• The theory states that in a pre-existing group of lymphocytes (both B and T cells ), a specific antigen activates (i.e. selects) only its counter-specific cell, which then induces that particular cell to multiply, producing identical clones for antibody production. (wikipedia.org)
  • Then the cell stops producing all other side chains and starts intensive synthesis and secretion of the antigen-binding side chain as a soluble antibody. (wikipedia.org)
  • After antigen binding the cell proliferates, forming clones with identical antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • One clone acts immediately to combat infection whilst the other is longer lasting, remaining in the immune system for a long time and causing immunity to that antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adoptive cell therapy using engineered T-cell receptors (TCRs) targeting cancer-testis antigens, such as Melanoma-associated antigen 3 (MAGE-A3), is a potential approach for the treatment of NSCLC. (thno.org)
  • However, systematic analysis of T cell immune responses to MAGE-A3 antigen and corresponding antigen-specific TCR is still lacking. (thno.org)
  • In this study, we comprehensively screened HLA-A2 restricted MAGE-A3 tumor epitopes and characterized the corresponding TCRs using in vitro artificial antigen presentation cells (APC) system, single-cell transcriptome and TCR V(D)J sequencing, and machine-learning. (thno.org)
  • Mx9/9 is a CD4 clone bearing an antigen receptor recognized by the Mx9 anti-V beta 8 monoclonal antibody (MoAb). (ox.ac.uk)
  • The proliferation of the Mx9/9 stimulated cloned anticlone cells was blocked by anti-class II MoAbs, indicating that the autoreactive clones recognize their target antigen in conjunction with HLA Class II products. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A small number of precursor cells that recognize a specific antigen proliferate into expanded clones, differentiate and acquire various effector and memory phenotypes, which promote effective immune responses. (huji.ac.il)
  • These immune cells do not respond immediately when it first encounters an antigen but facilitates a more rapid secondary response when the antigen is encountered on a subsequent occasion. (biologyonline.com)
  • Memory B cells are clones of a parent B cell that previously served as an antigen-presenting cell and then activated by a helper T cell to proliferate. (biologyonline.com)
  • Generally, helper T cells recognize antigens presented in antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. (pediaa.com)
  • Memory B cells are clones of parent B cells that previously worked as antigen-presenting B cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Therefore, they detect the same antigen that the parent B cell encountered. (pediaa.com)
  • Effector cells refer to relatively short-lived activated cells that defend the body in an immune response while memory cells refer to long-lived lymphocytes capable of responding to a particular antigen on its reintroduction, long after the exposure that prompted its production. (pediaa.com)
  • Effector cells defend the body in response to an immune response while memory cells recognize and mount an immune response to a previously encountered antigen. (pediaa.com)
  • Memory cells, on the other hand, recognize and mount immune responses against a previously recognized antigen. (pediaa.com)
  • A human CD4 clone (Mx9/9) using the V beta 8 receptor was used as antigen to generate autologous clones (termed anti-Mx9/9 clones) which proliferate in response to this clone, but not other autologous clones. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, the anti-Mx9/9 clones responded also to the autologous EBV line, and thus the target antigen is not known. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In immunology, clonal selection theory explains the functions of cells of the immune system (lymphocytes) in response to specific antigens invading the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each type of pattern is a specific product of a clone of lymphocytes and it is the essence of the hypothesis that each cell automatically has available on its surface representative reactive sites equivalent to those of the globulin they produce. (wikipedia.org)
  • These atypical B-lymphocytes are single clones of the proliferating cells that will produce single immunoglobulin (Ig) or its fragments. (labpedia.net)
  • This tissue is composed of splenic nodules, which are similar to the lymphatic nodules in lymph nodes and are packed with lymphocytes (T lymphocyte cells and B lymphocyte cells). (healthjade.net)
  • This pulp contains numerous red blood cells, which impart its color, plus many lymphocytes and macrophages. (healthjade.net)
  • Memory T cells are T lymphocytes that have the similar capability of recognizing foreign particles that they previously encountered. (biologyonline.com)
  • Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell capable of producing a specific immune response to unique antigens. (biologyonline.com)
  • Generally, T and B lymphocytes serve as effector cells and memory cells in the immune system. (pediaa.com)
  • Effector cells are the T and B lymphocytes of the immune system that serves in normal immune function. (pediaa.com)
  • Generally, there are two types of T lymphocytes: cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Moreover, memory T cells are T lymphocytes that also recognize previously encountered antigens. (pediaa.com)
  • B and T lymphocytes serve as effector cells and memory cells. (pediaa.com)
  • In general, effector T cells either kill infected cells or help B lymphocytes to produce antibodies against antigens while effector B lymphocytes produce antibodies against pathogens. (pediaa.com)
  • Some of these cloned anti-clone cells proliferated after stimulation with irradiated Mx9/9 cells, but not after stimulation with other autologous cloned T cells or heterologous PBM, suggesting that these clones recognize the T cell receptor (TCR) of the Mx9/9 cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • According to it, certain cells exhibit on their surface different "side chains" (i.e. membrane-bound antibodies) able to react with different antigens. (wikipedia.org)
  • T cells provide protection to infection by cytokine-mediated mechanisms or through production of antibodies. (omicsonline.org)
  • Experiments with B cell deficient mice have demonstrated that B cells and antibodies are essential for complete clearance of parasites from blood of the host [2]. (omicsonline.org)
  • These are purified antibodies cloned from a single cell. (labpedia.net)
  • But unlike memory B cells, the memory T cells do not produce antibodies. (biologyonline.com)
  • The main function of plasma B cells is to secrete antibodies in humoral immune response and to activate cytotoxic and helper T cells to generate a cell-mediated immune response. (pediaa.com)
  • Due to their B cell properties, some hybridoma clones proceed to combine and emit hereditarily homogeneous antibodies against a solitary epitope, called monoclonal antibodies. (eccscotland.com)
  • While, our monoclonal optional antibodies are delivered from mouse hybridoma clones. (eccscotland.com)
  • In this context, if it is possible to immortalize normal human SAE BC that retain the capacity to differentiate to ciliated, secretory, and other differentiated cell types in vitro on air-liquid interface (ALI) culture, it would be very useful to the investigation of SAE biology in health and disease, and the assessment of pharmacologic agents targeted to modify dysregulated BC biology relevant to the pathogenesis of human lung disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multi-potent cells that persist in adult life in some tissue types, such as bone-marrow stroma, fat, skeletal muscle, and synovium without loosing their capacity to proliferate and differentiate [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Each colony is split and sequentially exported for on-target sequencing and further off-chip clonal expansion of the validated clones. (nature.com)
  • Live cell imaging of ex vivo cultures within micro fabricated arrays provides an attractive methodology for studying clonal expansion. (huji.ac.il)
  • Here we describe implementations of live-cell imaging within microwell arrays for studies of lymphocyte clonal expansion, portray insights already gained from these experiments and outline directions for future research. (huji.ac.il)
  • Tissue-resident memory T cells occur in tissues while virtual memory T cells occur in clonal expansion events. (pediaa.com)
  • They may contribute to a better understanding of MSC organisation in vitro , including features of clonal expansion, environmental adaptation and stem cell ageing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The differentiated effector cells derived from an activated lymphocyte bear receptors of identical specificity as the parent cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • As clones, the memory B cells bear the same B cell receptors as those of the parent B cell. (biologyonline.com)
  • These cells contain CD8+ receptors that recognize antigens presented with the MHC class I molecules . (pediaa.com)
  • Helper T cells, on the other hand, contain CD4+ receptors that recognize antigens presented with the MHC class II molecules . (pediaa.com)
  • Since they are a clone of a parent B cell, memory B cells contain the same B cell receptors as the parent B cell. (pediaa.com)
  • Memory cells are the long-lived cells in the immune system that have the ability to recognize antigens previously recognized by the immune system. (pediaa.com)
  • Autologous clones were raised against Mx9/9 cells using the peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells of the Mx9/9 clone donor (PBMjm). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Interactions between autologous T cell clones. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This was used as an experimental model to explore the specific interactions between autologous T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • He explained immunological memory as the cloning of two types of lymphocyte. (wikipedia.org)
  • CD4 + T cells stimulate B cells to induce significant level of antimalarial antibody response and also help in the induction of CD8 + T-cell responses which help in arresting the growth of liver-stage parasites in the host. (omicsonline.org)
  • We identified the HLA-A2 restricted T cell epitopes from MAGE-A3 that could effectively induce the activation and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells using artificial APC in vitro . (thno.org)
  • Anti-V beta 8 MoAbs activate and induce cell proliferation of this clone. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Upon recognition, cytotoxic T cells induce apoptosis and degranulation in infected cells. (pediaa.com)
  • The first experimental evidence came in 1958, when Gustav Nossal and Joshua Lederberg showed that one B cell always produces only one antibody. (wikipedia.org)
  • This supposedly occurred by certain cells phagocytosing the immune complexes and somehow replicating the antibody structure to produce more of it. (wikipedia.org)
  • The key difference from Ehrlich's theory was that every cell was presumed to synthesize only one sort of antibody. (wikipedia.org)
  • When genome editing induces a phenotypic alteration that is detectable by fluorescence (i.e., cell-surface expression of a target that can be non-lethally assessed with fluorescently labeled antibody), FACS provides a method of enriching edited cells 9 , narrowing the number of clones to propagate and analyze. (nature.com)
  • Memory B cells produce more robust antibody-mediated immune response during re-infection. (biologyonline.com)
  • These results suggest that T cells interact in a complex network, perhaps as complex as the regulatory interactions between antibody molecules and B cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In an alternate model, influenza vaccine peptide-bearing tetramers were able to detect influenza-specific T cells only after PBMC from influenza-vaccinated individuals were expanded in vitro by a 7-day culture with Ag ( 6 ). (aai.org)
  • Our results suggest that single cell-derived subclones from a patient can produce phenotypically heterogeneous self-renewing progenies in both in vitro and in vivo settings. (nature.com)
  • Regardless of the nomenclatures used, the CSCs (as the cells are commonly termed) that are isolated directly from patients' tumors are considered to serve as valuable tools that can enhance our understanding of tumorigenesis, therapeutic resistances and the functional heterogeneity of cancers in vitro and in vivo 5 . (nature.com)
  • In addition, ebastine treatment exerted obvious effects on cell cycle arrest, metastasis inhibition, apoptosis and autophagy induction both in vitro and in vivo . (ijbs.com)
  • In many methodology, spleen cells from these hosts are combined in vitro with refined harmful myeloma cells. (eccscotland.com)
  • In vitro cultivated stem cell populations are in general heterogeneous with respect to their expression of differentiation markers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Individual cell-based models are well-suited to provide quantitative predictions on essential features of the spatio-temporal organisation of MSC in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Under appropriate culture conditions, they can multiply and transform into specialized cell types in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Briefly, after electroporation of primary T cells with CXCR4 -targeting Cas9 ribonucleoproteins, single T cells are isolated on a chip and expanded into colonies. (nature.com)
  • Upon exposure to therapeutic drugs, resistant clones form resistant colonies and proliferate. (cbirt.net)
  • Receptor occupation is required for cell activation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although OspA 165-184 stimulated nearly all OspA-specific human T cell clones tested to proliferate and secrete IFN-γ and IL-13, LFA-1α L326-345 stimulated ∼10% of these clones to proliferate and a greater percentage to secrete IL-13. (aai.org)
  • Then the cell is activated and undergoes proliferation to produce a variety of descendants. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this way, preferential proliferation is initiated of all those clones whose reactive sites correspond to the antigenic determinants on the antigens present in the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, clone 121 lost its suppressor function after 4 months in culture and instead gained the ability to enhance the proliferation of Mx9/9 cells in the presence of anti-V beta 8 MoAb. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These experiments facilitate continuous acquisition of a large number of parameters on cell number, proliferation, death and differentiation state, with single-cell resolution on thousands of expanding clones that grow within controlled environments. (huji.ac.il)
  • Importantly, T cells artificially expressing the MAGE-A3-Mp4 specific TCRs exhibited strong MAGE-A3+ tumor cell recognition and killing effect. (thno.org)
  • 7 Importantly, it is believed that other hitherto unknown genes also play important roles in lymphomagenesis in addition to the synergistic effects of the aforementioned two oncogenes since human B-cell lymphomas often show a variety of genes subject to alterations and/or deregulated expression. (haematologica.org)
  • Importantly, human B-cell lymphoma cases with concurrent multiple translocations including BCL2 , MYC and CCND1 have been reported. (haematologica.org)
  • More importantly, we found that IPMK interacted with AMPK and functioned as a positive regulator of AMPK protein in osteosarcoma cells. (ijbs.com)
  • Recent studies establish a large degree of heterogeneity in the level of expansion and in cell state between and within expanding clones. (huji.ac.il)
  • Studying these processes in vivo, while providing insightful information on the level of heterogeneity, is challenging due to the complex microenvironment and the inability to continuously track individual cells over extended periods of time. (huji.ac.il)
  • Resistant clones have shown unexpected heterogeneity, but it is unclear whether these differences are inherent or if outside factors are to blame. (cbirt.net)
  • Although this heterogeneity is generally discussed in terms of pathological structures, examining the dynamic heterogeneity at the cellular level is fundamental to understanding the origins of the cells, potential therapeutic targets and the source of tumor recurrences 3 . (nature.com)
  • The main difference between effector and memory cells is that effector cells are short-lived cells whereas memory cells are long-lived cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Effector cells and memory cells are two types of cells in the immune system. (pediaa.com)
  • Furthermore, the other type of effector cells is effector B cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Moreover, effector cells are short-lived cells while memory cells are long-lived cells. (pediaa.com)
  • In brief, effector cells and memory cells are two types of cells in the immune system. (pediaa.com)
  • The main function of the effector cells is to mount an immune response to a particular pathogen. (pediaa.com)
  • The barcodes for clones obtained from the previously performed steps in FateMap are amplified and, subsequently, sequenced to produce a cDNA library. (cbirt.net)
  • For the functional screening, Bcl2 - and Myc- expressing primary B cells were infected with a retroviral cDNA library. (haematologica.org)
  • The resulting cell line (hSABCi-NS1.1) was characterized by RNAseq, TaqMan PCR, protein immunofluorescence, differentiation capacity on an air-liquid interface (ALI) culture, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), airway region-associated features and response to genetic modification with SPDEF. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, no genetic foundation for cell diversity was observed within resistant clones. (cbirt.net)
  • A new study led by researchers at Harvard Medical School and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health has identified some of the first known inherited genetic variants that significantly raise a person's likelihood of developing clonal hematopoiesis, an age-related white blood cell condition linked with higher risk of certain blood cancers and cardiovascular disease. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • These findings reveal specific sequences of genetic events-some inherited, others acquired-that give rise to these abnormal blood cells," he said. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Genetic alterations of BCL2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2), MYC [v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (avian)] and CCND1 (cyclin D1) are the most frequently found alterations in human B-cell lymphomas. (haematologica.org)
  • Conclusions Bcl2 , Myc and Ccnd1 or Bcl2 , Myc and CCND3 synergistically transformed mouse primary B cells into aggressive malignant cells. (haematologica.org)
  • According to this concept, MSC plasticity bases on permanent fluctuations of the differentiation state of each individual cell, which enables more differentiated cells to re-gain stem cell properties and subsequently to switch lineage (details see below). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, cross-reaction between the bacterial OspA and human LFA-1α L at the T cell level and the inability to detect Bb in the joint implicate an autoimmune mechanism. (aai.org)
  • Previous methods lacked the precision to detect clones unless they had expanded to at least 15 to 20 percent of white blood cells. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Although class I tetramers identified large populations of virus-specific CD8 + cells, a different picture has emerged from the use of class II tetramers. (aai.org)
  • FateMap helps identify resistant cells from subpopulations derived from single-cell (clonal) cancer populations and analyze their unique characteristics. (cbirt.net)
  • Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and cDNA-microarray analyses revealed that each subclone was composed of distinct populations of cells. (nature.com)
  • Simulation results on the composition of the functional stem cell pool of MSC populations suggest that most of the cells that constitute this pool originate from more differentiated cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the organisation of stem cell populations is strongly influenced by environmental factors such as specific cell-cell interactions, growth factor and oxygen supply, as well as the geometry and mechanical properties of the local environment [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because most cancers have a clonal origin, cancer stem cells (CSCs) must generate phenotypically diverse progenies including mature CSCs that can self-renew indefinitely and differentiated cancer cells that possess limited proliferative potential. (nature.com)
  • When either the sphere-forming system or the adherent system is used, some of the cancer cells can be propagated but other cells are lost because of cell death/apoptosis or differentiation. (nature.com)
  • In the upstream step, delivery of genome editing machinery to the cell type of interest generates efficient and specific edits. (nature.com)
  • A cohort of HLA-A2+ NSCLC donors demonstrated that the number of epitope specific CD8+ T cells increased in NSCLC than healthy controls when measured with tetramer derived from the candidate MAGE-A3 epitopes, especially epitope Mp4 (MAGE-A3: 160-169, LVFGIELMEV). (thno.org)
  • Statistical and machine-learning based analyses demonstrated that the MAGE-A3-Mp4 epitope-specific CD8+ T cell clones were mostly in effector and proliferating state. (thno.org)
  • To analyze the nature of response to OspA and LFA-1α L , we used OspA-specific T cell hybrids from DR4 transgenic mice, as well as cloned human cells specific for OspA 165-184 , the immunodominant epitope, from five DRB1*0401 + patients, using OspA-MHC class II tetramers. (aai.org)
  • Thus, it is of great interest to characterize Ag-specific T cells in individuals afflicted by these illnesses. (aai.org)
  • Recently, MHC tetramer technology has been developed that allows the direct enumeration of Ag-specific T cells ( 3 , 4 ). (aai.org)
  • Very low frequencies of collagen/matrix-specific CD4 + cells could be isolated from the PBMC or synovial fluid (SF) 4 of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), using class II tetramers that contained two joint-specific Ags ( 5 ). (aai.org)
  • We have analyzed the Ag-specific CD4 + T cells in treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis, using class II tetramers, and have shown that arthritis-associated Borrelia burgdorferi ( Bb) sensu stricto outer surface protein A (OspA)-specific T cells can be identified with this technology. (aai.org)
  • Through a strategic integration process, these barcoded cells are subjected to therapeutic drug treatments, with a specific focus on this study's use of vemurafenib for targeted therapy. (cbirt.net)
  • In laboratory settings, glioma stem cells (GSCs) can be isolated by adding EGF and FGF to suspension cultures in the absence of serum, which is the so-called sphere-forming method, or by using adherent culture systems in which specific materials are coated on culture dishes 4 , 6 . (nature.com)
  • To further understand the epigenetic regulators for specific lineage differentiation from iPS cell would have great significance for potential regeneration therapy and human disease modeling [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the team found examples where inherited variants led to the appearance of specific acquired mutations later in life or gave cells with such mutations a growth advantage over other cells. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • The researchers were then able to figure out the specific ways that the inherited variants made people vulnerable to developing clones. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • The older, more fragile red blood cells may rupture during this passage, and the resulting cellular debris is removed by phagocytic macrophages in the venous sinuses. (healthjade.net)
  • Therefore, the development of a method that allows screening of edited cells and minimizes cell manipulation and hands-on culturing would constitute a significant addition to the current genome engineering toolbox. (nature.com)
  • The team set out to learn which parts of the genome tend to be mutated in clones, which mutations are most harmful, and how clones arise and expand their numbers. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Selection of edited cell clones currently relies on limiting dilution or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based single-cell sorting to isolate single cells. (nature.com)
  • The resulting plasmid and the wild-type BmNPV genomic DNA were cotransfected into BM-N cells, and a recombinant virus was isolated by the limiting dilution method. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A stage II trial of AUY922 can be open up in GIST [98] and a stage II trial has been approved but is not yet active for individuals with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or peripheral T-cell lymphoma [99]. (forgetmenotinitiative.org)
  • Normally, central memory T cells and effector memory T cells occur in lymph nodes and peripheral circulation. (pediaa.com)
  • Moreover, even when high-purity single-cell sorting can be achieved, viability after sorting is often low to moderate, especially for cell types that are particularly sensitive to hydrodynamic stress or low-density culture conditions (e.g., primary cells or pluripotent stem cell lines). (nature.com)
  • Mouse somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by defined factors known to regulate pluripotency, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA sequencing was measured to identify the differential expressed genes due to loss of Sirt6 in somatic and pluripotent cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Particularly, by performing transcriptome analysis, we observed that several pluripotent transcriptional factors increase in knockout cell line, which explains the underlying loss of pluripotency in Sirt6-null iPS-like cell line. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent-like state through four defined factors known to regulate pluripotency, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, the molecular mechanism underlying the reprogramming process has been an active area of research. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that Sirt6 is highly expressed in pluripotent stem cells and also it regulates the efficiency of somatic reprogramming. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These large cells may be free, or fixed in various tissues. (healthjade.net)
  • When we placed dissociated glioma tissues on uncoated culture dishes, some cells formed sphere-like aggregates, whereas other cells grew out and extended cellular processes ( Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
  • The generation and maintenance of replenishing tissues relies on an appropriately regulated balance between self-renewal and differentiation within a relatively small population of adult stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phenotypic consequences of editing are rapidly assessed on-chip with cell-surface staining for CXCR4. (nature.com)
  • Over many years, the mutants out-compete normal blood cells, either proliferating more rapidly or surviving longer. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Assays with LFA- or OspA-DR4 monomers revealed that higher concentrations of LFA-DR4 were needed to stimulate dual-reactive T cell hybrids. (aai.org)
  • Cell viability assays, colony formation assays, wound healing assays, and Transwell assays demonstrated that ebastine elicited antitumor effects in osteosarcoma cells. (ijbs.com)
  • Immunology and Cell Biology , 94 (3), 242-249. (huji.ac.il)
  • OP9 feeder cell co-culture system was used to measure the hematopoietic differentiation from mouse ES and iPS cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Normally, each of the body's 10,000 to 20,000 hematopoietic, or blood-forming, stem cells contributes roughly the same number of mature blood cells to the body's total. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • It has been found that even within a group of genetically similar cells, small subgroups of resistant cells emerge. (cbirt.net)
  • The condition, uncovered in a series of studies over the past 10 years, is marked by the accumulation of genetically abnormal white blood cells, which may become cancerous or contribute to inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • These genetically dominant blood cells are called clones. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Here, we establish a method to enable clonal isolation, selection, and expansion of properly edited cells, using OptoElectroPositioning technology for single-cell manipulation on a nanofluidic device. (nature.com)
  • The BC were immortalized by retrovirus-mediated telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) transduction and single cell drug selection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These tools, together with in vivo experiments tracking single-cell responses, will expand our understanding of adaptive immunity and the ways by which it can be manipulated. (huji.ac.il)
  • A collaborative research effort led by scientists and engineers at the University of Pennsylvania and Northwestern University led to the development of FateMap, a framework that combines DNA barcoding, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and computational analysis to study the 'fate' or outcomes after exposing cancer cells to therapeutic drugs. (cbirt.net)
  • In Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (AS), T helper cells of host have been reported to be necessary for inducing a protective immune response against the blood stages of parasite [1]. (omicsonline.org)
  • Although immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) reinvigorates anti-tumor immune responses by disrupting co-inhibitory T-cell signaling, relapse frequently occurs after ICB treatment and acquired resistance often emergence after initial response [ 4 ]. (thno.org)
  • Therefore, functionally analyzing the individual types of the heterogeneous cells and determining their role in tumor pathogenesis are critical. (nature.com)
  • The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis, which was first described in studies on leukemia, has attracted considerable attention in other cancer fields, including the one devoted to brain tumor 4 . (nature.com)
  • An experimental model of two interacting clones of T cells is described, which may be used for defining and exploring the T-cell immunoregulatory network. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Re-exposure to the pathogen s causes them to clone themselves immediately and as such respond to the infection more strongly. (biologyonline.com)
  • At the same time, it can determine the origin of the clone as well as its transcriptional profile. (cbirt.net)
  • Fighting against the body's own cells that have changed due to an illness, for example cancerous cells. (healthjade.net)
  • Natural Treg cells during primary exposure to malaria enhanced Th1 memory responses and increased disease severity during re-infection. (omicsonline.org)
  • Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma has developed KW-2478 which has been evaluated inside a phase I dose escalation trial in CLL, relaspsed/refractory multiple myeloma, and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and is in a phase I/II study in combination with bortezomib in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma [101]. (forgetmenotinitiative.org)
  • About 4% of cases of diffuse large B-cell cell lymphoma possess BCL2/MYC double translocations, suggesting a synergistic effect of BCL2 and MYC in lymphoma development. (haematologica.org)
  • 8 - 12 Cases of CCND1/MYC double translocation are relatively frequent in mantle cell lymphoma. (haematologica.org)
  • To facilitate the study of the biology of the human SAE in health and disease, we immortalized and characterized a normal human SAE basal cell line. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The immortalized hSABCi-NS1.1 cell line has diverse differentiation capacities and retains SAE features, which will be useful for understanding the biology of SAE, the pathogenesis of SAE-related diseases, and testing new pharmacologic agents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, when the desired edit is phenotypically silent, a larger number of clones need to be selected for sequencing to ensure that at least one of them has been properly edited. (nature.com)
  • T-cell clone anti-clone interactions. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Intercellular interactions can also be studied within these arrays by following responses of a controlled number of interacting cells, all trapped within the same microwell. (huji.ac.il)
  • The main function of helper T cells is to activate other cells in the immune system to mount an immune response. (pediaa.com)
  • CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) are also involved in the mechanism of immune regulation against Plasmodium infection. (omicsonline.org)
  • The regulatory activity of the anti-Mx9/9 clones was assayed by coculture with their target clone. (ox.ac.uk)
  • It has been reported that Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6), a member of the sirtuin family of NAD + -dependent protein deacetylases, is involved in embryonic stem cell differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clonal hematopoiesis occurs when a single stem cell acquires mutations that cause it to produce far more than its share of new cells, including white blood cells. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Instead of the typical 1/10,000th, or 0.0001 percent, of a person's total white cell count, the progeny of a single mutated stem cell might make up 2 percent, or 20 percent, or more than 90 percent of a person's white blood cells. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Here, we study MSC plasticity on the level of individual cells applying a multi-scale computer model that is based on the concept of noise-driven stem cell differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Monitoring the fates of individual cells in high and low oxygen culture, we calculated the average transition times of individual cells into stem cell and differentiated states. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results allowed comparison of replication timing between polytene chromosomes in salivary glands and chromosomes from cultured diploid cell lines and to observe a substantial similarity in the global replication patterns at the band resolution level. (sdbonline.org)
  • It has also been reported that protective immunity can be transferred to naive hosts by transfer of immune CD4+ T cells [ 4 ]. (omicsonline.org)
  • This subset of T cells play critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis and controlling excessive immune responses [ 5 ]. (omicsonline.org)
  • Natural killer cells - lyse and kill cancer cells and virally infected cells before the adaptive immune system has been activated. (slidetodoc.com)
  • Memory cells are long-lived immune cells capable of recognizing foreign particles they were previously exposed to (thus, the memory in their name). (biologyonline.com)
  • When cultured on ALI, hSABCi-NS1.1 cells consistently formed tight junctions and differentiated into ciliated, club (SCGB1A1 + ), mucous (MUC5AC + , MUC5B + ), neuroendocrine (CHGA + ), ionocyte (FOXI1 + ) and surfactant protein positive cells (SFTPA + , SFTPB + , SFTPD + ), observations confirmed by RNAseq and TaqMan PCR. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Compared to the large airway cell line BCi-NS1.1, differentiated of hSABCi-NS1.1 cells on ALI were enriched with small airway epithelial genes, including surfactant protein genes, LTF and small airway development relevant transcription factors NKX2-1, GATA6, SOX9, HOPX, ID2 and ETV5. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A marked Ab and T cell response to Bb outer surface protein A (OspA) often develops during prolonged episodes of arthritis. (aai.org)
  • Morphological transformation studies have failed to demonstrate a viral oncogene, a virus-coded transforming protein or any sequence of DNA that uniquely transforms cells according to one-hit kinetics. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The silkworm larvae infected with the recombinant virus produced 3·6 mg of the fusion protein per larva and the infected BM-N cells produced 0·3 mg per ml of culture. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • IGF II was released from the fusion protein produced by BM-N cells infected with the recombinant virus by CNBr treatment, purified by extraction with guanidine-HCl, column chromatography and HPLC and the correct amino-terminal amino acid sequence confirmed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Mast cells - ability to bind with, ingest, and kill a wide range of bacteria. (slidetodoc.com)
  • The spleen also acts as the primary reservoir for platelets and as a filter for red blood cells (RBCs), removing damaged or malformed red blood cells from the circulation. (healthjade.net)
  • The normal adult spleen contributes to the homeostasis of the body by removing from the blood useless or potentially injurious materials (e.g., abnormal or "wornout" red blood cells and microorganisms) and by synthesizing immunoglobulins and properdin 2 . (healthjade.net)
  • Cancers are composed of heterogeneous combinations of cells that exhibit distinct phenotypic characteristics and proliferative potentials. (nature.com)
  • GBM, as its name suggests, is composed of a pathologically heterogeneous mixture of cells that exhibit varying degrees of cellular and nuclear polymorphism 2 . (nature.com)