are two cell dormancy states with distinct cell fates and transcriptomic statuses. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • May play an important role in brain development and function, and in skeletal muscle stem cell differentiation. (fn-test.com)
  • Expression of HDAC8 is restricted to cells showing smooth muscle differentiation in normal human tissue and is a novel marker of smooth muscle differentiation. (transcriptionfactor.org)
  • In this study, highly purified, flow-cytometry sorted, classified in relation to normal B-cell differentiation [1]. (lu.se)
  • Cyclin-CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1, are involved in the negative regulation of CDK activities, thus providing a pathway through which the cell cycle is negatively regulated. (kegg.jp)
  • Preclinical studies have found that regulation of ER stress can delay the progression of multiple degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • The MSB group, part of the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), aims at generating a systems-level understanding of cellular metabolism (Prof. Matthias Heinemann), growth regulation by signaling pathways (Prof. Andreas Milias-Argeitis) and the regulation of cell division mechanisms (Dr Julia Kamenz). (noorderlink.nl)
  • Down-regulation of EIF5B also increased the sensitivity of HCC cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). (techscience.com)
  • Abnormalities in cell cycle regulation are reported to be strongly associated with tumorigenesis and progression of tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Its mechanism and regulation of its frequency by Clb2-Cdk, suggest the hypothesis that intrinsically autonomous Cdc14 release cycles are locked at once per cell cycle through entrainment by the cyclin-Cdk oscillator. (rockefeller.edu)
  • This important manuscript reveals signatures of co-evolution of two nucleosome remodeling factors, Lsh/HELLS and CDCA7, which are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic DNA methylation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Rapid growth and division of cells in tumors are correlated with intensive nucleolar metabolism as a response to oncogenic factors overexpression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although PDCD4 in general suppresses the development and progression of tumors, its specific biological functions differ by cell type [8] . (plos.org)
  • B-cell lymphomas (BCLs) constitute a diverse set of tially identify new functional, diagnostic, and therapeutic tumors, both morphologically and clinically, that are mainly targets. (lu.se)
  • In this study, we investigated the functional role of eukaryotic initiation factor 5B (EIF5B) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying mechanisms. (techscience.com)
  • Therefore, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying HCC growth and progression is necessary to develop more effective treatment strategies for HCC. (techscience.com)
  • However, the underlying mechanisms by whichEIF5B promotes HCC progression are poorly understood. (techscience.com)
  • The cell cycle is a complex process with myriad genes involved and elaborate and complex signaling mechanisms to allow for this critical cellular process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CD8+ T cells, also called cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), are one subtype of T cell ( 6 ), characterized by robust production of interferon (IFN)-γ and cytolytic activities via perforin (PRF)/granzymes (GZM) or Fas mechanisms to kill target cells ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • However, tumor-specific T-cell responses are difficult to mount and sustain in cancer patients, and are limited by numerous immune escape mechanisms of tumor cells selected during immunoediting. (aacrjournals.org)
  • While the contribution of these mechanisms to cell and tissue identity is widely accepted, their role in physiological and pathological contexts within tissues is just beginning to be appreciated. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The elucidation of the dysregulated molecular mechanisms driving HNSCC progression may afford a unique opportunity to identify novel targeted treatment options for HNSCC therapy and prevention. (ebrary.net)
  • The timing of events in the cell cycle is controlled by mechanisms that are both internal and external to the cell. (openstax.org)
  • In addition, Plk1 also prevented partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (pEMT) of tubular epithelial cells via autophagy pathway. (nature.com)
  • In conclusion, the present study indicated that frankincense, pine needle and geranium essential oils were involved in the progression of BC cells possibly through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In particular, we still lack an overview of i) which pathway components are implicated in this coupling and ii) which cell cycle phases and processes they affect. (noorderlink.nl)
  • In the HCC cells, activation of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway and IkB phosphorylation was significantly reduced by EIF5B silencing. (techscience.com)
  • The two main routes for eukaryotic intracellular protein clearance are the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagy-lysosome pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, changes in the extracellular osmotic conditions are sensed by the HOG MAPK pathway, which elicits the program for cell adaptation, including modulation of gene expression, translation and cell-cycle progression. (upf.edu)
  • Involved in actin dynamics and cell cycle progression, mRNA decay and probably in a pathway involved in stress response and maintenance of cell wall integrity. (fn-test.com)
  • It was suggested that the ERS signaling pathway also plays an active part in cancer progression [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In breast cancer, ATF-3 enhances cancer cell-initiating features [ 22 ] and is associated with activation of the canonical Wnt/ β -catenin pathway [ 23 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The General Control Nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) kinase is a conserved member of the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway that represses protein translation and helps cells to adapt to conditions of nutrient shortage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the present study, we investigated the relationship of gene expression profiles with malignant progression of human glioma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Notably, circRNAs display cell-type, tissue-type and developmental-stage specific expression patterns in eukaryotic transcriptome, which reveals their significant regulatory functions in gene expression. (ijbs.com)
  • More importantly, circRNAs serve as microRNA (miRNA) sponges and crucial regulators of gene expression. (ijbs.com)
  • Markedly, we found that suppression of HIF-1α accumulation by celastrol correlated with strong dephosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its effectors, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), pathways known to regulate HIF-1α expression at the translational level. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. (kegg.jp)
  • For this reason, the growth and cell division cycle of all eukaryotic cells, from baker's yeast to mammalian cells, are tightly regulated by several conserved signaling pathways that interact with each other. (noorderlink.nl)
  • Using budding yeast as a model organism, our goal in this project is to systematically identify and characterize components of the main growth-regulatory pathways (TORC1, TORC2, PKA and AMPK) that have the strongest effects on cell cycle progression. (noorderlink.nl)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • The induction of ATF-3 expression was mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in GS-002-treated cells. (hindawi.com)
  • A multitude of pathways control cyclin-dependent kinase activities as the major event for cell cycle progression. (benthamscience.com)
  • The results suggest that the roles for the two factors in DNA methylation maintenance pathways can be traced back to the last eukaryotic common ancestor and that the CDC7A-HELLS-DNMT axis shaped the evolutionary retention of DNA methylation in eukaryotes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Passage through the cell cycle requires the successive activation of different cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs). (unibas.ch)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • Also described as a cellular cofactor of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) Rex protein and of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev protein, essential for mRNA export of retroviral transcripts. (fn-test.com)
  • Hsp90 (Heat-shock protein 90 kDa) is one of a group of molecular chaperones responsible for managing protein folding and quality control in cell environment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, the control of ribosome assembly and protein synthesis is essential for the survival of cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this context, during any sort of stress condition the alternative reading frame protein p14ARF subtracts MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, from the interaction with p53 in manner to free and stabilise p53 level in the nucleolus of the cell where it inhibits RNA polymerase I activity [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, if the stress on the ER is chronic or severe and quality control of protein folding cannot be met, ER activates its stress receptor, the unfolded protein response, which triggers programmed cell death [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two biochemical processes, protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and ubiquitin-mediated degradation drive cell cycle control. (benthamscience.com)
  • Application of unidirectional pulsatile shear stress to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) decreased PDCD4 protein but not mRNA level. (plos.org)
  • As at the G 1 checkpoint, cell size and protein reserves are assessed. (openstax.org)
  • Recent studies indicate that nutrient fluctuations and insulin resistance increase proinsulin synthesis in β cells beyond the capacity for folding of nascent polypeptides within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, thereby disrupting ER homeostasis and triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR). (jci.org)
  • The major risk factors associated with HCC development and progression include chronic hepatitis B or C virus infections, high alcohol consumption, and activation of oncogenes [ 2 ]. (techscience.com)
  • The 19S regulator is composed of a base, which contains 6 ATPase subunits and 2 non-ATPase subunits, and a lid, which contains up to 10 non-ATPase subunits. (nih.gov)
  • We conclude that CSN2 is required for CSN integrity and the stability of individual CSN subunits, and postulate that CSN2 loss results in a phenotype distinct from that of cells lacking CSN5 possibly as a consequence of altered CSN5 activity within a resultant CSN subcomplex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Greater than 95% knockdown of the non-catalytic subunit CSN2 and the deneddylating subunit CSN5 of the CSN was achieved in the human myeloid progenitor cell line K562. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Loss of either CSN subunit dramatically reduced cell growth but resulted in distinct patterns of cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we examined the antitumor effects of GS-002 in human hepatoma Hep3B and HepG2 cells in vitro . (hindawi.com)
  • This autonomous Cdc14 release oscillator functions at constant cyclin-Cdk levels by titrated introduction of undegradable Clb2, and at cell-cycle-average Clb2 levels given a block of cell cycle progression by actin depolymerization. (rockefeller.edu)
  • When fast-dividing mammalian cells are grown in culture (outside the body under optimal growing conditions), the length of the cycle is about 24 hours. (openstax.org)
  • In the eukaryotic cells the production of ribosomes takes place in the nucleolus, a specialized subnuclear compartment where the RNA Polymerase I (RNA Pol I) catalyses the ribosomal RNA synthesis (rRNA). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The latter overrides the repressing activity of 4E-BP1 on the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), resulting in enhanced translation of a subset of growth promoting genes (Hay and Sonenberg 2004). (ebrary.net)
  • Dysfunctions of long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) have been associated with the initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the clinicopathologic significance and potential role of lncRNA PTTG3P (pituitary tumor-transforming 3, pseudogene) in HCC remains largely unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tissues - A collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the present study, we investigated the expression profile and prognostic potential of EIF5B in HCC tissues and cell lines. (techscience.com)
  • Autoimmune diseases are usually complex and multifactorial, characterized by aberrant production of autoreactive immune cells and/or autoantibodies against healthy cells and tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • Autoimmune diseases are complex diseases characterized by the loss of immunological tolerance to self-antigens and sustained aberrant immunological response against healthy cells and tissues, leading ultimately to the overproduction of autoreactive immune cells and/or autoantibodies ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The light must be absorbed by the endogenous chromophores of cells or tissues for actions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mechanochemical Principles of Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Cells and Tissues. (mpi-cbg.de)
  • Patterns are ubiquitous in living systems and underlie the dynamic organization of cells, tissues, and embryos. (mpi-cbg.de)
  • Cell biology research extends to both the great diversities of single-celled organisms like bacteria and the complex specialized cells in multicellular organisms like humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell - The structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell theory - The scientific theory which states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endosymbiotic theory - The evolutionary theory that certain eukaryotic organelles originated as separate prokaryotic organisms which were taken inside the cell as endosymbionts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unicellular - Organisms which are composed of only one cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multicellular - Organisms consisting of more than one cell and having differentiated cells that perform specialized functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eukaryote - Organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures enclosed within membranes, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protist - A highly variable kingdom of eukaryotic organisms which are mostly unicellular and not plants, animals, or fungi. (wikipedia.org)
  • Single cells and organisms may adapt to harmful oxidative stress conditions, through stress-activated factors. (springer.com)
  • To reveal the roles of CDC2/Cyclin B1 in human malignant gliomas, CDC2 in glioma cell line, it was down-regulated by retrovirus vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) ex vivo and in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we explored the role of Plk1 in the classical kidney fibrosis model, UUO, and cultured fibroblast and renal tubular epithelial cells by using specific Plk1 inhibitors, genetic silencing, and heterozygous global knockout mice. (nature.com)
  • Overexpression of Mfn2 in NRK-52E rat renal tubular epithelial cells and rats, then we constructed hypoxia reoxygenation (H/R) cells and I/R rat model. (bvsalud.org)
  • In humans, the frequency of cell turnover ranges from a few hours in early embryonic development, to an average of two to five days for epithelial cells, and to an entire human lifetime spent in G 0 by specialized cells, such as cortical neurons or cardiac muscle cells. (openstax.org)
  • The lipid bilayer is a critical component of the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, targeting fibroblast cell activation and pEMT are critical strategies for attenuating fibrosis. (nature.com)
  • The nucleolus is a subnuclear, non-membrane bound domain that is the hub of ribosome biogenesis and a critical regulator of cell homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We performed a genome-wide genetic screening searching for mutations that render cells osmosensitive and displayed reduced expression of osmoresponsive genes. (upf.edu)
  • Nonetheless, as discussed above, new studies have shown that an alteration of UBQLNs expression levels and/or a formation of proteinaceous UBQLNs-containing cytoplasmic aggregates are certain conditions that lead to abnormal cell growth and genome instability [ 13 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Most of the eukaryotic genome is transcribed, yielding a complex network of transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We mapped all estrogen receptor and RNA polymerase II binding sites on a genome-wide scale, identifying the authentic cis binding sites and target genes, in breast cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • Cell biology can be described as all of the following: Branch of science - A systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell biology - (formerly cytology) The study of cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to its key role in the eukaryotic cell cycles, Plk1 has been one of the most validated drug targets for cancer treatment. (nature.com)
  • Therefore, hematopoietic stem cells mobilized into a subject's peripheral blood by the method of the invention is useful as a source of donor cells in bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of a variety of disorders, including cancer, anemia, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. (justia.com)
  • Furthermore, EIF5B knockdown suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype. (techscience.com)
  • These data suggest that EIF5B functions as an oncogene that promotes cancer cell growth, survival, and progression. (techscience.com)
  • Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process involved in cancer metastasis wherein cancer cells with epithelial characteristics acquire mesenchymal characteristics such as increased motility, invasion, and survival [ 6 ]. (techscience.com)
  • Furthermore, cancer cells undergoing EMT phenotypic changes also acquire drug resistance [ 7 ]. (techscience.com)
  • A subset of cancer cells undergoing EMT acquire characteristics of stem cells and are designated as cancer stem cells (CSCs) [ 8 ]. (techscience.com)
  • High-risk types (e.g., types 16 and 18) can cause low-grade cervical cell abnormalities, high-grade cervical cell abnormalities that are precursors to cancer, and cancers ( 5 - 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Celastrol showed a potent inhibitory activity against HIF-1 activation induced by hypoxia in various human cancer cell lines. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • There is increasing evidence that T cells are able to control tumor growth and survival in cancer patients, both in early and late stages of the disease. (aacrjournals.org)
  • An alternative approach to engage T cells for cancer therapy are antibodies, which are bispecific for a surface target antigen on cancer cells, and for CD3 on T cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • These are capable of connecting any kind of cytotoxic T cell to a cancer cell, independently of T-cell receptor specificity, costimulation, or peptide antigen presentation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The concept of using such bispecific antibodies to engage cytotoxic T cells for cancer cell lysis was shown by Staerz and colleagues ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Pioneering work by Kufer and colleagues ( 6 ) showed that CD3/target antigen-bispecific antibodies of this particular design had an exceptionally high potency, and could likewise engage CD8 + and CD4 + T cells for redirected lysis of cancer cells at very low effector to target (E:T) ratios. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Several members of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) family, have been identified in the nucleus and nucleolus of many cancer cells, but their function in these compartments remains unexplored. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The relationship between risk scores and tumor mutation burden (TMB), cancer stem cell index, and drug sensitivity was explored. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Patients in the high-risk group had worse overall survival, lower immune score and ESTIMATE score, higher TMB, higher cancer stem cell index, and higher sensitivity to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cancer Lett, 300:215-224.doi:10.1016/j. squamous cell carcinoma in north-eastern Iran. (who.int)
  • 99:209 -215.doi:10.1007/s11060 - 010 - 0129 -5 cell carcinoma-a population-based study in with and without cervical cancer in Tbilisi, Georgia. (who.int)
  • Likewise, bispecific antibodies for engagement of other cytotoxic immune cells were constructed, for instance, targeting Fcγ RI/CD64 on macrophages and Her2/neu or EGFR on tumor cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • GEP analyses were performed on highly purified, flow-cytometry sorted tumor-cells from eight subgroups of BCLs. (lu.se)
  • This enabled identification of TFs that can be uniquely associated to the tumor cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). (lu.se)
  • Treatment of vector control K562 cells with the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine and bafilomycin A1 recapitulated the growth kinetics, vacuolar morphology and LC3-II accumulation of CSN2 knockdown cells indicating that the cellular phenotype of CSN2 cells arises from autophagy inhibition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, mounting evidence has suggested that CD8+ T cells, in particular, play an important role in the induction, progression, pathogenesis, and protection for autoimmune diseases ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We investigated whether atheroprotective unidirectional pulsatile shear stress affects the expression of PDCD4 in endothelial cells. (plos.org)
  • En face co-immunostaining of the mouse aortic arch revealed a low level of PDCD4 in endothelial cells undergoing pulsatile shear stress. (plos.org)
  • However, the action of PDCD4 in endothelial cells is unclear. (plos.org)
  • Vascular endothelial cells, as a monolayer in direct contact with the flowing blood, bear the most of the wall shear stresses and have important homeostatic functions in response to stress [16] . (plos.org)
  • Small molecule inhibitors designed to target the DNA damage sensors, such as inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATR, CHK1 and WEE1, impair smooth cell cycle modulation and disrupt efficient DNA repair, or a combination of the above, have demonstrated interesting monotherapy and combinatorial activity, including the potential to reverse drug resistance and have entered developmental pipelines. (bmj.com)
  • Cell type - Distinct morphological or functional form of cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cellular respiration - The metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell or across the cell membrane to convert biochemical energy from fuel molecules into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and then release the cell's waste products. (wikipedia.org)
  • Project description: Cell growth and division are fundamental cellular processes whose proper coordination is essential for cell viability and organismal health. (noorderlink.nl)
  • Our work will elucidate a largely unexplored aspect of growth regulators, and contribute to our understanding of fundamental cellular processes which are intimately linked with human health. (noorderlink.nl)
  • CDKs regulate the cell's progression through the phases of the cell cycle by modulating the activity of key substrates. (kegg.jp)
  • In addition to the catalytic domain, eukaryotic sirtuins contain variable amino- and carboxy-terminal extensions that regulate their subcellular localizations and catalytic activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present invention relates generally to improved methods and pharmaceutical compositions for mobilizing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell from bone marrow into peripheral blood by administration of at least one inhibitor of a GTPase, such as Rac1 and/or Rac2 GTPase. (justia.com)
  • The various mature blood cell types are all ultimately derived from a single class of progenitor cell known as hematopoietic stem cells. (justia.com)
  • They can also be used for increasing white blood cell survival and for chemotherapy. (justia.com)
  • In both genetic and diet-induced models of insulin resistance, CHOP deficiency improved β cell ultrastructure and promoted cell survival. (jci.org)