Cell cycle checkpoints cells in different phases of the cell cycle. Medical search. Frequent questions

Proteins involved in the ATM-and-Rad3-related kinase (ATR)-dependent S-phase checkpoint response (Chk1 and Rad17) were also phosphorylated but not ataxia telengectasia mutated kinase. (nih.gov)
In response to DNA damage, a synthetic lethal relationship exists between the cell cycle checkpoint kinase MK2 and the tumor suppressor p53. (nature.com)
G 2 /M arrest was associated with DNA damage as indicated by phosphorylation of H 2 A.X at Ser139 and activation of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) in all the three cell lines. (aspetjournals.org)
Members of this kinase family have been shown to function in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint control following DNA damage. (bmj.com)
8 , 9 The protein is a member of a novel family of large proteins, which show sequence homology to the catalytic domain of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, 3 and are implicated in cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, and the response to DNA damage. (bmj.com)
As local cell density increases, tensile forces on E-cadherin adhesions are reduced, which prompts the accumulation of the G2 checkpoint kinase Wee1 and downstream inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdk1. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
In human monocytic cell lines U-937 and THP-1, LeTx induced cell cycle arrest in Go-Gi phase by rapid down-regulation of cyclin D1/D2 and checkpoint kinase 1 through MEK1 inhibition. (uwo.ca)
The mitotic kinase monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) is a key regulator of the Spindle assembly checkpoint, which ensures the correct chromosome segregation. (lu.se)
Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)

Regulatory signaling systems that control the progression of the CELL CYCLE through the G1 PHASE and allow transition to S PHASE when the cells are ready to undergo DNA REPLICATION. (umassmed.edu)
Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. (wikipedia.org)
Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. (wikipedia.org)
Progression through these checkpoints is largely determined by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by regulatory protein subunits called cyclins, different forms of which are produced at each stage of the cell cycle to control the specific events that occur therein. (wikipedia.org)
As the eukaryotic cell cycle is a complex process, eukaryotes have evolved a network of regulatory proteins, known as the cell cycle control system, which monitors and dictates the progression of the cell through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Those complexes, in turn, activate different downstream targets to promote or prevent cell cycle progression. (wikipedia.org)
The three pocket proteins are Retinoblastoma (Rb), p107, and p130, which bind to the E2F transcription factors to prevent progression past the G1 checkpoint. (wikipedia.org)
Positive feedback plays an essential role in regulating the progression from G1 to S phase, particularly involving the phosphorylation of Rb by a Cyclin/CDK protein complex. (wikipedia.org)
Epidemiologic, animal, and laboratory studies suggest that 5-amino-salicylic acid (5-ASA) protects from the development of CRC by altering cell cycle progression and by inducing apoptosis. (nih.gov)
In this study, we hypothesized that 5-ASA restrains cell cycle progression by activating checkpoint pathways in colorectal cell lines, which would prevent tumor development and improve genomic stability. (nih.gov)
Cell cycle progression, phosphorylation, and DNA binding of cell cycle checkpoint proteins were analyzed. (nih.gov)
We found that 5-ASA at concentrations between 10 and 40 mmol/L affects cell cycle progression by inducing cells to accumulate in the S phase. (nih.gov)
Treatment effects were assessed using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, western blot, cell viability, and cell cycle progression. (nih.gov)
Chk1 facilitates the arrest of cell cycle progression and the inhibition of replication origin firing. (caltech.edu)
We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. (frontiersin.org)
The molecular processes behind cell cycle progression have been dissected by numerous morphological studies on live or fixed single cells using a plethora of techniques to visualize components and processes during cell division. (frontiersin.org)
Generally, cells have to closely coordinate growth and cell cycle progression during proliferation to prevent premature division. (uni-muenchen.de)
Here, we demonstrate that the dNTPase activity of SAMHD1 is regulated by acetylation, which promotes cell cycle progression in cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
The first is a stochastic model of the progression of cell cycle states, which is applied to experimental data for two synchronized isogenic MMR + and MMR − colon cancer cell lines treated with and without IUdR. (aacrjournals.org)
For instance, DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoints delay cell cycle progression until each chromosome is fully replicated and physically intact. (rupress.org)
Here, we show that epithelial cells sense local cell density through mechanosensitive E-cadherin adhesions to control G2/M cell-cycle progression. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)

and the M (mitosis) phase, during which the duplicated chromosomes (known as the sister chromatids) separate into two daughter nuclei, and the cell divides into two daughter cells, each with a full copy of DNA. (wikipedia.org)
The term mitosis refers specifically to the process whereby the nucleus of the parent cell splits into two identical nuclei prior to cell division. (visionlearning.com)
Likewise, a checkpoint during mitosis ensures that the cell's spindle fibres are properly aligned in metaphase before the chromosomes are separated in anaphase. (britannica.com)
Similar to these drugs, eribulin is a microtubule inhibitor that induces apoptosis of cancer cells by stopping mitosis in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle . (shu.edu)
But what all these life forms have in common is that their genetic code is copied from cell to cell thanks to the process of mitosis, whereby the nucleus of a cell splits into two before the cell divides. (visionlearning.com)
The rate at which mitosis occurs depends on the cell type. (visionlearning.com)
This is linked to the lack of a functional G1/S-phase checkpoint, which allows the cells to enter the S-phase almost directly after mitosis. (uni-muenchen.de)
From late mitosis to the G1 phase of the cell cycle ORC CDC6 and Cdt1 form the machinery necessary to load MCM2-7 complexes onto DNA. (exposed-skin-care.net)
The G 2 gap phase further separates S-phase from mitosis, allowing for continued cell growth and maturation before cell division. (rupress.org)
Thus, the products of chromosome replication (sister chromatids) generated during S-phase must be identified over time until mitosis when sisters associate with the mitotic spindle and segregate away from each other into the newly forming daughter cells. (rupress.org)
After A is degraded, concentrations of cyclin B peak in M phase and the complex will activate the different stages of mitosis. (jove.com)
When B levels drop, the cell exits mitosis and divides. (jove.com)

The main mechanism of action of the cell cycle checkpoints is through the regulation of the activities of a family of protein kinases known as the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which bind to different classes of regulator proteins known as cyclins, with specific cyclin-CDK complexes being formed and activated at different phases of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
The E2F gene family is a group of transcription factors that target many genes that are important for control of the cell cycle, including cyclins, CDKs, checkpoint regulators, and DNA repair proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
The proteins that play a role in stimulating cell division can be classified into four groups- growth factors , growth factor receptors , signal transducers, and nuclear regulatory proteins ( transcription factors ). (britannica.com)
Cells use special proteins and checkpoint signaling systems to ensure that the cell cycle progresses properly. (britannica.com)
However, the cell cycle and its checkpoint systems can be sabotaged by defective proteins or genes that cause malignant transformation of the cell, which can lead to cancer . (britannica.com)
I'm using cell and molecular biology techniques, biochemistry as well as microscopy to characterise the plant SUN proteins. (brookes.ac.uk)
This includes finding out what other proteins the SUNs bind to and what functions they have during cell division. (brookes.ac.uk)
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a member of the DNA sliding clamp family of proteins that assist in DNA replication (6). (cellsignal.com)
Multiple proteins involved in DNA replication, DNA repair, and cell cycle control bind to PCNA rather than directly associating with DNA, thus facilitating fast processing of DNA (reviewed in 7). (cellsignal.com)
Furthermore, silibinin inhibited the migration and invasion abilities of YD10B and Ca9-22 cells by regulating the expression of proteins involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. (jcancer.org)
During this work, the function of the proteins Pes1, Bop1 and WDR12, which were shown previously to be involved in ribosome biogenesis of mature cell lines, was investigated in mouse ES cells. (uni-muenchen.de)
Localization of the proteins was predominantly nucleolar and the formation of a stable complex (PeBoW-complex), including all three proteins, was experimentally validated in mature mouse cells as well as in mouse ES cells. (uni-muenchen.de)
A cells cycle is positively regulated promoting progress through the stages via the interaction of two classes of proteins found in the cytoplasm. (jove.com)
The precise regulation of the levels of cyclin proteins is fundamental to coordinate cell division with checkpoints, avoiding genome instability. (ox.ac.uk)
Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)

Wu X, Song M, Qiu P, Li F, Wang M, Zheng J, Wang Q, Xu F, Xiao H. A metabolite of nobiletin, 4'-demethylnobiletin and atorvastatin synergistically inhibits human colon cancer cell growth by inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (umassmed.edu)
Bufalin induces G0/G1 phase arrest through inhibiting the levels of cyclin D, cyclin E, CDK2 and CDK4, and triggers apoptosis via mitochondrial signaling pathway in T24 human bladder cancer cells. (umassmed.edu)
If DNA damage or abnormalities in spindle formation are detected at these checkpoints, the cell is forced to undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis . (britannica.com)
For example, mutations in a protein called p53 , which normally detects abnormalities in DNA at the G1 checkpoint, can enable cancer-causing mutations to bypass this checkpoint and allow the cell to escape apoptosis. (britannica.com)
In contrast, no significant alteration of apoptosis in the BCa cells with downregulated LAPTM5 was noticed. (spandidos-publications.com)
Blocking ROS generation by N -acetyl cysteine protects the cells from DIM-mediated G 2 /M arrest and apoptosis. (aspetjournals.org)
The SignalStain ® Proliferation/Apoptosis IHC Sampler Kit from Cell Signaling Technology allows the researcher to examine paraffin-embedded tissues or cells with antibodies that will detect cellular apoptosis or proliferation. (cellsignal.com)
Survivin binds and inhibits caspase-3, controlling the checkpoint in the G2/M-phase of the cell cycle through inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cell division (4,5). (cellsignal.com)
Unlike apoptosis, senescence is a state of which cells are still alive and metabolically active. (frontiersin.org)
Flow cytometry was used to examine apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). (jcancer.org)
Moreover, it induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, apoptosis, and ROS generation in these cells. (jcancer.org)
Silibinin considerably reduced the development of oral cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, G 0 /G 1 arrest, ROS generation, and activation of the JNK/c-Jun pathway. (jcancer.org)
The TP53 gene is also capable of stimulating apoptosis of cells containing damaged DNA. (medscape.com)
TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)

Therefore, compared to normal p53-proficient cells, p53-defective cells are more reliant on MK2 activity, which drives an alternative cell cycle checkpoint pathway that stabilizes the CKI inhibitors p27 Kip1 and Gadd45α in order to maintain G 1 /S and G 2 /M arrest after certain types of DNA damage 16 , 18 . (nature.com)
Increasing evidence indicates that senescent cells could be a promising new target for therapeutic intervention known as senotherapy, which includes depleting senescent cells, modulating SASP and restoration of senescence inhibitors. (frontiersin.org)
To address the multiple potential pathways of drug resistance in GIST, the KIT/PDGFRA inhibitor ripretinib was combined with MEK inhibitors in cell lines and mouse models. (bvsalud.org)
In a discussion of the paper, David H. Wang, MD, PhD, an associate professor in the Department of Internal Medicine at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, pointed out that "zolbetuximab is the first molecularly targeted therapy, exclusive of immune checkpoint inhibitors, to demonstrate a statistically significant survival benefit in first-line treatment of advance gastric cancer since trastuzumab. (medscape.com)

The cell cycle checkpoints play an important role in the control system by sensing defects that occur during essential processes such as DNA replication or chromosome segregation, and inducing a cell cycle arrest in response until the defects are repaired. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, LY2835219 has additional anti-proliferative effects on cell cycling, including induction of an RB-associated G (1) arrest via suppression of cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb pathway. (nih.gov)
Moreover, cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase was triggered by decreased LAPTM5 as well, which could lead to delayed BCa cell growth. (spandidos-publications.com)
Taken together, our results suggested that decreased LAPTM5 inhibited proliferation and viability, as well as induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest possibly via deactivation of ERK1/2 and p38 in BCa cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Growth-inhibitory effects of DIM were mediated by cell cycle arrest in G 2 /M phase in all the three cell lines. (aspetjournals.org)
To further establish the involvement of Chk2 in DIM-mediated G 2 /M arrest, cells were transfected with dominant-negative Chk2 (DN-Chk2). (aspetjournals.org)
Blocking Chk2 activation by DN-Chk2 completely protected cells from DIM-mediated G 2 /M arrest. (aspetjournals.org)
These results were further confirmed in Chk2 knockout DT40 lymphoma cells, in which DIM failed to cause cell cycle arrest. (aspetjournals.org)
These results clearly indicate the requirement of Chk2 activation to cause G 2 /M arrest by DIM in ovarian cancer cells. (aspetjournals.org)
This illustration shows the proposed relative location of the 2 known cell cycle arrest points in cells with MTD (microtubule damage). (shu.edu)
Selumetinib causes long-term G1 arrest accompanied by reduced expression of DNA replication and repair genes, but cells stochastically re-enter the cell cycle during treatment despite continued repression of pERK1/2. (babraham.ac.uk)
Combined treatment with selumetinib and a dose of palbociclib sufficient to reinforce G1 arrest in selumetinib-sensitive cells, but not to impair proliferation of resistant cells, delays the emergence of resistant colonies, meaning that escape from G1 arrest is critical in the formation of resistant clones. (babraham.ac.uk)
Aging kidney and CKD share many common characteristic features with increased cellular senescence, a conserved program characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
Cellular senescence is characterized by an irreversible and permanent cell cycle arrest coupled with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
In mature cells, disruptions in ribosome biogenesis are directly linked to the cell cycle machinery by a p53-dependent activation of the G1/S-phase checkpoint, leading to an arrest of cells in G1-phase. (uni-muenchen.de)
Impaired ribosome biogenesis is known to activate a p53-dependent checkpoint in mature cell lines, which leads to an arrest of cells in G1-phase. (uni-muenchen.de)
However, THP-1 cells adaptively adjusted to LeTx and overrode cell cycle arrest by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. (uwo.ca)
Recovery from cell cycle arrest was required before recovering from on-going MEK1 cleavage and suppression of TNF-a production. (uwo.ca)
Activation of p21 or p16 therefore causes cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)
The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)

LY2157299 enhances anti-tumor effect by disrupting TGF-β-dependent HIF-1α signaling and by activating both Smad and PI3K-AKT pathways towards transcription of S/G2 checkpoints. (nih.gov)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
the chorion gene loci in follicle cells (21 22 In pre-RC development the effective launching of multiple MCM complexes is necessary for the toleration of replication strains and activation of checkpoint pathways (23-25). (exposed-skin-care.net)
Several pathways involved in cell cycle and DNA repair were affected upon NV651 treatment. (lu.se)

and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint. (wikipedia.org)

The activation of replication checkpoint may slow down DNA replication and improve DNA replication fidelity, which increases the maintenance of genomic stability and counteracts carcinogenesis. (nih.gov)
Genotoxic stress which specifically affects cells in S-phase is detected by the replication checkpoint. (caltech.edu)

Compared to the eukaryotic cell cycle, the prokaryotic cell cycle (known as binary fission) is relatively simple and quick: the chromosome replicates from the origin of replication, a new membrane is assembled, and the cell wall forms a septum which divides the cell into two. (wikipedia.org)
The centrosome cycle (1 or 2 MTOC indicates microtubule organizing centers) is shown to be coordinated with the DNA/chromosome cycle (2N or 4N DNA content). (shu.edu)
Thus, alternation of DNA duplication (S-phase) and chromosome segregation during the M-phase are hallmarks of most well studied eukaryotes. (ias.ac.in)
Several rounds of genome reduplication before chromosome segregation upsets this cycle and leads to polyploidy. (ias.ac.in)
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. (lookformedical.com)
In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1). (lookformedical.com)
For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)

The integrity of DNA replication control and checkpoint mechanisms is essential for preventing tumorigenesis. (caltech.edu)
Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
Overall, the results suggest that ES cells use different mechanisms as mature cells to coordinate their proliferation rate with ribosome biogenesis. (uni-muenchen.de)
Although SAMHD1 is expressed ubiquitously throughout the human body, the molecular mechanisms regulating its enzymatic activity and function in non-immune cells are relatively unexplored. (oncotarget.com)
The available information suggests that surveillance mechanisms or 'checkpoints' which are known to regulate the eukaryotic cell cycle may be absent or altered in E. histolytica . (ias.ac.in)

In recent years, interest in the possible molecular regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in a wide range of regeneration models has grown significantly, but the cell kinetics of this process remain largely a mystery. (mdpi.com)
The hallmark of embryonic stem (ES) cells is their ability for self-renewal (capability of unlimited cell division without the loss of pluripotency) as well as for differentiation into all cell types of the adult organism. (uni-muenchen.de)
A high expression of Pes1, Bop1 and WDR12 was observed in ES cells, which strongly decreased during in vitro differentiation. (uni-muenchen.de)
Polyploidy is often witnessed in cells prior to differentiation, in embryonic cells or in diseases such as cancer. (ias.ac.in)
It inhibits cytokine production and cell proliferation/differentiation in various immune cells. (uwo.ca)
Its prominent properties are A lack of cell differentiation Local invasion of adjoining tissue Metastasis, which is spread to distant sites through. (msdmanuals.com)

Moreover, some studies demonstrated that LAPTM5 was highly expressed in malignant B lymphomas and involved in B cell malignancies ( 10 ), involving in negative regulation of cell surface T and B cell receptor by promoting lysosome degradation ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

The stages G1, S, and G2 make up interphase, which accounts for the span between cell divisions. (britannica.com)
Chromosomes are made of a material called chromatin, which is dispersed throughout the cell nucleus during interphase. (visionlearning.com)

These findings establish a mechanism for co-targeting DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints in combination with repair of cisplatin-DNA lesions in vivo using RNAi nanocarriers, and motivate further exploration of ASL as a generalized strategy to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)
Eribulin exerts its effects via a tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism leading to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage. (shu.edu)

SL originally described a relationship between two genes, where alteration of either gene alone results in viable cells, but alteration (mutation, loss, or inhibition) of both genes simultaneously was lethal. (nature.com)
Because BRCA mutations are observed in fewer than 10% of cancer patients (cBioPortal: 6.7%) 11 , 12 , 13 the identification of additional genes that share synthetic lethal sensitivity relationships with mutated oncogenes or tumor suppressors would greatly enhance the implementation of tumor cell-specific synthetic lethal sensitivity to improve an anticancer therapeutic response. (nature.com)
Finally, transcription factors within the nucleus must initiate the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation. (britannica.com)
Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR, profiling the expression of 93 genes in single-cells from three different cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. (frontiersin.org)
In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we employed single-cell gene expression profiling to describe the dynamic transition between cell proliferative states in three different cell lines using a panel consisting of 93 marker genes. (frontiersin.org)
It has also been shown that although this organism contains sequence homologs of genes which are known to control the cell cycle of most eukaryotes, these genes may be structurally altered and their equivalent function yet to be demonstrated in amoeba. (ias.ac.in)
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose products normally provide negative control of cell proliferation, contributes to malignant transformation in various cell types. (medscape.com)

In this study, cultured human temozolomide resistance GB (43RG) cells were introduced to the MGMT inhibitor O 6 -benzylguanine combined with temozolomide and either LY2835219 (CDK 4/6 inhibitor) or LY2157299 (TGF-βRI inhibitor) seeking to overcome GB treatment resistance. (nih.gov)
This study establishes the groundwork for the development of a combinatorial pharmacologic approach by using either LY2385219 or LY2157299 inhibitor plus O 6 -Benzylguanine to augment temozolomide response in temozolomide-resistant GB cells. (nih.gov)
Cancer cells that are defective in p53 function are deficient in their ability to transcriptionally upregulate the CDK inhibitor p21 after genotoxic stress. (nature.com)
Here, we investigate amplification events that underlie resistance to the MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244/ARRY-142886) in COLO205 cells, a well-characterized model for reproducible emergence of drug resistance, and show that amplifications acquired are the primary cause of resistance. (babraham.ac.uk)
Our findings demonstrate that acquisition of MEK inhibitor resistance often occurs through gene amplification and can be suppressed by impeding cell cycle entry in drug. (babraham.ac.uk)
Accordingly, pre-treatment with 350 nM LSD1 inhibitor for 3 days followed by exposure to serial dilutions of ruxolitinib led to synergistic growth inhibition in non-DS-AMKL and ML-DS cell lines (Supplementary Fig. 4 ), as well as in all ML-DS patient samples (Fig. 1A ). (nature.com)
Treatment of mouse NIH3T3 cells with 5FU, a potent inhibitor of rRNA maturation, confirmed an activation of this checkpoint, leading to weak induction of the tumor suppressor p53, induction of the Cdk-inhibitor p21, an increase in active, hypo-phosphorylated Rb, and to accumulation of cells in the G1- and S-phase with an increase of cells in G1-phase. (uni-muenchen.de)
Treatment with the novel cyclophilin inhibitor NV651, presented a potent antiproliferative effect in HCC cell lines via cell cycle perturbations arresting cells in the mitotic phase. (lu.se)
The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)

Our data demonstrate that 5-ASA causes cells to reversibly accumulate in S phase and activate an ATR-dependent checkpoint. (nih.gov)

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide, with over 40,000 new cases per year in the US. (medscape.com)
Histologically, NSCLC is divided into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (see the image below), and large cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
A cavitating right lower lobe squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)

The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
Although amplification of the DNA damage signal through multifactorial protein complex formation of DNA damage checkpoint factors is crucial for proper DNA damage response in two-dimensionally cultured cells, the dynamics of the DNA damage response in three-dimensional tissues or organs remained to be determined. (bioone.org)
Our transcriptome analysis revealed in bladder cancer (BCa) tissues a significant induction of lysosomal-associated multispanning membrane protein 5 (LAPTM5), a lysosomal membrane protein preferentially expressing in immune cells and hematopoietic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
LAPMT5 is a lysosomal membrane protein preferentially expressed in immune cells ( 5 , 6 ) and hematopoietic cells ( 7 ), having a close interaction with the Nedd4 ( 8 ), a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligases family ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Survivin is a 16 kDa anti-apoptotic protein highly expressed during fetal development and cancer cell malignancy (3). (cellsignal.com)
SAM domain and HD domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) that inhibits retroviruses by depleting intracellular deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) in non-cycling myeloid cells. (oncotarget.com)
When this complex forms the CDK can phosphorylate a target protein which alters it's function and initiates the cell to advance to the next phase. (jove.com)
Positive regulators include two protein groups that allow cells to pass through regulatory checkpoints: cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). (jove.com)

Cyclins can be categorized as G 1 , G 1 /S, S, or M cyclins based on the cell cycle phase or transition they are most involved in. (jove.com)
Generally, levels of a given cyclin are low during most of the cell cycle but abruptly increase at the checkpoint they most contribute to (G 1 cyclins are an exception, as they are required throughout the cell cycle). (jove.com)

All living organisms are the products of repeated rounds of cell growth and division. (wikipedia.org)
The cascade continued until several weeks later, millions of cells were dividing - powering the exponential pattern of growth that eventually formed all of the organs and tissues of your body. (visionlearning.com)
First, a growth factor must bind to its receptor on the cell membrane . (britannica.com)
Furthermore, we established a BCa cell model with downregulated LAPTM5, revealing a significantly delayed growth rate in the BCa cells with knockdown of LAPTM5. (spandidos-publications.com)
DIM treatment inhibited the growth of SKOV-3, TOV-21G, and OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells in both a dose- and time-dependent manner with effective concentrations ranging from 40 to 100 μM. (aspetjournals.org)
Eribulin inhibits the growth phase of microtubules without affecting the shortening phase and sequesters tubulin into nonproductive aggregates. (shu.edu)
Such data are only indirectly related to quantitative changes in cells at different states of division and growth. (frontiersin.org)
To investigate the effects of silibinin on the growth of oral cancer cells, cell proliferation and anchorage-independent colony formation tests were conducted on YD10B and Ca9-22 oral cancer cells. (jcancer.org)
One important factor for cell growth is ribosome biogenesis. (uni-muenchen.de)
Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)-dependent macrophages and other inflammatory cells can suppress the adaptive immune system in cancer and contribute to angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. (bvsalud.org)
In the rare disease tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT), aberrant CSF1 expression and production driven by a gene translocation leads to the recruitment and growth of tumors formed by CSF1R-dependent inflammatory cells. (bvsalud.org)
In preclinical studies, vimseltinib durably suppressed CSF1R activity in vitro and in vivo, depleted macrophages and other CSF1R-dependent cells, and resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and bone degradation in mouse cancer models. (bvsalud.org)
Initial exponential tumor growth is followed by a plateau phase when cell death nearly equals the rate of formation of daughter cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Experiments suggest that the abilities to invade, migrate, and successfully implant and stimulate new blood vessel growth are all important properties of the cells that cause metastases, which are likely a subpopulation of the primary cancer. (msdmanuals.com)

The decision to commit to a new round of cell division occurs when the cell activates cyclin-CDK-dependent transcription which promotes entry into S phase. (wikipedia.org)
Most of the cells that make up higher organisms, like vertebrate animals and flowering plants, reproduce via a process called cell division. (visionlearning.com)
In cell division, a cell makes a copy of its DNA and then separates itself into two identical cells - each with its own copy of DNA enveloped inside a nucleus. (visionlearning.com)
That's right, the hundreds of millions of cells that make up the bone and flesh of your body are products of thousands of generations of cell division that began when you were smaller than the period at the end of this sentence. (visionlearning.com)
In particular, he was interested in the process of cell division. (visionlearning.com)
cell cycle , the ordered sequence of events that occur in a cell in preparation for cell division . (britannica.com)
For a stimulatory signal to reach the nucleus and "turn on" cell division, four main steps must occur. (britannica.com)
In Cell Division I: The Cell Cycle , we learned that Flemming observed how chromosomes became visible in patterns that repeated each time the cells of fire salamanders divided. (visionlearning.com)
The gene, which is called MYBL2 , encodes a transcription factor that helps to control the cell division cycle. (elifesciences.org)
However, how epithelia adapt their rate of cell division to changes in cell number, for instance during homeostatic turnover or wounding, is not well understood. (ibecbarcelona.eu)
Orderly progressions of events in the cell division cycle are necessary to ensure the replication of DNA and cell division. (ox.ac.uk)
A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species. (lookformedical.com)
As a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage, p53 blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)

In most cases, when a cyclin is degraded, the CDK is inactivated, signaling the end of a particular phase. (jove.com)
For instance, during G1, when one type of cyclin, named D, is synthesized and binds to a CDK, the cell transitions into S phase, as another cyclin, E, peaks and forms a complex with CDK to promote DNA replication. (jove.com)
E is then degraded by cytoplasmic enzymes and cyclin A concentrations increase throughout the S phase and remain high into G2 to promote entry into the M phase when in an active complex. (jove.com)
Activated Akt inhibited GSK3 and prevented proteasome-mediated cyclin D1 degradation in LeTx-intoxicated THP-1 cells. (uwo.ca)

The ATM-dependent DNA damage checkpoint plays a pivotal role in cellular response to ionizing radiation. (bioone.org)
Consequently, we have shown that MMR − cells incorporate 25% to 42% more IUdR than MMR + cells, and that IUdR and ionizing radiation (IR) interact to produce up to 3-fold greater cytotoxicity in MMR − cells. (aacrjournals.org)

By default, CDKs are always present in a cell in an inactivated form. (jove.com)

Third, this activation must stimulate a signal to be transmitted, or transduced, from the receptor at the cell surface to the nucleus within the cell. (britannica.com)
Hence, ribosomal stress does not lead to checkpoint activation via the p53-p21-Rb pathway in ES cells. (uni-muenchen.de)
Cyclophilin overexpression is a common event in fibrotic tissues playing a key role in different stages of the fibrotic process, including inflammation, hepatocyte death, and activation of the hepatic stellate cells leading to increased collagen production. (lu.se)

I am a senior lecturer in Cell Bilogy and a member of the plant biology group. (brookes.ac.uk)
Previous to this I completed my BSc in Cell and Human Biology here at Oxford Brookes University. (brookes.ac.uk)
For a century, the nucleus has been the focus of extensive investigations in cell biology. (brookes.ac.uk)

As the cell progresses through G1, depending on internal and external conditions, it can either delay G1, enter a quiescent state known as G0, or proceed past the restriction point. (wikipedia.org)

Cancer cells often present neoantigens on their cell surface that can be detected as "non-self" by the immune system, resulting in an attack by the immune system. (msdmanuals.com)

Therefore, we conclude that DDK regulates a largely checkpoint-independent role of Claspin function. (caltech.edu)

At these checkpoints, positive and negative regulators promote or inhibit a cell's continuation through the cell cycle. (jove.com)

Furthermore, previous studies suggested that knockdown of LAPTM4B , another important subtype of the LAPTM family inhibited proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma ( 11 ), prostate ( 12 ) and breast cancer cells ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
We evaluated the effect of 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) in ovarian cancer cells. (aspetjournals.org)
Our results establish Chk2 as a potent molecular target of DIM in ovarian cancer cells and provide the rationale for further clinical investigation of DIM. (aspetjournals.org)
The effects of silibinin on the migration and invasion of oral cancer cells were evaluated using transwell assays. (jcancer.org)
Western blotting revealed that silibinin downregulated SOD1 and SOD2 and triggered the JNK/c-Jun pathway in oral cancer cells. (jcancer.org)
K405R mutant expressing cancer cells have reduced G1/S transition and slower proliferation compared to wildtype. (oncotarget.com)
Collectively, these findings suggest that SAMHD1 acetylation enhances its dNTPase activity and promotes cancer cell proliferation. (oncotarget.com)
Previous studies in our laboratory have described increased and preferential radiosensitization of mismatch repair-deficient (MMR − ) HCT116 colon cancer cells with 5-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR). (aacrjournals.org)
Targeting the cell cycle has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment with special interest in the mitotic phase. (lu.se)
Many factors are involved in causing and permitting the unregulated proliferation of cells that occurs in cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
Overview of Cancer Cancer is an unregulated proliferation of cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Cancer cells, particularly those arising from the bone marrow or lymphatic system, may have a short generation time, and there usually are a smaller percentage of cells in G0 (resting phase). (msdmanuals.com)
A subpopulation of cells within a cancer has the properties of stem cells. (msdmanuals.com)
A cancer may release cells into the circulation at a very early stage of development. (msdmanuals.com)
Circulating cancer cells are present in many patients with advanced cancer and even in some with localized disease. (msdmanuals.com)
Although most circulating cancer cells die, an occasional cell may penetrate into tissues, generating a metastasis at a distant site. (msdmanuals.com)
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancers. (medscape.com)
Non-small cell lung cancer. (medscape.com)
Go to Small Cell Lung Cancer for complete information on this topic. (medscape.com)
The TNM (tumor-node-metastasis) staging system from the American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting is used for all lung carcinomas except small-cell lung cancer. (medscape.com)

Our previous results indicate that 5-ASA improves replication fidelity in colorectal cells, an effect that is active in reducing mutations. (nih.gov)
Because most tumors are deficient in one or more aspects of the function of the p53 tumor suppressor, either as a consequence of mutations within p53, or impairment of upstream and downstream modulators of p53 activity 19 , targeting MK2 has the potential to selectively enhance tumor cell killing without increasing the genotoxic effects of chemotherapy on normal p53-wild type tissues. (nature.com)
Melanoma in particular exhibits a high incidence of activating BRAF and NRAS mutations and such cells are addicted to the activity of these mutant oncoproteins. (babraham.ac.uk)
Frequent inactivating mutations of the ATM gene have been reported in patients with rare sporadic T cell prolymphocytic leukaemia (T-PLL), B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL), and most recently, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). (bmj.com)

5FU treated ES cells showed an accumulation of cells in S-phase instead. (uni-muenchen.de)

The G1 checkpoint, also known as the restriction point in mammalian cells and the start point in yeast, is the point at which the cell becomes committed to entering the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)

DNA DAMAGE, or the deficiencies in specific cellular components or nutrients may cause the cells to halt before progressing through G1 phase. (umassmed.edu)
DNA damage is the main indication for a cell to "restrict" and not enter the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Checkpoints at the end of G1 and at the beginning of G2 are designed to assess DNA for damage before and after S phase. (britannica.com)
Here we used a model of reconstituted human skin and investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of focus formation of DNA damage checkpoint factors after X irradiation. (bioone.org)
The combination of NV651 and cisplatin, a DNA damage reagent, resulted in a synergistic effect in cell viability, and a significant increase on cell death in HCC cell lines. (lu.se)

By applying the random forests algorithm, a supervised machine learning approach, we show how a multi-gene signature that classifies individual cells into their correct cell cycle phase and cell size can be generated. (frontiersin.org)
In contrast, ES cells showed strong induction of p53, but no induction of its target gene p21. (uni-muenchen.de)

Internal regulatory checkpoints ensure that a cell's size, energy reserves, and DNA quality and completeness are sufficient to advance through the cell cycle. (jove.com)

This study demonstrated that modulation of PI3K/Akt/GSK3 signaling cascades can be beneficial for protecting or facilitating recovery from cellular LeTx intoxication in cells that depend on basal MEK1 activity for proliferation. (uwo.ca)

DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
In eukaryotic cells the genetic material is surrounded by a membrane system called the nuclear envelope (NE). (brookes.ac.uk)
The Nuclear Envelope is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells. (brookes.ac.uk)

advanced organisms-including animals, plants, fungi, and protists-whose cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. (visionlearning.com)
mostly one-celled organisms, bacteria for example, whose cells do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. (visionlearning.com)
He began a series of live observations under the microscope using dyed samples of animal tissues and found that a particular mass of material inside the nucleus of cells absorbed the dye quite well. (visionlearning.com)

A TLR9-dependent checkpoint governs B cell responses to DNA-containing antigens. (umassmed.edu)
Exploring this border is now proving hugely rewarding, with implications for many aspects of cell function and plant responses to the environment. (brookes.ac.uk)
Despite this, clinical responses are typically transient as tumour cells develop resistance. (babraham.ac.uk)

mitotically active cells of intact segments do not significantly contribute to the blastemal cellular sources. (mdpi.com)

Our in vitro study demonstrated that sequential treatment of O 6 -Benzylguanine with either LY2385219 or LY2157299-enhanced temozolomide enhanced sensitivity in MGMT+ 43RG cells. (nih.gov)
Some drugs work only during a specific phase of the cell cycle, requiring prolonged administration to catch dividing cells during the phase of maximal sensitivity. (msdmanuals.com)

Misregulation of the cell cycle may result in malignant cell proliferation, tumorigenesis or cell death. (intechopen.com)

Anatomy23

Organisms7

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs113

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes90

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care4

Kinase9

Progression22

Mitosis12

Proteins16

Apoptosis14

Inhibitors4

Arrest20

Pathways4

Metaphase-to-anaphase transition1

Replication checkpoint2

Chromosome7

Mechanisms5

Differentiation6

Regulation1

Interphase2

Mechanism2

Genes9

Inhibitor9

Activate1

Squamous cell carc3

Protein8

Cyclins2

Growth14

Division13

Cyclin4

Ionizing radiation2

CDKs1

Activation3

Biology3

Progresses1

Immune1

Regulates1

Regulators1

Cancer20

Mutations4

Accumulation1

Restriction Point1

DAMAGE5

Gene2

Regulatory1

PI3K-AKT1

Eukaryotic cells3

Nucleus3

Responses3

Cellular1

Sensitivity2

Malignant1