Cell central tolerance or peripheral tolerance self tolerance. Medical search. Frequent questions

Peripheral tolerance prevents immune response to harmless food antigens and allergens, too. (wikipedia.org)
iTregs are enriched in the gut to establish tolerance to commensal microbiota and harmless food antigens. (wikipedia.org)
iDCs perform endocytosis and phagocytosis of foreign antigens and apoptotic cells, which occurs physiologically in peripheral tissues. (wikipedia.org)
Both of those populations are able to induce CD8 T cell tolerance by the presentation of the endogenous antigens on MHCI molecules. (wikipedia.org)
On the other hand, LECs can serve as a self-antigen reservoir and can transport self-antigens to DCs to direct self-peptide-MHCII presentation to CD4 T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Due to random genetic recombinations, immune cells genetically express receptors for the specific self and foreign antigens in the central lymphoid organs. (tutorialspoint.com)
This selection removes the T or B cell clones before they attain maturation if they possess receptors that recognize self-antigens and bind to them with strong affinity. (tutorialspoint.com)
V region which is specific to antigens in developing B cells usually undergoes receptor editing. (tutorialspoint.com)
This mechanism produces the less reactive auto receptors with a moderate affinity for self-antigens that would lead to disease allowing the cells to survive. (tutorialspoint.com)
Here the mechanism involves selecting self-recognizing cells that can protect which relies on a subset of T cells, Treg cells that inhibit immune responses against self-antigens and foreign antigens. (tutorialspoint.com)
Not all self-antigens are expressed in the central lymphoid organs where the negative selection occurs. (tutorialspoint.com)
In the thymus, the thymocytes which have a high affinity for self-antigens undergo apoptosis leading to their death, whereas the thymocytes with a low and moderate affinity towards the self-antigens cross the barrier and enter the periphery during negative selection hence we need peripheral tolerance as well. (tutorialspoint.com)
TREG cells recognize specific self-antigens and foreign antigens through the TCR interactions. (tutorialspoint.com)
Besides the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6), the increased expression of receptor repertoire (pattern recognition receptors, PRR) on APCs, mostly macrophages and dendritic cells, occurs as a result of the release of endogenous and exogenous antigens (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs). (hindawi.com)
Because of their central role in initiating an immune response while maintaining tolerance, impaired function of these cells might lead to the break of peripheral tolerance and initiation of immune responses to self-antigens. (nih.gov)
The AIRE protein is a transcriptional regulator expressed mainly in the thymus and plays a central role in the development and maintenance of immunological tolerance by promoting the ectopic expression of peripheral tissue-restricted antigens in medullary epithelial cells of the thymus 2 . (ersjournals.com)
Immunologic tolerance is a state of immune unresponsiveness specific to a particular antigen or set of antigens induced by previous exposure to that antigen or set. (medscape.com)
Upon completion of this activity, the participant should understand the critical roles of dendritic cells in guiding host immune responses, and the details of how they mature, process, and present antigens. (aacrjournals.org)
A unique feature of mTECs is expression of thousands of loci encoding antigens typically associated with fully differentiated peripheral parenchymal cells (peripheral-tissue antigens or PTAs). (nih.gov)
Historical perspective of the study of immunology, antigens/antibodies, side chain hypothesis, clonal selection hypothesis, antibody structure & function, generation of antibody diversity via VDJ recombination, and tolerance. (ibiology.org)
On the other hand, the discovery that the thymus contains a broad representation of self-antigens and that this depends on the expression of the product of the gene [[AIRE]] by the medullary thymic epithelial cells opens the possibility of manipulating central tolerance. (transhumanist.ru)
CAR-T cells target the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), such as CD19 in B cell malignancies and ERBB2 in breast cancers, which are also expressed in normal cells. (patent-art.com)
While CAR-T therapies have shown significant promise in acute lymphoid leukaemia, treating solid cancers with CAR-T cells remains a challenge due to the lack of suitable tumor-associated antigens and low overall objective response rates. (patent-art.com)
B-cells , which express antibody, can very efficiently present the antigen to which their antibody is directed, but are inefficient APC for most other antigens. (wikidoc.org)
Some APCs also bind native (or unprocessed) antigens to their surface, such as follicular dendritic cells , but unprocessed antigens do not interact with T cells and are not involved in their activation. (wikidoc.org)
Foxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells control dendritic cells in inducing antigen-specific immunity to emerging SARS-CoV-2 antigens. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Therapeutic cancer vaccines aim to boost the natural immunity against transformed cancer cells, and a series of adjuvants and co-stimulatory molecules have been proposed to enhance the immune response against weak self-antigens expressed on cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
However, except for virus-induced cancers, tumor antigens are mostly self or near-self protein epitopes that are often poorly immunogenic and submitted to central and peripheral tolerance. (biomedcentral.com)
The vast majority of such strategies are based on tumor associated antigens (TAAs) which are shared wild type cellular self-epitopes highly expressed on tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
On the contrary, TAAs are wild-type self-antigens highly expressed on tumor cells compared to corresponding normal cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Indeed, the term "molecular mimicry" was originally introduced in 1964 to define the similarity between antigens expressed by infectious agents and human cells, as cause of the microbial escape from the host immune response and a more aggressive infection [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The B cell antigen receptor (BCR)-repertoire is capable of recognizing a nearly unlimited number of antigens. (mdpi.com)
LECs are presumably the first cells that come into direct contact with peripheral antigens, cytokines, danger signals, and immune cells travelling from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes. (jci.org)
LECs can modulate dendritic cell function, present antigens to T cells on MHC class I and MHC class II molecules, and express immunomodulatory cytokines and receptors, which suggests that their roles in adaptive immunity are far more extensive than previously realized. (jci.org)
Immunologists recognized the importance of lymphatic vessels as channels for leukocyte trafficking from peripheral sites to their draining LNs ( 4 - 6 ), and as conduits for soluble antigens that can be taken up directly by LN-resident B cells and immature DCs ( 7 - 10 ), which help regulate the kinetics of antigen presentation. (jci.org)
The lymphatic vessels and secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) are arranged in a manner that optimizes interactions among antigens, APCs, and innate and adaptive effector cells. (jci.org)
cells are activated by interaction with antigens and obtain T indicated that the cell lines representing a defined cell help, they mature into terminally differentiated plasma stage generally presented a high similarity in over- cells secreting large amounts of antibodies [10 -12]. (lu.se)

pathomechanisms that regulate extravasation of damaging immune cells into surrounding tissues are poorly understood. (nature.com)
Immune tolerance or immunological tolerance is the state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to the substances or tissues that are capable to induce an immune response. (tutorialspoint.com)
Tolerance can be classified into 2 types depending on where this state is originally induced in the thymus or bone marrow or in other tissues and lymph nodes. (tutorialspoint.com)
For example, Omenn syndrome, a typical case of impaired T-cell differentiation with abnormal self-reactive cells, is invariably characterized by autoimmune features such as generalized scaly exudative erythroderma, enlarged lymphoid tissues, and peripheral expansion of oligoclonal T-cells, in addition to increased susceptibility for severe infections [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
However, clear evidence for functional NK cell subsets exists in humans and the presence of NK cells in the thymus and immature NK cells in the liver suggests specific functions for NK cells in the tissues. (scielo.br)
The cellular or innate immune system was first described by the pathologist Elie Metchnikoff who recognized the existence of cells in the blood and tissues whose role was to identify, capture, and destroy invading pathogens. (aacrjournals.org)
Further, it has been shown that gut-associated lymphoreticular tissue (GALT) mediated immune responses are more susceptible to aging than are lymphoid tissues involved in peripheral immunity. (nih.gov)
Drugs targeting diseased tissues or cells can significantly improve the efficacy of drugs. (biomed.news)
Dendritic cells (DCs) within the lymphatic tissues are the key initiators of adaptive immune responses during immunization or in the. (acir.org)
and IL-10-Tregs express high levels of IL-10, ICOS, granzymes, and multiple chemokine receptors responsible for migrating to peripheral non-lymphoid tissues. (atlasofscience.org)

After encountering an antigen with recognition danger or pathogen-associated molecular patterns, DCs start the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, express costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 and migrate to the lymph nodes to activate naive T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Antigen-loaded iDCs migrate to the lymph nodes, secrete IL-10, TGF-β and present antigen to the naive T cells without costimulation. (wikipedia.org)
After dendritic cells or macrophages swallow pathogens, they usually migrate to the lymph nodes , where most T cells are. (wikidoc.org)
Following T cell development , matured, naïve (meaning they have never been exposed to the antigen to which they can respond) T cells leave the thymus and begin to spread throughout the body, including the lymph nodes . (wikidoc.org)
During an immune response, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) endocytose (absorb) foreign material (typically bacteria or viruses ), which undergoes processing , then travel from the infection site to the lymph nodes . (wikidoc.org)
Once at the lymph nodes, the APC begins to present antigen peptides that are bound to Class II MHC, allowing CD4 + T cells that express specific TcR's against the peptide/MHC complex to activate. (wikidoc.org)
Regulatory T-cell-depleted mice had massively increased numbers of dendritic cells in lymph nodes. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Tolerogenic dendritic cells induced the enrichment of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells via TGF-β in mesenteric lymph nodes of murine LPS-induced tolerance model. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
No defects in thymic central tolerance were identified, however, increased autoreactive CD4 + T cells and plasmablasts are identified in the lymph nodes draining the inflamed joints, and both were positively correlated with the severity of arthritis. (acrabstracts.org)

These cells can trigger an autoimmune response, and there are several mechanisms of peripheral tolerance to prevent their activation. (wikipedia.org)
Antigen-specific mechanisms of peripheral tolerance include persistent of T cell in quiescence, ignorance of antigen and direct inactivation of effector T cells by either clonal deletion, conversion to regulatory T cells (Tregs) or induction of anergy. (wikipedia.org)
Dendritic cells (DCs) participate in the negative selection of autoreactive T cells in the thymus, but they also mediate peripheral immune tolerance through several mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
This Frontiers Research Topic entitled "Evolving mechanisms of disease tolerance" aims to demonstrate how the research and our understanding of this concept is leading to, what we consider, a new golden age of infectious disease research and discovery. (frontiersin.org)
Paudel and Sanfaçon return to the roots of disease tolerance by describing the mechanisms by which plants tolerate viral infection. (frontiersin.org)
The mechanisms by which these forms of tolerance are established are distinct but the resultant effect is similar. (tutorialspoint.com)
Some of the mechanisms for peripheral tolerance involve the T regulatory cells (subsets of CD4 and CD8). (tutorialspoint.com)
Although immunity is extensively impaired in such cases, regulatory tolerance mechanisms are not known to be affected [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
These cells expand in the periphery, causing tissue infiltration and damage due to breakdown of both central (e.g., autoimmune regulator, AIRE protein dysfunction) and peripheral (FOXP3 + deficiency) tolerance mechanisms [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
The suggested mechanism for this phenomenon is the possible inability of the thymus to delete these abnormal clones due to compromise of both central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells that initiate adaptive immunity by the activation of naïve lymphocytes and induce central and peripheral tolerance by mechanisms that include deletion, anergy and induction of regulatory T lymphocytes. (rotrf.org)
Autoimmunity results from a breakdown in one or more central or peripheral mechanisms of lymphocyte tolerance induction or maintenance. (nih.gov)
2) To understand how the two major medullary tolerance mechanisms - induction of misplaced transcripts and differentiation of misplaced cells - integrate to provide a strong safety net. (nih.gov)
This session showcases the generation of antibody diversity (via V, D, J recombination), and the mechanisms that ensure the proper function of B cells (pre-BCR signaling and tolerance). (ibiology.org)
Mechanisms in CD4 antibody-mediated transplantation tolerance: kinetics of induction, antigen dependency and role of regulatory T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
We have previously reported that dendritic cells (DCs) might be involved in the immune escape mechanisms for SARS-CoV. (biomedcentral.com)
The pathogenic mechanisms involve a wide range of cells and soluble factors. (mdpi.com)
Once tolerance mechanisms fail to block the activation and differentiation of autoreactive B cells, harmful autoantibodies may get secreted establishing autoimmune diseases. (mdpi.com)

However, immature DCs (iDCs) are able to induce both CD4 and CD8 tolerance. (wikipedia.org)
Tolerogenic DCs express FasL and TRAIL to directly induce apoptosis of responding T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Aside from dendritic cells, additional cell populations were identified that are able to induce antigen-specific T cell tolerance. (wikipedia.org)
Gluten peptides enter the pancreas where they affect the morphology and might induce beta-cell stress by enhancing glucose- and palmitate-stimulated insulin secretion. (mdpi.com)
However, during the study of achieving immune tolerance, ways in which to induce states of "partial tolerance" have been discovered, in which lower-than-conventional amounts of ongoing pharmacologic immunosuppression are needed. (medscape.com)
In fact, it has also been demonstrated that peripheral alterations in the insulin pathway observed in patients with T2DM contribute to alterations in brain insulin, leading to an increase of Aβ accumulation and a decrease of its clearance, which induce neuronal damage and, therefore, cognitive decline, creating a vicious cycle of pathogenesis [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Peripheral T-cell tolerance is thought to significantly contribute to the prevention of autoimmunity, and it has been shown that antigen-presenting steady-state dendritic cells efficiently induce peripheral tolerance. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
We show that antigen presentation by steady-state dendritic cells failed to induce peripheral tolerance in the absence of FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells but induced protective CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immunity instead. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Resting dendritic cells induce peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance through PD-1 and CTLA-4. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Stress is typically thought of as a negative phenomenon, but senior author Jeffrey M. Gidday, PhD, associate professor of neurological surgery and ophthalmology, and others have previously shown that the right kinds of stress, such as exercise and low-oxygen environments, can precondition cells and induce changes that make them more resistant to injury and disease. (neurosciencenews.com)

In immunology, peripheral tolerance is the second branch of immunological tolerance, after central tolerance. (wikipedia.org)
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, which has a central function in maintaining immunological tolerance. (ersjournals.com)
However, given that they may be also presented by HLAs on the surface of non-malignant cells, they may be possibly affected by immunological tolerance or elicit autoimmune responses. (biomedcentral.com)

Tregs, which are also generated during thymic T cell development, further suppress the effector functions of conventional lymphocytes in the periphery. (wikipedia.org)
Tregs are the central mediators of immune suppression and they play a key role in maintaining peripheral tolerance. (wikipedia.org)
TCR of nTregs shows a high affinity for self-peptides, Induced Tregs (iTreg) develop from conventional naive helper T cells after antigen recognition in presence of TGF-β and IL-2. (wikipedia.org)
CTLA-4 is a surface molecule present on Tregs which can prevent CD28 mediated costimulation of T cells after TCR antigen recognition. (wikipedia.org)
Most of the Tregs are a unique subset of CD4 T cells that expresses high levels of IL-2R chain (CD25), which secretes IL10 and TGF beta. (tutorialspoint.com)
Here we compared T-cell functions including the number of circulating CD3 + T cells, in vitro responses to mitogens, T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, TCR excision circles (TREC) levels, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) enumeration in several immunodeficinecy subtypes, clinically presenting with nonreactive residual cells (MHC-II deficiency) or reactive cells. (hindawi.com)
MHC-II deficient patients had slightly reduced T-cell function, normal TRECs, TCR repertoires, and normal Tregs enumeration. (hindawi.com)
While the autoreactive cells displayed significantly reduced Tregs numbers, the alloreactive transplacentally acquired maternal lymphocytes had high functional Tregs. (hindawi.com)
FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are central for peripheral tolerance, and their deregulation is associated with autoimmunity. (bvsalud.org)
For instance, a peptide/CpG-based cancer vaccine has been evaluated in several clinical trials and was shown in pre-clinical studies to favor the expansion of effector T versus Tregs cells, resulting in a potent antitumor activity, as compared to other TLR ligands. (biomedcentral.com)
For instance, the development of tolerogenic DCs will lead to antigen tolerance in particular through the expansion of T regulatory cells (Tregs). (biomedcentral.com)
We have recently shown that the vaccine formulation, and in particular the presence of the Toll-like Receptor (TLR) agonist CpG, can significantly promote the maturation of pro-inflammatory DCs, which favors Type I T cell responses while restricting the expansion of Tregs [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The loss of this subset impairs the generation and/or maintenance of Tregs, which in turn permits the expansion of antoreactive CD4 + T cells and autoantibody producing B cells, resulting in autoimmune arthritis. (acrabstracts.org)
The regulatory T cells (Tregs), are a type of CD4 + T cells that suppress the potentially adverse effect of the immune system and prevent autoimmune disease. (atlasofscience.org)
Although they play a central role in maintaining self-tolerance, Tregs also represent a major barrier for the antitumor immunity. (atlasofscience.org)
Similar to effector T cells, Treg cells undergo an activation process to gain increased inhibitory activity and eventually differentiate into effector Tregs, which can produce various soluble inhibitory cytokines and surface molecules to suppress the immune response. (atlasofscience.org)
and 4) modulation of APC function, in which Tregs downregulate surface levels of CD80/CD86, CD40, MHC-I, and MHC-II on APCs, thus blocking the stimulation of effector T cells by APCs. (atlasofscience.org)
Interestingly, although depletion of IL-35-Tregs did not affect IL-10 secretion by Foxp3+ Treg cells, nor caused any obvious immune activation, targeting IL35-Tregs indeed induced a better anti-tumor immune response in controlling tumor lung metastases. (atlasofscience.org)

It is important that "disease tolerance" is not confused with the equally important concept of "immune tolerance" in which immune reactivity is inhibited by clonal deletion or silencing of antigen-specific lymphocytes ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
It is the developmental stage within the large cycle of lymphocyte maturation and it is going to make sure that these lymphocytes can distinguish self and non-self-cells which is very important to prevent auto-immune diseases. (tutorialspoint.com)
We suggest that a high-tolerance capacity of the alloreactive transplacentally acquired maternal lymphocytes represents a toleration advantage, yet still associated with severe immunodeficiency. (hindawi.com)
In some cases, T cells may present, as a result of residual autologous cells or transplacentally acquired maternal lymphocytes [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
The origin of the reactive cells in such patients are either thymic release of T-cells that expand at the periphery or transplacentally transfers of maternal T lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)
A distinctive feature of SCID patients, which sometimes can clinically resemble Omenn, [ 6 ] is the presence of alloreactive cells originated from transplacentally maternal T lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes were determined as the cellular effectors of GVHD, and the key role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in T-lymphocyte activation was established during the following years [ 11 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
In a very interesting chapter, Z. PANCER and M. D. COOPER first consider the emergence of lymphocytes as a novel circulatory cell type in vertebrates and then discuss phylogenetic aspects of the superfamily of LRR - containing proteins and their role in immunity. (scielo.br)
We now understand that adaptive immunity is the purview of a second set of leukocytes, T and B lymphocytes, which are responsible not only for antibody production but also for the generation of T cells that can directly identify and kill host cells infected by pathogens (e.g., viruses). (aacrjournals.org)
If antibody therapy is continued for the full 5 weeks, T cell tolerance can still be established, suggesting that antibody therapy does not prevent lymphocytes from registering the presence of antigen. (ox.ac.uk)
Contemporarily, basic research has provided new tools, if imperfect, to monitor thymic function, that is, T-cell receptor excision circles, markers for lymphocytes recently emigrated from the thymus and new imaging techniques. (transhumanist.ru)
Neoantigens can be presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC, also known as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in humans) on the cell surface and recognized by the T lymphocytes. (patent-art.com)
The isolated T cell clones or T cell receptor (TCR-) engineered T lymphocytes establish the epitope patterns of neoantigens recognized by T cells. (patent-art.com)
T helper cells (also known as effector T cells or T h cells ) are a sub-group of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or leukocyte ) that plays an important role in establishing and maximizing the capabilities of the immune system . (wikidoc.org)
The pathogenesis of ITP involves multiple aspects of immune dysregulation, involving several types of cells (B and T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, plasma cells) and resulting in both shortened platelet survival and inhibition of platelet production. (ashpublications.org)

T cells with moderate affinity for self-antigen generate T regulatory cells or Treg cells during negative selection with an upregulation of transcription factor FOXP3 and enter the periphery where they inhibit or down-regulate the proliferation of self-reactive T cells. (tutorialspoint.com)
SCID patients presenting with circulating T cells show different patterns of T-cell activity and regulatory T cells enumeration that dictates the immunodeficient and autoimmune manifestations. (hindawi.com)
Researchers report cells in a high salt environment show activation of the beta catenin/Wnt signaling pathway, a pathway previously implicated in disrupting regulatory T cells and triggering inflammation. (neurosciencenews.com)
This pathway, which also been implicated in the development of cancer tumors, disrupts regulatory T cells and triggers inflammation. (neurosciencenews.com)
Abstract for "Activated β-catenin in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells links inflammatory environments to autoimmunity" by Tomokazu Sumida, Matthew R. Lincoln, Chinonso M. Ukeje, Donald M. Rodriguez, Hiroshi Akazawa, Tetsuo Noda, Atsuhiko T. Naito, Issei Komuro, Margarita Dominguez-Villar & David A. Hafler in Nature Immunology . (neurosciencenews.com)
The ability to mentalize, or theory of mind (ToM), is sexually Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are the central component of peripheral immune tolerance. (neurosciencenews.com)
In the case of T cells, central tolerance is imposed within the thymus, key orchestrators being medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), which play critical roles in both negative selection of T effector cells and positive selection of T regulatory cells. (nih.gov)
FoxP3+ regulatory T cells essentially contribute to peripheral CD8+ T-cell tolerance induced by steady-state dendritic cells. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Here we specifically analyze the involvement of FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells, which are known to be important for maintenance of self-tolerance. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Dendritic cells isolated from mice without regulatory T cells had up-regulated costimulatory molecules and showed stronger T-cell stimulatory capacity ex vivo, suggesting that regulatory T cells contribute to peripheral tolerance by keeping the dendritic cells in an immature state. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Using blocking antibodies, we demonstrate that CTLA-4 but not IL-10 is necessary for control of dendritic cells by regulatory T cells. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are dispensable for controlling CD8+ T cell-mediated lung inflammation. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Crucial roles of B7-H1 and B7-DC expressed on mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells in the generation of antigen-specific CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the establishment of oral tolerance. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
DC function was examined by antigen presentation and T regulatory cell (Treg) induction. (acrabstracts.org)
T regulatory (Treg) cells are known for their immunosuppressive role in the tumor microenvironment, but surprisingly, their death might only make them stronger. (acir.org)

Deletion of self-reactive T cells in the thymus is only 60-70% efficient, and naive T cell repertoire contains a significant portion of low-avidity self-reactive T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Central tolerance processes of negative selection and receptor editing work to eliminate many auto-reactive T cells in the thymus and auto-reactive B cells in bone marrow respectively. (tutorialspoint.com)
This mainly occurs in the primary lymphoid organs, bone marrow for B cells and thymus for T cells. (tutorialspoint.com)
1) To learn about a previously under-appreciated player in tolerization of T cells in the thymus: thymic mimetic cells. (nih.gov)
Given the central role of the thymus in tolerance, these facts have stimulated the interest in the biology of the thymus in humans. (transhumanist.ru)
CD4 + T cells have TcRs with an affinity for Class II MHC, and it is believed that CD4 is involved in determining MHC affinity during maturation in the thymus . (wikidoc.org)

Collectively, these studies have provided the impetus for investigating disease tolerance as an alternative and/or complementary form of host defense not only in the context of infection but also in settings of non-communicable diseases such as autoimmunity, asthma, and atherosclerosis. (frontiersin.org)
The activated β-catenin signature was enriched in human IFN-γ+ Treg cells, as confirmed in vivo with Treg-specific β-catenin-stabilized mice exhibiting lethal autoimmunity with a dysfunctional Treg phenotype. (neurosciencenews.com)
Our findings reveal a novel PTGER2-β-catenin loop in Treg cells linking environmental high-salt conditions to autoimmunity. (neurosciencenews.com)
Leading scientists explain the fundamentals of the inflammatory response, B and T cell development, autoimmunity, and plant immunology. (ibiology.org)
In addition to pathogenic functions of secreted IgM the IgM-BCR expressing B cell might be the initial check-point where, in conjunction with innate receptor signals, B cell mediated autoimmunity starts it fateful course. (mdpi.com)

These include depletion of IL-2 from the environment, secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, TGF-β and IL-35 and induction of apoptosis of effector cells. (wikipedia.org)
Those two distinct Treg effector subsets, play complementary roles in the maintenance of immune tolerance. (atlasofscience.org)
Reciprocal Expression of IL-35 and IL-10 Defines Two Distinct Effector Treg Subsets that Are Required for Maintenance of Immune Tolerance. (atlasofscience.org)
This Review summarizes the emergent evidence that LECs are important in maintaining peripheral tolerance, limiting and resolving effector T cell responses, and modulating leukocyte function. (jci.org)

In contrast, patients with reactive T cells exhibited poor T-cell differentiation and activity. (hindawi.com)
Signal transduction down the Ras/MAPK pathway, including that critical to T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, has been generally considered to occur at the plasma membrane. (scielo.br)
Includes the Cyrex Fluorescence Activated Cell Test (FACT™), a breakthrough proprietary process, is used to classify Th1/Th2 balance, based on the specific clusters of differentiation (CD markers) on the surface membranes of Th1 or Th2 cells, and NOT on the measurement of Th1/Th2-associated cytokine levels in the blood, commonly used by other laboratories . (lymphocytemap.com)
In contrast, the pathogenesis of ITP in which there is a differentiation block or loss of central tolerance, such as in patients with neoplasia or autoimmune disease, is poorly understood and multifaceted, making therapy of such individuals more difficult. (ashpublications.org)
Subsequent differentiation allows for rear- analysis of a set of mouse B lineage cell lines rep- rangements of the Ig light-chain (IgL) genes that replace the resenting defined stages of B cell development us- surrogate light-chain genes on the surface of the B cell [8]. (lu.se)

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) (also known as CD152) is a major negative regulator of T cell responses which interacts with the B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) ligands on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. (scielo.br)
Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) generate a diverse repertoire of B and T cell antigen receptors through the rearrangement of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene fragments, whereas jawless fish (agnathans) assemble diverse lymphocyte antigen receptor genes through the genomic rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) - encoding molecules. (scielo.br)
Once the tolerant state is established, it is difficult to break that tolerance by lymphocyte infusions from normal donors. (ox.ac.uk)
Some investigators also recently verified that the molecular signalling pathways of DC-T lymphocyte interaction might be novel targets for induction of transplant tolerance or handling of allograft immunity. (reninsignaling.com)
It utilizes an advanced proprietary flow cytometry method, which combines cutting-edge laser technology with monoclonal antibodies, to precisely measure the properties of living cells such as size, shape, density and granularity which results in a precise count of various lymphocyte subpopulations. (lymphocytemap.com)
T cell autoreactivity was determined by the syngeneic mixed lymphocyte response in vitro and by adoptive transfer in vivo , monitored by dilution of CFSE labelled T cells. (acrabstracts.org)
B lymphocyte development is a highly ordered process pro- expression analysis without the use of intermediate amplifica- ceeding from the progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM) to tion steps. (lu.se)

Nonetheless, immune tolerance remains the holy grail of transplantation immunology and clinical transplantation. (medscape.com)
Dr. Mathis is also an active member of the Commitee on Immunology at Harvard Medical School, the Broad Institute, the Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute. (nih.gov)

They are exceptionally efficient at antigen presentation and also adept at generating just the right type of T cells in response to a given pathogen. (aacrjournals.org)
Review of the immune cells, innate and adaptive immune systems, antigen presentation, T cell activation via MHC-I and MHC-II molecules. (ibiology.org)
Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells. (wikidoc.org)
Dendritic cells , which have the broadest range of antigen presentation, and are probably the most important APC. (wikidoc.org)

If the T cell recognizes the antigen, it is turned into the anergic state, depleted or converted to Treg. (wikipedia.org)
Treg function was examined by suppression of CD4 + T cell proliferation. (acrabstracts.org)
Thus, there is a clear need to develop more selective approaches to limit tumor-related Treg cell function without impacting peripheral immune homeostasis. (atlasofscience.org)
Aside from the well known inhibitory cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-10, the new immunosuppressive cytokine IL-35 has been implicated in Treg cell function through a combination of bystander suppression and infectious tolerance. (atlasofscience.org)
Thus, targeting IL-35 + Treg cells via antibody-mediated depletion could potentially push the immune system to detect and kill cancer cells without causing signiﬁcant adverse events, such as general inﬂammation and autoimmune complications. (atlasofscience.org)

These cells, in general, express MHC class II as well as MHC class I molecules, and can stimulate CD4 + ("helper") cells as well as CD8 + ("cytotoxic") T cells . (wikidoc.org)
They are essential in determining B cell antibody class switching , in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells , and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages . (wikidoc.org)
For example, there are sub-groups of suppressor T cells , natural killer T cells , and cytotoxic T cells that are known to express CD4 (although cytotoxic examples have been observed in extremely low numbers in specific disease states, they are usually considered non-existent). (wikidoc.org)

Anti-HIV-1 T cell responses are evaded by continuous mutation of the virus. (scielo.br)
Vaccine strategies that concentrate on stimulating T cell immunity will at best generate reactive and persisting T cell responses that can suppress virus without preventing infection, limiting or preventing the damage the virus cause. (scielo.br)
Conclusions Targeting subdominant T cell responses with lower avidity against pMHC affinity neoepitopes showed potential for improving PD-1 immunotherapy. (bmj.com)
Dendritic cells (DC) are responsible for initiating all antigen-specific immune responses. (aacrjournals.org)
My graduate work, however, determined that the recruitment and activation of bone marrow derived cells impacts injury, repair, and remodeling via paracrine orchestration of stromal responses. (yale.edu)
Finally, in very recent work, we have collaborated with investigators in Yale's School of Immunobiology to describe a new innate immune process by which the inflammation associated hormone GDF15 (also called macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1) controls systemic inflammation and tissue responses via central regulation of peripheral tolerance in multiple organs. (yale.edu)
In summary, the body has specialized immune cells (sensor cells) that detect homeostasis disturbances and activate a series of responses that help clear the inflection and restore homeostasis. (ibiology.org)
Neoantigen-specific T cells are crucial to clinical responses. (patent-art.com)
Neoantigen cancer vaccines are capable of eliciting strong T cell responses to neoepitopes in patients with melanoma. (patent-art.com)
These cells have potential in suppressing pathologic immune responses observed at various autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis. (spr-journal.ru)
Circulating and intratumoral NK and H-2Kb/OVA-specific CD8 responses are monitored, as well as the state of activation of dendritic cells (DC) with regard to activation markers and IL-12 secretion. (biomedcentral.com)
Altogether, our study in mice demonstrates that αGC/CD1d-antitumor fusion protein greatly increases the efficacy of a therapeutic CpG-based cancer vaccine, first as an adjuvant during T cell priming and second, as a therapeutic agent to redirect immune responses to the tumor site. (biomedcentral.com)
Emerging research on the roles of stromal cells in modulating adaptive immune responses has included a new focus on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). (jci.org)

T cells co-stimulation requires receptor CD28/B7 and B cell co-stimulation requires receptor CD40. (tutorialspoint.com)
This session provides a molecular overview of T cell receptor (TCR) activation and signaling. (ibiology.org)
The first chimeric antigen receptor- (CAR-) T cell immunotherapy, anti-CD19 CAR-T for B cell lymphoma, was approved by the USFDA in August 2017. (patent-art.com)
T-cells may recognize this complex using their T-cell receptor (TCR). (wikidoc.org)
Helper T cells recognize these, with the help of their expression of CD4 co-receptor ( CD4+ ). (wikidoc.org)
Like all T cells, they express the T cell receptor / CD3 complex. (wikidoc.org)
The T cell receptor (TcR) consists of both constant and variable regions, the latter of which determines what antigen the T cell can respond to. (wikidoc.org)
Flip (CFLAR) has been identified as a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk allele and is important in preventing death receptor mediated apoptosis of dendritic cells (DCs). (acrabstracts.org)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have successfully induced remission in patients with relapsed or refractory B cell malignancies, but a substantial portion of patients eventually relapse. (acir.org)
demonstrated that interleukin-1 receptor 8 (IL-1R8), which is a negative regulator of the IL-1 receptor (ILR) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, acts as a checkpoint for natural killer (NK) cell maturation and function, and removing this checkpoint could affect tumorigenesis and metastasis. (acir.org)
Therapies in which T cells are engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) have proven to be incredibly effective against certain hematological malignancies. (acir.org)
The genome-wide association studies (GWAS) coupled with gene expression profiling data shed light on the critical role of genes involved in B cell receptor (BCR) and T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathways in SLE pathogenesis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The latter includes patients with autoreactive clonal expanded T cell and patients with alloreactive transplacentally maternal T cells. (hindawi.com)
Inevitably, the random nature of antibody gene segment rearrangement, needed in order to provide mature B cells, will generate autoreactive specificities. (mdpi.com)

Tissue infiltration by activated innate immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, if untreated, leads to rapidly progressive organ injury, that can involve many organ systems. (nature.com)
It has long been appreciated that the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system must be coordinated, but it was not until the discovery of dendritic cells (DC) by Ralph Steinman at The Rockefeller University in the early 1980s that we truly understood conceptually how the immune system functions as a coherent unit. (aacrjournals.org)
Our work has contributed to the growing recognition that cells of the innate immune system display a highly plastic and adaptable phenotype through which they differentially regulate injury and fibrotic remodeling. (yale.edu)
Elsewhere excellent reviews on diabetes management after liver transplantation, robotic surgery, T cell exhaustion and innate immunity are accompanied by some well written and thought provoking articles on many aspects of liver, kidney, lung and heart transplantation. (tts.org)
Alternatively, the adjuvant activity of CD1d-restricted invariant NKT cells (iNKT) on the innate and adaptive immunity is well demonstrated, and several CD1d glycolipid ligands are under pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. (biomedcentral.com)

Residual autologous T cells are usually emerging from partial thymic maturation impairment such as in the case of Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) deficiency. (hindawi.com)
Recently, we serendipitously discovered a second, previously under-appreciated arm of thymocyte tolerization: thymic mimetic cells. (nih.gov)
These cells are a heterogeneous set of (mostly) Aire-dependent, post-Aire mTECs that have co-opted the lineage-defining transcription factors (LDTFs), chromatin-accessibility landscapes, and gene-expression profiles of particular extra-thymic cell-types, while maintaining their mTEC identity. (nih.gov)
Accrual of thymic mimetic cells depends critically on the LDTF(s) they express and differentially on Aire. (nih.gov)
Therefore, there are many signs indicating that a period of translational research applying the principles of thymic biology and central tolerance to transplantation has already started. (transhumanist.ru)
Thymic T cell development, selection and tolerance were examined. (acrabstracts.org)

Among those, only fibroblastic reticular cells and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) were shown to play a role in peripheral tolerance. (wikipedia.org)
Functional studies revealed increased expression of ICAM-1 on induced patient-derived endothelial cells (iECs) and of β2-integrins on patient neutrophils that increase neutrophil adhesion and vascular transendothelial migration (TEM). (nature.com)
We characterize the role of increased Lyn kinase activity in neutrophils, endothelial cells and lesional liver biopsies and utilized an iPSC-derived endothelial cell platform for disease modeling of neutrophilic vasculitis and to screen and evaluate drug efficacy. (nature.com)
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) themselves have been shown to play active roles in controlling their transport functions and in directly communicating with immune cells to modulate their immediate and downstream functions. (jci.org)

Considering the relevance of disease tolerance across the kingdoms of life and throughout the evolution of mammals, we have assembled exciting reviews detailing how this defense strategy is conserved from plants to humans against diverse forms of infection. (frontiersin.org)
Although NK precursors and immature NK cells have been identified in mice and humans, the precise sites where NK cell maturation take place are not yet fully defined. (scielo.br)
Induction of immunologic tolerance has been achieved and studied in numerous laboratory animal models, but it remains an elusive goal in clinical organ transplantation and in the management of autoimmune disease in humans. (medscape.com)
The presence of such cancer neoantigen recognizing T cells has been associated with effective antitumor immunity in humans. (patent-art.com)

Specifically, they demonstrated that genetic variation in mice can delineate host resistance vs. disease tolerance following malaria infection ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Indeed, the frequencies of naive CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in Peyer's patches of aged mice were reduced and this led to a lack of essential cytokine synthesis for the induction of either S-IgA immunity or oral tolerance. (nih.gov)
When tolerant cells were "parked" in T cell-depleted mice, tolerance and "resistance" were eventually lost by 6 months. (ox.ac.uk)
To this extent, we also provide evidence that T-cell polarization is altered in Irf5−/− mice and that IRF5 has a critical role in T-cell activation. (reninsignaling.com)
In the present study, we aimed to evaluate central and peripheral effects of dexibuprofen (DXI) in the progression of AD in APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) female mice, a familial AD model, fed with high fat diet (HFD). (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, Wu and coworkers have proven the existence of peripheral metabolic changes in plasma and liver of AD mice models, suggesting that AD development is not only caused by alterations in the brain but also that systemic impairment plays a key role in the pathology [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The DC-Flip-KO mice spontaneously develop erosive, inflammatory peripheral arthritis, resembling rheumatoid arthritis (RA). (acrabstracts.org)
Supporting the role of T and B cells, DC-Flip-KO- Rag -/- mice, which lack of both T and B cells, develop significantly milder and self-resolving arthritis compared with the DC-Flip-KO- Rag +/- mice. (acrabstracts.org)
Researchers increased the resistance of optic nerve cells to damage by repeatedly exposing the mice to low levels of oxygen similar to those found at high altitudes. (neurosciencenews.com)
By exposing mice to hypoxia, or low oxygen concentrations, several times over a two-week period, Gidday and colleagues triggered an extended period of tolerance. (neurosciencenews.com)
The investigators found that normal mice lost an average of 30 percent of their retinal ganglion cell bodies after 10 weeks of glaucoma. (neurosciencenews.com)
But mice that received the preconditioning before glaucoma-inducing surgery lost only 3 percent of retinal ganglion cell bodies. (neurosciencenews.com)
We also showed that preconditioned mice lost significantly fewer retinal ganglion cell axons," Zhu says. (neurosciencenews.com)

Graft versus host disease (GVHD), a severe immunogenic complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), represents the most frequent cause of transplant-related mortality (TRM). (hindawi.com)
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers the only curative modality for many hematological disorders. (hindawi.com)
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Refractory Crohn's Disease: Should It Be Considered? (mdpi.com)

Scientists previously thought tolerance in the central nervous system only lasted for a few days. (neurosciencenews.com)
Neurons in the central nervous system appear to be hard-wired for survival," Gidday says. (neurosciencenews.com)
Volatile solvents temporarily stimulate the central nervous system before depressing it. (msdmanuals.com)
Sudden death can result from respiratory arrest or airway occlusion due to central nervous system depression or arrhythmias ("sudden sniffing death," perhaps due to myocardial sensitization). (msdmanuals.com)
5. Patients with a previous history of demyelinating or inflammatory diseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS) or Peripheral (SNP). (who.int)

These cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, were found to provide a rapid response to virtually all pathogens and to initiate inflammation at sites of local infection. (aacrjournals.org)
As well, there are specialized cells in particular organs (e.g., microglia in the brain, Kupffer cells in the liver) derived from macrophages that are also effective APCs. (wikidoc.org)
The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines and other stimulatory signals (green arrows) that stimulate the activity of macrophages , killer T cells and B cells , the latter producing antibodies . (wikidoc.org)
Professional antigen presenting cells are primarily dendritic cells , macrophages and B cells , although dendritic cells are the only cell group that expresses MHC Class II constitutively (at all times). (wikidoc.org)

It is characterised by progressive mononuclear cell infiltration of the salivary and lacrimal glands and a decreased glandular secretion, resulting in dryness of the mouth and eyes (xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca, respectively). (nih.gov)
In the present study, the human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) microarray datasets ( n = 6), generated by three platforms, which included SLE patients ( n = 220) and healthy control samples ( n = 135) were collected. (biomedcentral.com)

Results in the induction of death or apoptosis in some cells that carry potentially active TCRs or BCRs. (tutorialspoint.com)
T and B cells need induction of costimulatory activation apart from the MHC-induced activation. (tutorialspoint.com)
Safe, reliable strategies for the induction of full tolerance have not yet been developed. (medscape.com)
We expect to gain novel insights into the mechanism of action of SFA and into its potential clinical use as a novel immunosuppressive agent for tolerance induction in solid organ transplantation. (rotrf.org)

This suggests that a tolerance mechanism whose role is only minor in central tolerance may have a major role in antibody-mediated peripheral tolerance. (ox.ac.uk)
Antibody-mediated depletion experiments further demonstrate that in this context, CTLs rather than NK cells are essential for the enhanced tumor inhibition. (biomedcentral.com)

Transplantation tolerance could eliminate many of the adverse events associated with immunosuppressive agents. (medscape.com)
such as haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, are clearly warranted. (reninsignaling.com)

immature cell is then subjected to negative selection to delete grouped based on their previously defined pheno- self-reactive cells before it leaves the BM to enter peripheral typic features, and a gene expression pattern for lymphoid organs, where it becomes a mature B cell [9]. (lu.se)

They also produce indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) to prevent T cell proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
Nonsynonymous somatic mutations may alter the amino acid coding sequences and create abnormal proteins that become highly expressed and promote cell proliferation. (patent-art.com)

NK cells coordinate tumor immunosurveillance and the immune response against pathogens. (scielo.br)
We have also shown that danger associated molecular pathogens released by cells exposed to apoptotic, soluble, and mechanical stimuli signal to adjacent cells to initiate a repair program. (yale.edu)
in essence, they lose most of their ability to further swallow pathogens, and they develop an increased ability to communicate with T cells. (wikidoc.org)
they cannot kill infected host (also known as somatic ) cells or pathogens , and without other immune cells they would usually be considered useless against an infection. (wikidoc.org)
Therefore, only the latter (i.e. infected cells, extracellular pathogens, cancer cells) are attacked by T cells while normal cells are spared. (biomedcentral.com)

This was investigated by a series of adoptive transfer experiments in which mAb-treated cells were removed from therapeutic antibody at defined times after skin grafting, and exposed to fresh antigen in the absence of further mAb treatment. (ox.ac.uk)
Cancer cells are characterised by an elevated metabolic plasticity and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), two features acknowledged as hallmarks in cancer, with a high translational potential to the therapeutic setting. (biomed.news)
Current protocols inducing microchimerism to generate tolerance to solid organ grafts suggest that this could be a feasible therapeutic goal. (transhumanist.ru)
They are tumor-specific and not expressed by normal cells, which makes them ideal therapeutic targets. (patent-art.com)
Neoantigens are mutated peptides present as HLA on the cell surface, and theoretically more attractive therapeutic targets because they are different from the others and seen as non-self by the immune system. (patent-art.com)
The importance of immune surveillance in eradicating malignant cells is well demonstrated, and several observations have motivated the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)

The combined CD1d/iNKT antitumor therapy and CpG/peptide-based immunization leads to optimized expansion of NK and OVA-specific CD8 T cells (CTLs), likely resulting from the maturation of highly pro-inflammatory DCs as seen by a synergistic increase in serum IL-12. (biomedcentral.com)

MHC-II molecules drive the development, activation, and homeostasis of CD4 + T-helper cells. (hindawi.com)
Aging also impairs oral tolerance, which may be of central importance for maintaining GI homeostasis. (nih.gov)
Likewise, insulin resistance is one of the main hallmarks of obesity and T2DM which plays an essential role in the maintenance in the cell energy homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)

Interestingly, the SARS-CoV infected DCs showed low expression of antiviral cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ and IL-12p40), moderate upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) but significant upregulation of inflammatory chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α/CCL3, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CCL-5, interferon-inducible protein of 10 kD (IP-10)/CXCL10 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1/CCL2. (biomedcentral.com)

Moreover, while the mainstay of the diagnosis of MHC-II deficiency is the absence of constitutive and inducible expression of MHC-II molecules on all cell types, other tests for T-cell function are less informative in such patients. (hindawi.com)
This enhances the direct killing of tumor cells by drug molecules while minimizing the potential toxicity to normal cells. (biomed.news)
Although almost every cell in the body is an APC, since it can present antigen to CD8 + T cells via MHC class I molecules, the term is often limited to those specialized cells that can prime T cells (i.e., activate a T cell that has not been exposed to antigen, termed a naive T cell ). (wikidoc.org)
To help distinguish between the two types of APCs, those that express MHC class II molecules are often called professional antigen-presenting cells . (wikidoc.org)
Activated DCs are especially potent T H cell activators because, as part of their composition, they express co-stimulatory molecules such as B7 . (wikidoc.org)
Function of T helper cells: Antigen presenting cells ( APCs ) present antigen on their Class II MHC molecules ( MHC2 ). (wikidoc.org)
We previously showed that dendritic-cell-induced tolerance is a T-cell-intrinsic process that depends on coinhibitory molecules such as programmed death-1. (helmholtz-hzi.de)
Traditionally, microcirculatory physiologists studied the essential transport functions of lymphatic vessels in removing fluid, molecules, and cells after leaking from blood vessels in the periphery and before returning them to the blood circulation. (jci.org)

It takes place in the immune periphery (after T and B cells egress from primary lymphoid organs). (wikipedia.org)

Patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) may present with residual circulating T cells. (hindawi.com)
In contrast, patients with self-reactive cells have significant autoimmune features in addition to their clinical and molecular immunodeficient state. (hindawi.com)
Given their central role in controlling the immune response in patients with cancer, DCs are emerging as a critical cell type that must be considered as we come to understand basic cancer immunobiology. (aacrjournals.org)
The genome sequencing of cancer cells has identified heterogeneity and tens to thousands of somatic mutations that vary among individual patients. (patent-art.com)
There are other (or newer) ICIs (such as anti-PD1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies), considered to be effective therapies in subsets of patients with a variety of tumor types such as metastatic melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and so on. (patent-art.com)
We have shown a reduction in the number and functional activity of T-reg in peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis in the acute stage, the increase in their number during remission, duration of the relationship of the autoimmune process and the degree of disability of patients with the contents of T-reg. (spr-journal.ru)
Scientists don't know if damage begins in the bodies or axons of the cells, but as more and more retinal ganglion cells die, patients experience peripheral vision loss and eventually become blind. (neurosciencenews.com)
Likewise, an aberrant TCR signaling followed by hyper-responsiveness of T cells has been shown in SLE patients [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Peripheral stigmata of lipid abnormalities and atherosclerosis, such as premature arcus cornealis, xanthelasma, eruptive (skin) xanthomata, tendon xanthomata, and lipemia retinalis, may be found in some patients. (medscape.com)
La présente analyse récapitule les facteurs pathologiques majeurs liant l'obésité au diabète, en se concentrant sur les données épidémiologiques actuelles relatives aux patients diabétiques obèses dans le monde arabe, l'étiologie de la maladie et les déterminants génétiques du diabète et de l'obésité. (who.int)
2. Patients who have not received the standard 1st line treatment (recombinant IFN a2), due to non-tolerance or contraindication. (who.int)

DCs are thus paradoxically important in cancer, generating both immunity and tolerance. (aacrjournals.org)
Understanding the paradoxical importance of dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance will inform the development of successful cancer immunotherapies. (aacrjournals.org)

Neoantigens arise from non-synonymous mutations and other genetic alterations in cells. (patent-art.com)
Normal cells do not express Neoantigens and therefore, neoantigen-specific immune reactions are not subjected to central and peripheral tolerance. (patent-art.com)
TSAs arise from cancer-related nonsynonymous mutations or other genetic alterations, which give rise to mutated peptides presented by HLA only on the cell surface of tumor cells (neoantigens). (biomedcentral.com)

Some studies have linked intake of a GF diet to reduced obesity and T2D and suggested a role in reducing leptin- and insulin-resistance and increasing beta-cell volume. (mdpi.com)
IL-12 plays a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammation and several reports suggest that IL-12 is the critical decisive factor switching tolerogenic DCs into immunogenic DCs. (rotrf.org)
Mitochondria is the central site of cellular energy production and plays an important role in cell survival and death. (biomed.news)
It is this diversity in function and their role in influencing other cells that gives T helper cells their name. (wikidoc.org)
CD4 + T cells are generally treated as having a pre-defined role as helper T cells within the immune system , although there are known rare exceptions. (wikidoc.org)
Antibodies cross-reacting to both group A streptococcal cells and human heart tissue were identified in a patient with rheumatic fever suggesting a pathogenetic role in such an autoimmune disease [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Finally, such T cell populations may be removed from the immune repertoire by central and peripheral tolerance and the efficacy of vaccines based on TAAs may be lost [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

T-cell subsets in HIV infection The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that assaults the body's immunologic system. (atlasofscience.org)

Class II MHC proteins are generally only found on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (wikidoc.org)

Type 1A diabetes is an autoimmune disease, the final consequence of a slow and gradual process of ß-cell destruction of pancreatic islet Langerhans cells leading to ketoacidosis in the absence of treatment. (scientificarchives.com)
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by the selective destruction of pancreatic insulin-producing B-cells. (essays.io)

Exercise inhibits cancer: the mechanosensitive state… Surprisingly, researchers find that tumor cells are sensitive to mechanical stresses. (atlasofscience.org)

Peripheral tolerance is the key to preventing the over-reactivity of the immune system to various environmental entities. (tutorialspoint.com)
Age-associated dysregulation of the immune system of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has been well documented for both secretory (S)-IgA immunity and oral tolerance. (nih.gov)
Starting with a basic review of the immune cells, this session provides a general overview of the immune system and its activation. (ibiology.org)
T h cells are involved in activating and directing other immune cells, and are particularly important in the immune system . (wikidoc.org)
The immune system is able to discriminate between the body's own "self" cells and foreign "non-self" cells. (biomedcentral.com)

In this context, the association between T2DM and AD is very complex where several molecular pathways are interlinked such as insulin resistance, peripheral inflammatory response, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, among others [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

DCs are a major cell population responsible for the initiation of the adaptive immune response. (wikipedia.org)

First author Tomokazu Sumida, a researcher in the lab of David Hafler, the William S. and Lois Stiles Edgerly Professor of Neurology and professor of immunobiology, and colleagues report that cells in a high-salt environment show activation of the beta-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway. (neurosciencenews.com)
The activation phase is when re-exposure of antigen causes the release of contents of basophils and mast cells. (periobasics.com)
An additional co-stimulatory signal is then produced by the antigen-presenting cell, leading to activation of the T cell. (wikidoc.org)
The aim of the present study is to combine the activation and tumor targeting of activated iNKT, NK and T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Activation and tumor targeting of iNKT cells via recombinant α-galactosylceramide (αGC)-loaded CD1d-anti-HER2 fusion protein (CD1d-antitumor) is combined or not with OVA peptide/CpG vaccine. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy22

Organisms12

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs48

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes37

Information Science2

Health Care3

Antigens37

Tissues10

Lymph nodes9

Mechanisms18

Induce10

Immunological3

Tregs18

Lymphocytes15

Regulatory15

Thymus6

Autoimmunity5

Effector4

Differentiation5

Lymphocyte7

Immunology2

Antigen Presentation4

Treg5

Cytotoxic T cel3

Responses13

Receptor12

Autoreactive2

Innate5

Thymic6

Endothelial cells4

Humans4

Mice13

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Trans3

Nervous system5

Macrophages4

Mononuclear cell2

Induction4

Antibody-mediated2

Transplantation2

Immature1

Proliferation2

Pathogens5

Therapeutic6

Maturation1

Homeostasis3

Cytokines1

Molecules8

Periphery1

Patients11

Immunity and tolerance2

Neoantigens3

Role6

Repertoire1

Subsets1

Professional antigen prese1

Destruction of pancreatic2

Tumor cells1

Immune system5

Inflammatory response1

Adaptive1

Activation5