Cell cycle checkpoint regulators tumor cell cycle checkpoint gene. Medical search. Frequent questions

Human cells with silenced MDC1 also displayed random plasmid integration, reduced apoptosis, and slowed mitosis. (wikipedia.org)

In response to DNA damage and replication blocks, cell cycle progression is halted through the control of critical cell cycle regulators. (affbiotech.com)
Deregulated signaling pathways are a hallmark feature of oncogenesis and driver of tumor progression. (biomedcentral.com)
Correspondingly, most cancer signaling pathways seem to converge on one or more TFs, termed "master regulators" (MRs) [ 4 ], which direct tumor development, progression, and metastasis through hierarchical control of gene expression patterns. (aging-us.com)
Aggressive tumors typically demonstrate a high glycolytic rate, which results in resistance to radiation therapy and cancer progression via several molecular and physiologic mechanisms. (springer.com)
Background: The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) is a key regulator of cell cycle progression and is functionally inactivated in the majority of human non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). (elsevierpure.com)
Therefore it would be interesting to examine the control mechanism of cell cycle progression in which RSK1 affects Myt1 in meiosis and Plk1 affects Myt1 in mitosis. (biospraysehatalami.com)
Metabolic reprogramming plays an important role in tumor progression and antitumor immunity. (medsci.org)
A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable. (openstax.org)
Accumulating evidence shows that cancer stem cells are key drivers of tumor formation, progression, and recurrence. (hindawi.com)
B. DNA mutations eventually disrupt key regulatory systems, allowing for tumor promotion (growth) and progression (spread). (ctsqena.com)
4, Cell cycle regulators mediate progression through the cell cycle {e.g., cyctin and cyclin-dependent kinase). (ctsqena.com)
For example, the cvclinD/CDK4 complex phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein, which promotes progression through the G^S checkpoint. (ctsqena.com)
K, p53 regulates progression of the cell cycle from Gt to S phase, 1. (ctsqena.com)
Rb mutation results in const it utively free E2F, allowing progression through the cell cycle and uncontrolled growth of cells. (ctsqena.com)
One potential mechanism of BRCA2 involvement in breast cancer progression may be through deregulation of the BRCA2 gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
This pathway describes progression of a serrated precursor lesion, often followed by the onset of epigenetic instability involving promoter methylation and silencing of key tumour suppressor genes, and accounts for 15%-20% of sporadic colorectal cancer [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, causal network analysis revealed a higher-level regulation by miR378a-3p (p=1.4e-7, z=-3.117), affecting the mechanistic networks and ultimately promoting tumor cell viability and proliferation, tumor cell movement and cell cycle progression in LDHC expressing cells. (bmj.com)
Mutations can also alter the growth rate or the progression of the cell through the cell cycle. (edu.vn)
One example of a gene modification that alters the growth rate is increased phosphorylation of cyclin B, a protein that controls the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and serves as a cell-cycle checkpoint protein. (edu.vn)
Here at Stanford, I am using different genome editing tools and mouse models to investigate the role of macrophages in promoting tumor progression and immune tolerance in liver cancer. (stanford.edu)
Mitotic chromosomal instability - the inability to faithfully segregate equal chromosome complements to two daughter cells during mitosis - is a widespread phenomenon in solid tumours that is thought to serve as the fuel for tumorigenic progression. (researchgate.net)
This gene product is involved in cell cycle progression, p53-mediated apoptosis, transcription activator of several other oncogenes [ 4 ] and DNA repair [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)

Hypoxia and genetic defects that chronically drive proliferation leave such tumors dependent on a steady supply of nutrients, especially glucose. (springer.com)
We have also demonstrated previously overexpression of Rad9 mRNA in a number of primary breast tumors and the increased Rad9 mRNA was correlated with an increased risk of local recurrence and tumor proliferation, suggesting that Rad9 is an oncogene in breast cancer [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Taken together, our results suggested that decreased LAPTM5 inhibited proliferation and viability, as well as induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest possibly via deactivation of ERK1/2 and p38 in BCa cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, previous studies suggested that knockdown of LAPTM4B , another important subtype of the LAPTM family inhibited proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma ( 11 ), prostate ( 12 ) and breast cancer cells ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
This includes the activation of oncogenes (genes associated with cancers) and interference with the cell cycle checkpoints that control the proliferation or death of cells. (preventionstartshere.org)
Cell proliferation involves the replication of all cellular contents with the required energy for this to happen. (hindawi.com)
To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)
This activation is necessary for both cell proliferation as well as glucose uptake and use. (hindawi.com)
Combined treatment with selumetinib and a dose of palbociclib sufficient to reinforce G1 arrest in selumetinib-sensitive cells, but not to impair proliferation of resistant cells, delays the emergence of resistant colonies, meaning that escape from G1 arrest is critical in the formation of resistant clones. (babraham.ac.uk)
BRAF is a protein kinase and part of the MAP kinase signalling cascade which involves transduction of a growth signal from the cell membrane to the nucleus via a chain of protein kinases and is responsible for cellular proliferation and survival. (hindawi.com)
Further, high NEK2 expression promoted proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion of HCC cell lines. (oncotarget.com)
Several CTAs have been implicated as mediators of cancer hallmarks including cancer metabolism, proliferation, survival, and cell motility. (bmj.com)
In support, downstream effector analysis demonstrate that LDHC silencing negatively affects biological functions such as cellular development, cellular growth and proliferation, cell migration and cell infiltration. (bmj.com)
Low to moderate levels of CIN seems to be well tolerated and can promote cancer proliferation, genetic diversity, and tumor evolution. (encyclopedia.pub)
CIN can promote selective advantage to cancer cells by increasing the probability of novel chromosomal abnormalities, which can change the expression profile of the genes regulating cell division and differentiation, resulting in high proliferation rates [ 3 ] [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
These CIN mechanisms and their signatures can be largely found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a heterogeneous disease characterized by abnormal proliferation and accumulation of myeloid precursor cells in the bone marrow [ 13 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose products normally provide negative control of cell proliferation, contributes to malignant transformation in various cell types. (medscape.com)

However, although ER positive tumors tend to have a better prognosis in unselected breast cancer patients, germline CHEK2 mutations are associated with increased risk of the development of ER positive breast cancer with an unfavorable prognosis [24-26]. (termedia.pl)
DUSP4 alterations lead to hyperactivation of MAPK signaling in many cancers, including breast cancer, which often harbor mutations in cell cycle checkpoint genes, particularly in TP53. (biomedcentral.com)
This study identifies a novel mechanism for breast tumorigenesis implicating Dusp4 loss and p53 mutations in cellular acquisition of Dbf4 upregulation as a driver of cellular replication and cell cycle checkpoint escape. (biomedcentral.com)
We find that together with loss-of-function mutations in p53 and, to some degree, potentiated by cMyc overexpression, Dusp4 deletion aids in cell cycle checkpoint escape while simultaneously potentiating hallmarks of replicative stress, including multinucleation and Chk1 phosphorylation. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutations in this gene have been associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the growth of polyps in the gastrointestinal tract, pigmented macules on the skin and mouth, and other neoplasms. (cancerindex.org)
PJS is autosomal-dominant condition caused by mutations of STK11, characterized by gastrointestinal polyposis, mucocutaneous pigmentation, and predisposition to a range of epithelial cancers: including colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, breast, ovarian cancers and sex cord tumors with annular tubules). (cancerindex.org)
TARGET investigators had previously identified distinct subtypes in high-risk neuroblastomas using transcriptome profiles and gene mutations (including amplifications), however, it was unknown to what extent changes in gene expression levels affected tumor development. (cancerhealth.com)
MRs (sometimes also called tumor checkpoints in cancer) are genes that control the downstream pathways, and in cancer MRs "integrate" the effects of the mutations and alterations thereby resulting in a transformed phenotype. (cancerhealth.com)
The types of mutations can be copy number, single point or gene fusion. (silvertonconsulting.com)
The loss of proper response to DNA damage leads to genomic instability such as gene mutations, incomplete replication and the loss or gain of chromosomes to future generations. (biomedcentral.com)
Several genetic alterations have been described in SCCHN, including mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and mutations in genes that encode cell cycle proteins such as p16 and cyclin D1. (oncotarget.com)
Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes lead to mutations that may be passed forward to every new cell produced from an abnormal cell. (openstax.org)
The exact mechanism by which aromatic amines cause cancer is not yet known but scientists believe they may bind with DNA causing mutations or interacting with other molecules causing inflammation or oxidative stress that can lead to cellular damage or changes in gene expression. (preventionstartshere.org)
It has also been found that exposure to aromatic amines can lead to DNA damage through oxidative stress, which may increase genetic mutations resulting in cancerous cell growth. (preventionstartshere.org)
However, cancer cells overcome these controls, in particular by acquiring genetic mutations leading to the activation of oncogenes (pten, myc) or loss of tumor suppressors (p53) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Mutations and gene amplifications that confer drug resistance emerge frequently during chemotherapy, but their mechanism and timing are poorly understood. (babraham.ac.uk)
Melanoma in particular exhibits a high incidence of activating BRAF and NRAS mutations and such cells are addicted to the activity of these mutant oncoproteins. (babraham.ac.uk)
The mutations of BRCA2 gene predispose the cells towards neoplastic development. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, in the hereditary cancer syndromes familial adenomatous polyposis or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, mutations have been discovered in the APC gene and DNA mismatch repair genes. (medscape.com)
In cancer cells, mutations modify cell-cycle control and cells don't stop growing as they normally would. (edu.vn)
As a result, cells can progress through the cell cycle unimpeded, even if mutations exist in the cell and its growth should be terminated. (edu.vn)

In mammalian cells the DDR is a network of pathways made up of proteins that function as either kinases, or and mediator/adaptors that recruit the kinases to their phosphorylation targets, these factors work together to detect DNA damage, and signal the repair mechanism as well as activating cell cycle checkpoints. (wikipedia.org)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
Our data uncover novel details about the differential contribution of B2 vs four integrins within the composite phenotype of chronic asthma development and contribute towards the understanding of mechanisms by which different cell subsets and molecular pathways participate in the pathophysiology and histopathology of chronic asthma. (sodiumchannel-signal.com)
Furthermore, the GO and KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrates that BZD can modulate multiple signaling pathways related to CRC, like the T cell receptor, PI3K-Akt, apoptosis, P53, and VEGF signaling pathway. (bvsalud.org)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
GSEA analysis found STARD12 and STARD14 were associated with glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and tumor related signaling pathways. (medsci.org)
Nitrosamines may promote tumor growth and development through several different pathways in the body. (preventionstartshere.org)
Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
P-Tex cells could aggregate in the antigen-presenting cell niches and activate certain signaling pathways. (elifesciences.org)
Specifically, we found that LDHC expressing breast cancer cells display an enrichment of genes involved in canonical pathways regulating cell cycle checkpoint control, BRCA1-mediated DNA damage response and NF-kb signaling in response to infection, which is in line with some of our unpublished work. (bmj.com)

Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1 is a 2080 amino acid long protein that in humans is encoded by the MDC1 gene located on the short arm (p) of chromosome 6. (wikipedia.org)
MDC1 protein is a regulator of the Intra-S phase and the G2/M cell cycle checkpoints and recruits repair proteins to the site of DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
It is involved in determining cell survival fate in association with tumor suppressor protein p53. (wikipedia.org)
The MDC1 gene encodes the MDC1 nuclear protein which is part of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, the mechanism through which eukaryotic cells respond to damaged DNA, specifically DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) that are caused by ionizing radiation or chemical clastogens. (wikipedia.org)
This protein is required to activate the intra-S phase and G2/M phase cell cycle checkpoints in response to DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
MDC1 has anti-apoptotic properties by directly inhibiting the apoptotic activity of the tumor suppressing protein p53. (wikipedia.org)
Studies on lung cancer cell lines (A549 cells) showed an increase in apoptosis in response to genotoxic agents when MDC1 protein levels were reduced with siRNA. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibition or loss of MDC1 protein through studies with siRNA on human cells or knockout studies in mice have shown several defects at both the cellular and organismal level. (wikipedia.org)
Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2), a cell cycle checkpoint regulator gene, codes for a kinase protein activated in response to radiation and other agents that cause breaks in the DNA. (termedia.pl)
The protein encoded by this gene is a cell cycle checkpoint regulator and putative tumor suppressor. (affbiotech.com)
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) is a critical negative regulator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and is often deleted or epigenetically silenced in tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
Localisation of hRad9 protein were performed on paired tumor and normal breast tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Immunoblotting with and without dephosphorylation was used to define the protein isolated from breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Increased hRad9 protein was observed in breast cancer cells nucleus compared to non-tumor epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
To further examine the role of hRad9 in breast cancer cells, we now report on the histologic expression of the hRad9 protein and its different molecular forms in primary breast cancer and normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Our transcriptome analysis revealed in bladder cancer (BCa) tissues a significant induction of lysosomal-associated multispanning membrane protein 5 (LAPTM5), a lysosomal membrane protein preferentially expressing in immune cells and hematopoietic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
GSE76211) ( 3 , 4 ), revealing a significantly upregulated gene in BCa tissues, the lysosomal-associated protein multispanning transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5). (spandidos-publications.com)
LAPMT5 is a lysosomal membrane protein preferentially expressed in immune cells ( 5 , 6 ) and hematopoietic cells ( 7 ), having a close interaction with the Nedd4 ( 8 ), a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligases family ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Patients characterized by elevated EGFR and elevated Aurora-A protein expression in tumor tissue represent a risk group with poor disease-free and overall survival (EGFR low Aurora-A low versus EGFR high Aurora-A high , p=0.024). (oncotarget.com)
You can find six phosphorylation sites in RSK1 that are crucial for its activation and its own subsequent part in substrate phosphorylation (21 22 Of the phosphorylation of Ser-380 can be very important to RSK1 activation traveling functions such as for example rules of gene manifestation and protein synthesis and cell cycle regulation as a downstream Nisoxetine hydrochloride kinase in the Mos-MAPK pathway (23). (biospraysehatalami.com)
As at the G 1 checkpoint, cell size and protein reserves are assessed. (openstax.org)
Genes are segments of DNA that code for a specific protein. (openstax.org)
MEN1 maps on chromosome 11 and encodes for menina, a nuclear protein involved in cell replication, DNA repair and transcription process. (springeropen.com)
While studying the activity of BRCA2 gene promoter in breast cancer cells, we discovered that this promoter has bi-directional activity and the product of the reverse activity (a ZAR1-like protein, we named ZAR2) silences the forward promoter at the G0/G1 phase of the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
Standard techniques like cell synchronization by serum starvation, flow cytometry, N-terminal or C-terminal FLAG epitope-tagged protein expression, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, dual luciferase assay for promoter evaluation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were employed during this study. (biomedcentral.com)
DDR increased the expression level of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) genes and the total salicylic acid (SA) content and promoted mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades, including the WRKY signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. (ppjonline.org)
The BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B) gene encodes a protein that belongs to the Raf family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (hindawi.com)
Therefore, changes in histone acetylation (epigenetic modification that leads to gene silencing), activation of transcription factors by phosphorylation, increased RNA stability, increased translational control, and protein modification can all be detected at some point in various cancer cells. (edu.vn)
This is because oncogenes can alter transcriptional activity, stability, or protein translation of another gene that directly or indirectly controls cell growth. (edu.vn)
[ 1 ] His prediction was subsequently supported by the cloning of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene ( RB1 ) and by functional studies of the retinoblastoma protein, Rb. (medscape.com)
Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)
The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)

Deletion or mutation of genes coding for Ku70 or Ku80 proteins results in a highly radiosensitive phenotype [10]. (termedia.pl)
CAR T cells generated from healthy donors showed a higher percentage of memory CD8+ T cells and lower expression of immune checkpoint proteins than those generated from patients with relapsed disease, suggesting that allogenic CAR T cells may be more cytotoxic. (liangyihui.net)
The researchers examined the regulatory/signaling networks of proteins in 112 cancer cell lines. (silvertonconsulting.com)
According to the Economist article master regulatory proteins are proteins that regulate processes in a cancer cell that cause other proteins to be made, which cause other proteins to be made, etc. which affect the way a cancer cell lives and propagates inside a body. (silvertonconsulting.com)
The fact that they have identified 24 master regulatory (MR blocks) architectures (sequences of proteins that are occur) that apply to a wide set of cancer tumor sub-types implies that these could be needed to regulate the functionality of these cancers. (silvertonconsulting.com)
In this fashion they were able to analyze the 112 tumor subtype proteome (the total complement of all proteins active in a cell). (silvertonconsulting.com)
Then using tumor checkpoint hypothesis and Bayesian analysis/integration they further ranked the MR candidate proteins. (silvertonconsulting.com)
In the final step in their analysis, they used tumor checkpoint hypothesis and modularity with saturation & modularity analysis to identify top MR proteins and the MR blocks active in the 112 tumor subtypes. (silvertonconsulting.com)
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) form a complex which phosphorylates proteins that drive the cell through the cell cycle. (ctsqena.com)
Many proteins, including cyclin B, control these checkpoints. (edu.vn)
There are many proteins that are turned on or off (gene activation or gene silencing) that dramatically alter the overall activity of the cell. (edu.vn)
There are characteristic modifications to histone proteins and DNA that are associated with silenced genes. (edu.vn)
Histone proteins that surround that region lack the acetylation modification that is present when the genes are expressed in normal cells. (edu.vn)

Our HCC signature covered well-established liver cancer hallmarks, and network analyses revealed coordinated interaction between several MRs. One novel MR, SEC14L2 , exerted an anti-proliferative effect in HCC cells and strongly suppressed tumor growth in a mouse model. (aging-us.com)

In this Review, we discuss the multiple molecular mechanisms of p53 regulation and how they modulate the induction of apoptosis or cell cycle arrest following DNA damage. (nih.gov)
Results: RB reconstitution in RB-deficient lines restored regulation of topoIIα, thymidylate synthase, and cyclin A. Similarly, RB overexpression in RB-proficient cells caused further regulation of some RB/E2F target genes including thymidylate synthase and topoIIα. (elsevierpure.com)
Conclusions: These results demonstrate that RB reconstitution into RB-deficient NSCLC lines establishes regulation of certain RB/E2F target genes and restores G1 arrest mechanisms. (elsevierpure.com)
We have previously shown that the mRNA up-regulation correlated with tumor size and local recurrence. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, some studies demonstrated that LAPTM5 was highly expressed in malignant B lymphomas and involved in B cell malignancies ( 10 ), involving in negative regulation of cell surface T and B cell receptor by promoting lysosome degradation ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Another level of regulation may lie on microRNAs (miRNAs), which are endogenously expressed small non-coding RNAs of 18-24 nucleotides in length that regulate gene expression on the posttranscriptional level [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Taken together these findings provide insights into the regulation of Plk1 during cell division and diapause cyst formation and the correlation between the activity of Plk1 and RSK1. (biospraysehatalami.com)
While BRCA2 expression is involved in cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair, the mechanisms of cell cycle-dependent regulation of BRCA2 gene expression remains elusive. (biomedcentral.com)
This can be the result of gene mutation or changes in gene regulation (epigenetic, transcription, post-transcription, translation, or post-translation). (edu.vn)
TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)

EPCs from human umbilical cord and adult peripheral blood activate different mechanisms upon high-dose x-ray radiation treatment: CB-EPCs undergo p53 stabilization, Bax-dependent apoptosis and p21-dependent G 1 and G 2 /M cell cycle checkpoints, while PB-EPCs undergo only radiation-induced senescence [ 13 ], indicating unique gene expression patterns in EPCs of different sources. (biomedcentral.com)
The timing of events in the cell cycle is controlled by mechanisms that are both internal and external to the cell. (openstax.org)
If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA. (openstax.org)
Chromosomes are compacted using a variety of mechanisms during certain stages of the cell cycle. (openstax.org)
Cancer is the result of unchecked cell division caused by a breakdown of the mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle. (openstax.org)
In this paper, we describe the metabolic changes as well as the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis occurring in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, underlying the connection between these two processes. (hindawi.com)
The notion could be that unique cellular mechanisms are triggered in the breast cancer cells to stimulate BRCA2 gene expression as a temporary measure to regulate the growth of the breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
[ 6 ] These events lead the cancer cell to escape normal cell growth and control mechanisms, to avoid system control mechanisms (ie, immunologic surveillance), and to establish a nutrient supply. (medscape.com)
Silencing genes through epigenetic mechanisms is also very common in cancer cells. (edu.vn)
We investigated mechanisms of resistance of liver tumors in mice to infiltrating T cells.Mice were given hydrodynamic tail vein injections of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) and transposon vectors to disrupt Trp53 and overexpress C-Myc (Trp53KO/C-MycOE mice). (stanford.edu)

In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
This study provides fundamental insight into the functional impact of CDK4 inhibition on cells in the tumor microenvironment, which is of high importance and interest to the field. (elifesciences.org)
Thus, targeting LDHC has the potential to inhibit tumor growth and release the anti-tumor immune response from the acidic immunosuppressive microenvironment. (bmj.com)
I studied the tumor microenvironment of liver cancer during my graduate training in Hong Kong. (stanford.edu)
The theoretical basis for marrow failure includes primary defects in or damage to the stem cell or the marrow microenvironment. (medscape.com)

We found that Dusp4 loss alone is insufficient in mediating tumorigenesis, but alternatively converges with loss in Trp53 and MYC amplification to induce tumorigenesis primarily through chromosome 5 amplification, which specifically upregulates Dbf4 , a cell cycle gene that promotes cellular replication by mediating cell cycle checkpoint escape. (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, replication stress in Brca2-null cells activates p53 and the expression of its target genes, including senescence-inducing Ink4/Arf. (biomedcentral.com)
Given the previously reported role of DUSP4 as a p53 target, a potential cell cycle checkpoint, and in mediating senescence downstream of replication stress, we hypothesized that DUSP4 may be a critical oncogenic driver in breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
The outcome was the identification of a transcription factor, TEA domain family member 4 (TEAD4), which controls cell cycle and DNA replication as the core control unit of the tumor checkpoint 3 . (cancerhealth.com)
3) How does the cell protect genome stability in response to DNA replication stress? (mdanderson.org)
Normally, structural damage of DNA by endogenous and environmental agents is followed by replication checkpoint arrest at the G2/M transition in order to allow for repair before proceeding in the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
Shortening of the 5'-terminus of the daughter strand, caused by the removal of the terminal RNA-primer and the subsequent incomplete replication of linear DNA molecules, is observed during the genome replication occurring upon cell fission. (actanaturae.ru)
STARD12 co-expressed genes participated in cell cycle and DNA replication, and STARD14 were enriched in ECM-receptor interaction. (medsci.org)
Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process. (openstax.org)
Selumetinib causes long-term G1 arrest accompanied by reduced expression of DNA replication and repair genes, but cells stochastically re-enter the cell cycle during treatment despite continued repression of pERK1/2. (babraham.ac.uk)

In addition, STARD12/14 could regulate the ferroptosis related genes. (medsci.org)

Since strong consensus regarding commonly altered MRs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is lacking, we generated a compendium of HCC datasets from 21 studies and identified a comprehensive signature consisting of 483 genes commonly deregulated in HCC. (aging-us.com)

This gene, which encodes a member of the serine/threonine kinase family, regulates cell polarity and functions as a tumor suppressor. (cancerindex.org)
One would expect that this gene functions as a tumor suppressor gene. (biomedcentral.com)

When a cell is exposed to ionizing radiation, its chromatin can be damaged with DSB, triggering the DDR which starts with the MRN complex recruiting ATM kinase to the exposed H2AX histones on the damaged DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Probably the most abundant viral transcripts in latency will be the U RNAs, which are selelck kinase inhibitor transcribed by DNA poly merase III and reach copy numbers of as much as two 104 copies per cell even though they aren't vital for transformation. (sodiumchannel-signal.com)
Treating SCCHN cell lines with a pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor resulted in defective cytokinesis, polyploidy and apoptosis, which was effective irrespective of the EGFR status. (oncotarget.com)
For example, a major regulator of metabolism is phosphoinositol 3 kinase (PI3K). (hindawi.com)
Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)

High NEK2 expression correlated with tumor size, pathological grade and macro- and microvascular invasion. (oncotarget.com)

Over the last two decades, studies based on genome-wide gene expression and functional profiling have revealed the great diversity of transcriptional alterations occurring in liver carcinogenesis. (aging-us.com)
The CTD 2 Network develops new approaches to identify genetic alterations that potentially influence tumor biology and characterize the role of these alterations in cancer development. (cancerhealth.com)
Subsequent improved understanding of the molecular alterations present in the cancer cell has enabled the development of targeted therapies for some forms of cancer. (nature.com)
Several molecular alterations found in carcinoid tumors might act as molecular targets leading to development of new therapeutic options. (springeropen.com)
Chromosome instability (CIN) is an increased rate where chromosome acquire alterations due to errors in cell division. (encyclopedia.pub)
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is the increasing rate in which cells acquire new chromosomal alterations. (encyclopedia.pub)
In addition, these alterations affect 3 principal categories of genes, as follows: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. (medscape.com)

The article Big data analysis find cancer's key vulnerabilities discusses their discovery of 24 "master regulators" that are present in a number of different cancers. (silvertonconsulting.com)
From a (software) coding perspective, it's almost like a majority of cancers are re-using the same modules to perform functions that are needed by the cancer cells. (silvertonconsulting.com)
Not all cancers exhibit all master regulator blocks but all the cancers that they have examined have some of them. (silvertonconsulting.com)
A few gene therapy trials now target head and neck cancer, which makes up only 4% of all cancers but has a dismal prognosis in advanced stages. (medscape.com)
Raw areca nut (RAN) consumption induces oral, esophageal and gastric cancers, which are significantly associated with the overexpression of pituitary tumor transforming gene 1/securin and chromosomal instability (CIN). (biomedcentral.com)

Methods We silenced LDHC expression in two breast cancer cell lines (BT549, HCC1954) and investigated the downstream effects on the tumor cell transcriptome. (bmj.com)
ChIP-qPCR assays were performed to evaluate the recruitment of different histone modifications in the core promoter region of securin gene as well as its upstream and downstream regions. (biomedcentral.com)

Objective: Bazhen Decoction (BZD) is a common adjuvant therapy drug for colorectal cancer (CRC), although its anti-tumor mechanism is unknown. (bvsalud.org)
The survival prognosis of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is largely different, and little is known about the anti-tumor mechanism of tumor-infiltrated exhausted CD8 + T cells (Tex) in HNSCC. (elifesciences.org)

It was revealed as early as in the 1930s that the behavior of the whole chromosome and its fragments in cells varies. (actanaturae.ru)
Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at the G 2 checkpoint. (openstax.org)

Accordingly, pre-treatment with 350 nM LSD1 inhibitor for 3 days followed by exposure to serial dilutions of ruxolitinib led to synergistic growth inhibition in non-DS-AMKL and ML-DS cell lines (Supplementary Fig. 4 ), as well as in all ML-DS patient samples (Fig. 1A ). (nature.com)
These genetic aberrations may cause loss of growth inhibition in normally quiescent cells and result in carcinogenesis [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Weighed against its homologs Plk1 (and its own connected signaling pathway) offers attracted much interest because overexpression of Plk1 can be firmly correlated with carcinogenesis (10 11 Furthermore inhibition of Plk1 using RNA disturbance (RNAi) or particular little molecule inhibitors causes development arrest or apoptosis in tumor cells (12-14). (biospraysehatalami.com)
ERKi treatment of cells drives the poly-ubiquitylation and proteasome-dependent turnover of ERK2 and pharmacological or genetic inhibition of Cullin-RING E3 ligases prevents this. (babraham.ac.uk)
Interestingly, the miR378a causal network also indicated inhibition of the immune response in LDHC positive cells. (bmj.com)

In female mammals, a unique characteristic of meiosis, not observed in other types of cells, is the prolonged arrest during the prophase stage of meiosis I. In oocytes, DNA double-strand breaks can be repaired during meiosis I by a process involving microtubule-dependent recruitment of the CIP2A-MDC1-TOPBP1 complex from spindle pole to chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
It is also involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [17]. (termedia.pl)
Activated p53 transcriptionally regulates hundreds of genes that are involved in multiple biological processes, including in DNA damage repair, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence. (nih.gov)
Exposure of RB-proficient cells to cisplatin, etoposide, or 5-fluorouracil elicited arrest in various phases of the cell cycle while lines deficient for RB exhibited different checkpoint responses. (elsevierpure.com)
Moreover, cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase was triggered by decreased LAPTM5 as well, which could lead to delayed BCa cell growth. (spandidos-publications.com)
cell cycle arrest. (biospraysehatalami.com)
Here we show that encysted embryos (cysts) of the primitive crustacean are ideal for such research because they undergo WNT7A complete cell cycle arrest when they enter diapause (a state of obligate dormancy). (biospraysehatalami.com)
however commonly used animal models are limited in that cell cycle arrest must be induced by treatment with drugs. (biospraysehatalami.com)
Activation of p21 or p16 therefore causes cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)

Knock out MDC1 mice cells and silenced human cells were radiosensitive, failed to initiate Intra-S phase and G2/M checkpoints, failed to produce ionizing radiation-induced foci had poor phosphorylation by the DRR kinases (ATM, CHK1, CHK2), defects in homologous recombination. (wikipedia.org)
Sequencing of neuroblastoma identifies chromothripsis and defects in neuritogenesis genes. (cancerhealth.com)
Defects in the ability of cells to properly respond to and repair DNA damage result in genomic instability and underlie many forms of cancer. (mdanderson.org)
Human Rad 9 ( hRad9 ) was originally identified as a structural homologue of yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe rad 9 , which can partially rescue the sensitivity of rad 9 null yeast to hydroxyurea, radiation damage and the associated checkpoint defects [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The generation of cellular models of drug resistance has been pivotal in unravelling the main effectors of resistance to traditional chemotherapy at the molecular level (i.e. intracellular drug inactivation, detoxifying systems, defects in DNA repair, apoptosis evasion, membrane transporters and cell adhesion). (nature.com)
In fact, it has been proposed that these parameters can be considered screening markers for the identification of mitotic checkpoint defects during the early days of RAN exposure. (biomedcentral.com)

The tumour suppressor p53 has a central role in the response to cellular stress. (nih.gov)
In the context of DNA damage, p53 is thought to be a decision-making transcription factor that selectively activates genes as part of specific gene expression programmes to determine cellular outcomes. (nih.gov)
Focusing on computational and statistical aspects of MR discovery, the ARACNe-MRA (Algorithm for the Reconstruction of Accurate Cellular Networks-Master Regulator Analysis) method has shown competent performance in this regard [ 4 ]. (aging-us.com)
Euchro matic, and thereby known, hyperacetylated controls were rep resented by the promoter and five coding areas of 27 cellular housekeeping genes. (sodiumchannel-signal.com)
Negative regulator molecules monitor cellular conditions and can halt the cycle until specific requirements are met. (openstax.org)
Furthermore, nitrosamines have been found to disrupt epigenetic processes by modifying histones which alter gene expression and modify cellular physiology making malignant transformation more likely. (preventionstartshere.org)
In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
This is the multihit theory of tumorigenesis, in which a series of multiple triggering events in the genetic and cellular makeup of a cell ultimately cause cancer. (medscape.com)

Because of its mutated aggressive genetics, this cell has a selective growth advantage over its neighbors. (medscape.com)

1. Disrupted systems include pro to-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and regulators of apoptosis. (ctsqena.com)
B. Categories of oncogenes include growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transducers, nuclear regulators, and cell cycle regulators (Table 3.3). (ctsqena.com)
Proto-oncogenes are positive cell-cycle regulators. (edu.vn)
This article briefly discusses tumor suppressor genes and then focuses on the role of proto-oncogenes in childhood cancer. (medscape.com)

In addition studies on HeLa cells using Plk1 siRNA interference and overexpression showed that phosphorylation of RSK1 increased upon interference and decreased after overexpression suggesting that Plk1 inhibits RSK1. (biospraysehatalami.com)

BZD also increases the ratio of CD4+ T cells to CD8+ T cells in the spleen and tumor tissues, boosting IFN-Î³ expression, essential for anti-tumor immunity. (bvsalud.org)

Specifically, we discuss how the interaction of p53 with DNA and chromatin affects gene expression, and how p53 post-translational modifications, its temporal expression dynamics and its interactions with chromatin regulators and transcription factors influence cell fate. (nih.gov)
Transcription factors (TFs) drive gene expression programs that shape specific phenotypes [ 3 ], and are frequently dysregulated in cancer [ 4 ]. (aging-us.com)
This spot also contains a gene with powerful homology for the family of dihydrofolate re ductases, even so, its transcription seems unaffected by histone acetylation, considering that expression of this gene can't be detected. (sodiumchannel-signal.com)
And whittle these down, using cluster analysis to those that were especially relevant for the cancer cell transcription activity. (silvertonconsulting.com)
BRCA2 gene promoter has bi-directional activity, expressing BRCA2 and a novel C4-type zinc finger containing transcription factor ZAR2. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, p53 as a transcription factor in DDRs is involved in innate and adaptive responses through recognizing immune receptors and activating immune cells such as T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages. (ppjonline.org)
It can bind to sites in the promoters of genes to initiate transcription. (edu.vn)
As a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage, p53 blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)

Mutation or loss of this gene can be found in 13% of sporadic pulmonary carcinoids and seem to be associated to shorter survival [ 13 ]. (springeropen.com)
This ensures that the cell has properly completed the step and has not encountered any mutation that will alter its function. (edu.vn)
Therefore, the mutation of p53 in cancer will dramatically alter the transcriptional activity of its target genes. (edu.vn)
Germline mutation of one TP53 allele is found in patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome who generally inherit a mutated TP53 gene from an affected parent. (medscape.com)

These inhibitors inhibit NHEJ-catalyzed DSB repair and sensitize in vitro cancer cells to DSB-inducing agents. (termedia.pl)
Interestingly, P-Tex cells expressed CDK4 genes as high as cancer cells, which could be simultaneously inhibited by CDK4 inhibitors and might be a potential reason for the ineffectiveness of CDK4 inhibitors in treating HPV-positive HNSCC. (elifesciences.org)
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective in the treatment of some hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), but these tumors do not always respond to inhibitors of programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1, also called PD1). (stanford.edu)

This combination of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation (epigenetic modifications that lead to gene silencing) is commonly found in cancer. (edu.vn)
Since the molecular mechanism underlying securin upregulation remains unclear, this study intended to investigate the association of securin upregulation with the Rb-E2F1 circuit and epigenetic histone (H3) modification patterns both globally and in the promoter region of the securin gene. (biomedcentral.com)
The current models for CIN involve telomere dysfunction, defective spindle assembly, sister chromatid cohesion, DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) repair, genes involved in the cell cycle, and epigenetic regulators. (encyclopedia.pub)

Furthermore, BZD has the potential to downregulate the PD-1 expression on T cell surfaces, indicating its ability to effectively restore T cell function by inhibiting immune checkpoints. (bvsalud.org)
STARD14 was negatively associated with the infiltration of CD8+T cells, while positively with CCL28 and immune checkpoints, including CTLA4 as well as PD-L2. (medsci.org)

The TP53 gene is also capable of stimulating apoptosis of cells containing damaged DNA. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] Targeted disruption of TP53 in the mouse leads to the development of various tumors (see image below). (medscape.com)

1) How does the hereditary breast tumor suppressor BRCA1 interaction network suppress breast tumor development? (mdanderson.org)

Mice lacking MDC1 are smaller, have infertile males, are radiosensitive, and are more susceptible to tumors. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, BZD can increase the number of T cells and promote T cell activation in tumor-bearing mice, enhancing the immune function against colorectal cancer. (bvsalud.org)
Among them, quercetin, kaempferol, licochalcone A, naringenin, and formaronetin are more highly predictive components related to the T cell activation in colorectal cancer mice. (bvsalud.org)
Tumor xenograft data from Balb/c nude mice demonstrated that HCC cells with high NEK2 expression formed larger tumors than those with low NEK2 expression. (oncotarget.com)
some mice were given intraperitoneal injections of antibodies against PD1, T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), or CD8 before the cancer cells were injected. (stanford.edu)
Tumors from mice given anti-PD1 had larger numbers of memory CD8+ T cells (CD44+CD62L-KLRG1int) and T cells that expressed PD1, lymphocyte activating 3 (LAG3), and TIGIT compared with mice not given the antibody. (stanford.edu)
these effects were not observed in mice with depletion of CD8+ T cells. (stanford.edu)
In Trp53KO/C-MycOE mice and mice with tumors grown from Hepa1-6 cells, injection of the combination of anti-PD1 and anti-TIGIT significantly reduced tumor growth, increased the ratio of cytotoxic to regulatory T cells in tumors, and prolonged survival.PVRL1, which is up-regulated by HCC cells, stabilizes cell surface PVR, which interacts with TIGIT, an inhibitory molecule on CD8+ effector memory T cells. (stanford.edu)
Tumors that developed in mice deficient in INK4A were enhanced by the topical application of carcinogens and ultraviolet light. (medscape.com)

Because the stpC and tip gene merchandise are the two essential to the transformation of T lym phocytes, the permissive chromatin framework is simply not surprising and has become reported previously. (sodiumchannel-signal.com)

Her research is focused on understanding how cells respond to DNA damage and safeguard the integrity of the genome. (mdanderson.org)
Her laboratory takes multidisciplinary approach to identify important players in the DNA damage response and define the roles of these genes in maintaining genomic stability and tumor suppression. (mdanderson.org)
However, in established cancer cells, such DNA repair system may prevent further DNA damage in their progeny and decrease in apoptosis resulting in enhancement of tumor growth. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to adequate reserves and cell size, there is a check for genomic DNA damage at the G 1 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
Each successive cell division will give rise to daughter cells with even more accumulated damage. (openstax.org)
A. Cancer formation is initiated by damage to DNA of stem cells. (ctsqena.com)
In response to DNA damage, p53 slows the cell cycle and upregulales DNA repair enzymes. (ctsqena.com)
Higher DNA damage, p53 overexpression, greater delay in cell kinetics and lower GSH levels in peripheral blood lymphocytes have been demonstrated in heavy RAN chewers than in non-chewers [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The DDR of mammalian cells is made up of kinases, and mediator/adaptors factors. (wikipedia.org)
Our results demonstrate that combined targeting of EGFR and Aurora kinases represents a therapeutic means to activate cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis in SCCHN. (oncotarget.com)
Cell department is controlled through cooperation of different kinases. (biospraysehatalami.com)
This signal transduction pathway is initiated by epidermal growth factor ligands binding to and activating receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) at the cell membrane. (hindawi.com)

Cell and animal research confirmed Bazhen Decoction efficacy and mechanism in treating colorectal cancer. (bvsalud.org)
CIN not only occurs as a tumor-promotor mechanism but also as a tumor-suppressor mechanism. (encyclopedia.pub)

Metabolic adaptations of cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
Lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC) expression has been observed in various cancer types and likely confers a survival advantage to tumor cells through metabolic reprograming. (bmj.com)

Four polo family members are present in mammalian cells: Plk1 Plk2/Snk Plk3/Fnk/Prk and Plk4/Sak. (biospraysehatalami.com)
When fast-dividing mammalian cells are grown in culture (outside the body under optimal growing conditions), the length of the cycle is about 24 hours. (openstax.org)
ATM and ATR are directly targeted and phosphorylated in mammalian cells by Chk1 and Chk2. (ppjonline.org)

The Warburg phenotype provides tumors an enhanced resistance against cytotoxic insults. (springer.com)

The genetic information in eukaryotic cells is stored in linear DNA molecules known as chromosomes [ 1 ]. (actanaturae.ru)
However, the most important role of the G 2 checkpoint is to ensure that all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged. (openstax.org)
The 46 chromosomes of human somatic cells are composed of 22 pairs of autosomes (matched pairs) and a pair of sex chromosomes, which may or may not be matched. (openstax.org)

A proportion of BRAF mutant lesions will methylate a DNA mismatch repair gene, MLH1 , which leads to the onset of microsatellite instability (MSI) [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

Typically, CAR T cells are developed from a patient's own T cells. (liangyihui.net)
They then used preclinical models to compare the efficacy of these allogeneic CAR T cells to the autologous CAR T cells typically used in treatment. (liangyihui.net)
Thus, MRs comprise typically a small number of TF-encoding genes (and their products) that control a disproportionate level of gene expression, giving rise to distinct molecular phenotypes associated with a particular disease. (aging-us.com)
Typically, rapidly proliferating tumor cells have glycolytic rates up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissue of origin, even in the presence of oxygen [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Despite this, clinical responses are typically transient as tumour cells develop resistance. (babraham.ac.uk)

Since the expression of genes defining discrete phenotypes is highly coordinated, application of reverse engineering algorithms to transcriptome datasets allows interpreting transcriptional networks by defining MRs and their associated regulons and gene circuits. (aging-us.com)
Transcriptome analysis further revealed that defense-and SA-related genes were upregulated by DDR. (ppjonline.org)
This study aimed to explore the changes in the transcriptome of breast cancer cells upon in vitro LDHC targeting. (bmj.com)

Identification of master regulator (MR) genes offers a relatively rapid and efficient way to characterize disease-specific molecular programs. (aging-us.com)
Dr. Califano and collaborators analyzed the expression data sets with the Master Regulator Analysis algorithm (MARINa) to identify subtype-specific MRs of NBL. (cancerhealth.com)

Telomere shortening leads to the attainment of the Hayflick limit, the transition of cells to a state of senescence. (actanaturae.ru)

An important development in cancer research over the past 2 decades has been the recognition that genetic changes drive the pathogenesis of tumors of both adulthood and childhood. (medscape.com)

Our findings indicate that tumor associated macrophages including Kupffer cells, have a profound impact on liver cancer and I am studying the molecular basis for these effects. (stanford.edu)

Although traditionally associated with the last stages of the disease, recent findings with minimally transformed pretumorigenic primary human cells indicate that the ability to generate drug resistance arises early during the tumorigenic process, before the full transformation. (nature.com)
Here, we investigate amplification events that underlie resistance to the MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244/ARRY-142886) in COLO205 cells, a well-characterized model for reproducible emergence of drug resistance, and show that amplifications acquired are the primary cause of resistance. (babraham.ac.uk)
Our findings demonstrate that acquisition of MEK inhibitor resistance often occurs through gene amplification and can be suppressed by impeding cell cycle entry in drug. (babraham.ac.uk)

Recently, the CTD 2 Center at Columbia University analyzed molecular characterization data from neuroblastoma (NBL) patient tumors, including the TARGET pediatric initiative, using predictive markers of risk for the development of precision oncology treatments for children. (cancerhealth.com)
Knowledge of RB-dependent chemosensitivity may ultimately contribute to individualized therapy based on molecular characterization of tumors. (elsevierpure.com)

The authors propose allogeneic healthy donor CAR T cells as a potential therapeutic option for patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. (liangyihui.net)
We review the possible roles for calorie restriction (CR) and very low carbohydrate ketogenic diets (KDs) in modulating the five R's of radiotherapy to improve the therapeutic window between tumor control and normal tissue complication probability. (springer.com)
Stimulating the expression of angiogenic microRNAs or genes in EPCs of low activity (such as those from patients with cardiovascular diseases) might allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, umbilical cord blood EPCs hold great therapeutic potential for cell therapy and vascular engineering. (biomedcentral.com)
Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that therapeutic targeting of LDHC may inhibit tumor growth while releasing the anti-tumor immune response in breast cancer, and warrant further in-depth investigation. (bmj.com)

During EMT, cells will undergo transformation from epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal phenotype ( 14 ) and many characteristics of cells will change including loss of cell-cell adhesion and acquisition of aggressive and metastatic ability ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Lung cancer is the first leading diagnosed malignant tumor globally [ 1 ]. (medsci.org)

The G 2 checkpoint bars entry into the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met. (openstax.org)
The final stage of the mitotic phase is cytokinesis, during which the cytoplasmic components of the daughter cells are separated either by an actin ring (animal cells) or by cell plate formation (plant cells). (openstax.org)

DNA repair targeted therapy, which kills cancer cells preventing DNA repair [1-3]. (termedia.pl)
Finding of hyperphosphorylated forms of hRad9 in the nucleus of cancer cells is in keeping with its function in ameliorating DNA instability, whereby it inadvertently assists tumor growth. (biomedcentral.com)
The surviving cells become cancer cells, which are capable both of dividing indefinitely and maintaining telomere length (usually with the aid of telomerase). (actanaturae.ru)
In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Glucose and glutamine are the 2 major substrates used by cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
In cancer cells, the DNA in the promoter region of silenced genes is methylated on cytosine DNA residues in CpG islands. (edu.vn)

In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division, the genomic DNA is replicated and then each copy is allocated into a daughter cell. (openstax.org)
However, there are many differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division. (openstax.org)

Human BRCA2 gene promoter is active in both the forward and the reverse orientations. (biomedcentral.com)
This promoter is 8-20 fold more active in the reverse orientation than in the forward orientation when the cells are in the non-dividing stage (G0/G1). (biomedcentral.com)
When the cells are in the dividing state (S/G 2 ), the forward activity of the promoter is 5-8 folds higher than the reverse activity. (biomedcentral.com)
In the G0/G1 growth phase ZAR2 is predominantly located inside the nucleus of the breast cells, binds to the BRCA2 promoter and inhibits the expression of BRCA2. (biomedcentral.com)
Subcellular location of ZAR2 and its expression from the reverse promoter of the BRCA2 gene are stringently regulated in a cell cycle dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
ZAR2 binds to BRCA2/ZAR2 bi-directional promoter in vivo and is responsible, at least in part, for the silencing of BRCA2 gene expression in the G0/G1 phase in human breast cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Increased trimethylation of H3 lysine 4 and acetylation of H3 lysine 9 and 18 both globally and in the promoter region of the securin gene were observed by increasing the levels of lysine-N-methyltransferase 2A, lysine-acetyltransferase, EP-300 and PCAF after RAN treatment. (biomedcentral.com)

The tumor checkpoint hypothesis says that during the life cycle of a cancer cell it goes through various state transitions. (silvertonconsulting.com)
Both copies of the p53 gene must be knocked out for tumor formation (Knudson two-hit hypothesis). (ctsqena.com)

An image depicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro can be seen below. (medscape.com)
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro (cell culture). (medscape.com)

In humans, the frequency of cell turnover ranges from a few hours in early embryonic development, to an average of two to five days for epithelial cells, and to an entire human lifetime spent in G 0 by specialized cells, such as cortical neurons or cardiac muscle cells. (openstax.org)

Thus, in addition to its checkpoint control function, hRad9 may play a role in regulating apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
The loss of control begins with a change in the DNA sequence of a gene that codes for one of the regulatory molecules. (openstax.org)

The second group includes cell- or tissue-specific factors. (nature.com)
The compelling conclusion that proliferative exhausted T cells are associated with response in HPV+ head and neck cancer is supported by the cohort of 14 patients with paired tumor and adjacent normal tissue and rigorous bioinformatic analysis of nearly 50,000 single CD3+ T cell transcriptomes. (elifesciences.org)
The phenomenon of field cancerization (the existence of histologically abnormal tissue beyond a neoplastic area that predisposes to tumour formation) was described in the 1950s on the basis of analyses of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). (researchgate.net)
Low-power view of hematoxylin-eosin-stained bone marrow showing hypocellularity, with increased adipose tissue and decreased hematopoietic cells in the marrow space. (medscape.com)

In turn, as a result of research into the abnormal cancer cell, the basic understanding of the cell has greatly improved. (medscape.com)
This, in turn, creates a clonal population of a single abnormal cell. (medscape.com)

In line with these observations, the allogeneic CAR T cells showed superior cytotoxicity in in vitro assays, and they efficiently targeted primary multiple myeloma cells in an ex vivo model. (liangyihui.net)
They experimentally validated the bioinformatic predictions by inactivating the MR genes in vitro and in vivo . (cancerhealth.com)
In vitro, studies have shown that BZD dose-dependently inhibits colon cancer cell growth and invasion and promotes apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy22

Organisms7

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs109

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes86

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care3

Reduced apoptosis1

Progression23

Proliferation17

Mutations21

Pathways10

Protein35

Proteins13

Suppressed tumor growth1

Regulation10

Mechanisms10

Microenvironment5

Replication10

Regulate1

Hepatocellular carcinoma1

Functions as a tumor2

Kinase5

Correlated with tumor size1

Alterations7

Cancers5

Downstream2

Anti-tumor mechanism2

Chromosome2

Inhibition5

Arrest9

Defects6

Cellular8

Genetics1

Oncogenes4

Phosphorylation1

Tissues1

Transcription8

Mutation4

Inhibitors3

Epigenetic3

Immune checkpoints2

TP532

Breast tumor1

Mice9

Chromatin1

Damage8

Kinases4

Mechanism2

Metabolic2

Mammalian cells3

Cytotoxic1

Chromosomes3

Mismatch repair1

Typically5

Transcriptome3

Master regulator2

Senescence1

Genetic1

Macrophages1

Resistance3

Molecular characterization2

Therapeutic5

Phenotype1

Malignant1

Mitotic2

Cancer cells6

Eukaryotic2

Promoter7

Hypothesis2

Head and neck squamous cell carc2

Humans1

Control2

Tissue4

Abnormal2

Vitro3