• Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by meiotic cell division from gametes. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Initially the arrest is due to lack of sufficient cell cycle proteins to allow meiotic progression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Maintenance of meiotic arrest also depends on the presence of a multilayered complex of cells, known as a follicle, that surrounds the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mitotic metaphase, typically the chromosomes (each with 2 sister chromatid that they developed due to replication in the S phase of interphase) arranged and sister chromatids split and distributed towards daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Eukaryotic cell divisions can be classified as mitosis (equational division) and meiosis (reductional division). (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Oogenesis in Eukaryotic Cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable. (openstax.org)
  • The different stages of mitosis all together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle-the division of the mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The amitotic or mitotic cell division is more atypical and diverse in the various groups of organisms such as protists (namely diatoms, dinoflagellates etc.) and fungi. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The G 2 checkpoint bars entry into the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met. (openstax.org)
  • Because APE1/Ref-1 is expressed and elevated in prostate cancer, we sought to characterize APE1/Ref-1 expression and activity in human prostate cancer cell lines and determine the effect of selective reduction-oxidation (redox) function inhibition on prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo . (oncotarget.com)
  • Due to the role of oncogenic transcriptional activators NFĸB and STAT3 in survivin protein expression, and APE1/Ref-1 redox activity regulating their transcriptional activity, we assessed selective inhibition of APE1/Ref-1's redox function as a novel method to halt prostate cancer cell growth and survival. (oncotarget.com)
  • Our study demonstrates that survivin and APE1/Ref-1 are significantly higher in human prostate cancer specimens compared to noncancerous controls and that APE1/Ref-1 redox-specific inhibition with small molecule inhibitor, APX3330 and a second-generation inhibitor, APX2009, decreases prostate cancer cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest. (oncotarget.com)
  • Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process. (openstax.org)
  • These bone metastases produce osteoblastic lesions that are associated with high morbidity and high mortality [ 8 ] and attempts at delaying this tumor progression with chemotherapeutic agents have only prolonged survival a few months. (oncotarget.com)
  • If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA. (openstax.org)
  • A key feature of prostate cancer progression is the induction and activation of survival proteins, including the Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) family member survivin. (oncotarget.com)
  • [7] The cells that comprise the follicle, known as granulosa cells, are connected to each other by proteins known as gap junctions, that allow small molecules to pass between the cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species. (lookformedical.com)
  • The term mitosis refers specifically to the process whereby the nucleus of the parent cell splits into two identical nuclei prior to cell division. (visionlearning.com)
  • In meiosis, typically in Meiosis-I the homologous chromosomes are paired and then separated and distributed into daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Oocyte meiosis, important to all animal life cycles yet unlike all other instances of animal cell division, occurs completely without the aid of spindle -coordinating centrosomes . (wikipedia.org)
  • [5] Because the granulosa cells and oocyte are connected by gap junctions, cyclic GMP also decreases in the oocyte, causing meiosis to resume. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent trials have demonstrated improvements in progression-free and overall survival with the inclusion of the chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab (Rituxan) in chemotherapy regimens for treatment-naive and relapsed patients with advanced-stage follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). (cancernetwork.com)
  • Trials have demonstrated prolonged progression-free survival in patients treated with maintenance rituximab using a variety of schedules following treatment with single-agent rituximab, induction or salvage chemotherapy, or salvage therapy with rituximab and chemotherapy combinations. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Genta Incorporated announced the release of new survival analyses based on extended follow-up of patients in a randomized phase III trial of oblimersen sodium (Genasense) for relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). (cancernetwork.com)
  • Pharmion Corporation announced final data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial demonstrating that the addition of thalidomide (Thalomid) to standard treatment improves survival by 17.6 months in patients over age 75 newly diagnosed with multiple myeloma compared to standard treatment, consisting of melphalan and prednisone (MP) alone. (cancernetwork.com)
  • The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. (lookformedical.com)
  • a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis), and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be separated cleanly between cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes lead to mutations that may be passed forward to every new cell produced from an abnormal cell. (openstax.org)
  • In cell division, a cell makes a copy of its DNA and then separates itself into two identical cells - each with its own copy of DNA enveloped inside a nucleus. (visionlearning.com)
  • advanced organisms-including animals, plants, fungi, and protists-whose cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. (visionlearning.com)
  • mostly one-celled organisms, bacteria for example, whose cells do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. (visionlearning.com)
  • He began a series of live observations under the microscope using dyed samples of animal tissues and found that a particular mass of material inside the nucleus of cells absorbed the dye quite well. (visionlearning.com)
  • Did you know that every organ and tissue in your body was formed as the result of individual cells making copies of their DNA and separating themselves into two identical cells? (visionlearning.com)
  • New data from the largest clinical trial in newly diagnosed patients with a life-threatening form of leukemia showed that long-term use of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) can halt progression to advanced disease stages in the 6th year of treatment. (cancernetwork.com)
  • as a cell grows, it becomes inefficient due to its decreasing surface-to-volume ratio. (openstax.org)
  • Whatever the source of the message, the cell receives the signal, and a series of events within the cell allows it to proceed into interphase. (openstax.org)
  • The divisome is a protein complex in bacteria that is responsible for cell division, constriction of inner and outer membranes during division, and peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis at the division site. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • A tubulin-like protein, FtsZ plays a critical role in formation of a contractile ring for the cell division. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • As at the G 1 checkpoint, cell size and protein reserves are assessed. (openstax.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • For simple unicellular microorganisms such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction - an entire new organism is created. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The length of the cell cycle is highly variable, even within the cells of a single organism. (openstax.org)
  • Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) usually undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Luteinizing hormone acts on receptors in the outer layers of granulosa cells of the follicle, causing a decrease in cyclic GMP in the granulosa cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane of one cell into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • It is essential that the daughter cells produced be exact duplicates of the parent cell. (openstax.org)
  • From experiments in the 1870s to research more than 100 years later, scientists have made fascinating discoveries about the complex series of events that allow the cells in plants and animals, including humans, to grow and sustain life. (visionlearning.com)
  • In humans, the frequency of cell turnover ranges from a few hours in early embryonic development, to an average of two to five days for epithelial cells, and to an entire human lifetime spent in G 0 by specialized cells, such as cortical neurons or cardiac muscle cells. (openstax.org)
  • Most plant and animal cells replicate by splitting into two identical daughter cells. (visionlearning.com)
  • The human body experiences about 10 quadrillion cell divisions in a lifetime. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The cascade continued until several weeks later, millions of cells were dividing - powering the exponential pattern of growth that eventually formed all of the organs and tissues of your body. (visionlearning.com)
  • An event may be as simple as the death of a nearby cell or as sweeping as the release of growth-promoting hormones, such as human growth hormone (HGH). (openstax.org)
  • External influences, such as growth factors, play a large role in carrying the cell past the G 1 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
  • It's hard to imagine, but the cells present in a tiny embryo ultimately generate all of the cells that make up the body of an adult human being. (visionlearning.com)
  • In rapidly dividing human cells with a 24-hour cell cycle, the G 1 phase lasts approximately nine hours, the S phase lasts 10 hours, the G 2 phase lasts about four and one-half hours, and the M phase lasts approximately one-half hour. (openstax.org)
  • In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1). (lookformedical.com)
  • It started when a single cell cleaved into two parts, then quickly reorganized and split again into four new cells (Figure 1). (visionlearning.com)
  • The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc, recently announced the presentation of results from three phase III investigations of bortezomib used in various combinations, for initial treatment of patients with multiple myeloma. (cancernetwork.com)
  • The granulosa cells produce a small molecule, cyclic GMP , that diffuses into the oocyte through the gap junctions. (wikipedia.org)
  • The effect was that different parts of a cell would absorb more dye, in effect "highlighting" them, as in Figure 3, to reveal structures and processes that were invisible before. (visionlearning.com)
  • Figure 10.10 The cell cycle is controlled at three checkpoints. (openstax.org)
  • Moving forward from this initiation point, every parameter required during each cell cycle phase must be met or the cycle cannot progress. (openstax.org)
  • A cell that does not meet all the requirements will not be allowed to progress into the S phase. (openstax.org)
  • When fast-dividing mammalian cells are grown in culture (outside the body under optimal growing conditions), the length of the cycle is about 24 hours. (openstax.org)