Cell by microtubules. Medical search. Frequent questions

Dr. Oakley was interested in identifying proteins which associate with microtubules in the cytoplasm, particularly during the breakdown of microtubule filaments. (databasefootball.com)
A family of microtubule-associated proteins (or 'MAPs' for short) bind to microtubules and assist in organising the filaments, but it is not clear how they work. (elifesciences.org)
The experiments also found that oMAP4 can create links between different microtubules and act as a brake to prevent the filaments being moved excessively by motor proteins. (elifesciences.org)
New in vitro studies now show that a conserved family of CLASP proteins specifically modulate microtubule catastrophe and rescue transitions. (vanderbilt.edu)
They are formed by the polymerization of a dimer of two globular proteins, alpha and beta tubulin into protofilaments that can then associate laterally to form a hollow tube, the microtubule. (wikipedia.org)
There are many proteins that bind to microtubules, including the motor proteins dynein and kinesin, microtubule-severing proteins like katanin, and other proteins important for regulating microtubule dynamics. (wikipedia.org)
In vitro assays for microtubule motor proteins such as dynein and kinesin are researched by fluorescently tagging a microtubule and fixing either the microtubule or motor proteins to a microscope slide, then visualizing the slide with video-enhanced microscopy to record the travel of the motor proteins. (wikipedia.org)
This allows the movement of the motor proteins along the microtubule or the microtubule moving across the motor proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, we describe an additional, direct mechanism for cells to establish the fundamental cross-talk of cytoskeletal components alongside linker proteins. (biorxiv.org)
The Golgi Apparatus sorts, modifies, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell. (protopage.com)
The endoplasmic reticulum translates proteins and transports items throughout the cell. (protopage.com)
Ribosomes assemble proteins and polypeptides for cell division. (protopage.com)
The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer that contains a wide variety of molecules mostly proteins and lipids. (protopage.com)
Together, our data support a model in which the V409I/A mutations disrupt microtubule regulation typically conferred by XMAP215 proteins during neuronal morphogenesis and migration, and this impact on tubulin activity at the molecular level scales with the impact at the cellular and tissue levels. (elifesciences.org)
Proteins that control the geometry of microtubules at the ends of cilia. (pasteur.fr)
We show that three conserved proteins, two of which are mutated in the ciliopathy Joubert syndrome, determine the geometry of the distal segment, by controlling the positions of specific microtubule ends. (pasteur.fr)
Influenza hijacks numerous host cell proteins and associated biological pathways during its journey into the cell, responding to environmental cues in order to successfully replicate. (bris.ac.uk)
To test the reliability of this detection scheme, we used it to probe the interactions among three mRNA-binding proteins in both fixed and living cells and compared the results to those obtained by pull-down assays. (hal.science)
Effective intracellular transport of proteins and organelles is critical in cells and is especially important for ensuring proper neuron functionality. (nature.com)
In neurons, most proteins are synthesized in the cell body and must be transported through thin structures over long distances where normal diffusion is insufficient. (nature.com)
His doctoral thesis, entitled "Functional Analyses of Microtubule Severing Proteins in the Central Nervous System," showcased his extensive knowledge and expertise in the field. (drexel.edu)
The golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell. (enchantedlearning.com)
Rough ER transport materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane). (enchantedlearning.com)
The BUBR1 protein, produced from the BUB1B gene, and the TRIP13 proteins help ensure that each copy of the duplicated chromosomes is attached to a spindle microtubule, and they prevent cell division if any remain unattached. (medlineplus.gov)
Myelinating Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a single axon and express high levels of myelin-related proteins and messenger RNA (mRNA). (medscape.com)
The similarity of carbon nanotube s to microtubules suggests a potential to interact with cellular biomolecules, such as the mitotic spindle, as well as the motor proteins that separate the chromosomes during cell division. (cdc.gov)
Cell proteins were analysed with 2-dimensional electrophoresis and differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. (who.int)
Fes proto-oncogene proteins also bind TUBULIN and promote MICROTUBULE assembly. (bvsalud.org)

In an mutant trichomes, the organization of the actin cytoskeleton is normal but the distribution of microtubules is aberrant. (nih.gov)
A role of AN in the control of the microtubule cytoskeleton is further supported by the finding that AN genetically and physically interacts with ZWICHEL, a kinesin motor molecule involved in trichome branching. (nih.gov)
Our data suggest that CtBP/BARS-like protein function in plants is directly associated with the microtubule cytoskeleton. (nih.gov)
The microtubule cytoskeleton is critical for muscle cell differentiation and undergoes reorganisation into an array of paraxial microtubules, which serves as template for contractile sarcomere formation. (elifesciences.org)
Microtubules are polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
They are involved in maintaining the structure of the cell and, together with microfilaments and intermediate filaments, they form the cytoskeleton. (wikipedia.org)
The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton of a mature axon is maintained in a stabilized steady state, yet after axonal injury it can be transformed into a dynamic structure capable of supporting axon regrowth. (nih.gov)
The cytoskeleton determines cell mechanics and lies at the heart of important cellular functions. (biorxiv.org)
Growing evidence suggests that the manifold tasks of the cytoskeleton rely on the interactions between its filamentous components - actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. (biorxiv.org)
The cellular cytoskeleton and its constituent microtubules represent a heavily exploited network during viral infection. (bris.ac.uk)
Interest in microtubules increased, as these cylindrical polymer structures were recognized as essential components of the cytoskeleton required for cell growth and maintaining cell shape (12) . (cytoskeleton.com)
This event realigns the microtubule cytoskeleton positions key organelles and is required for the elaboration of axons primary cilia and other specialized signaling structures (1). (tam-receptor.com)
The chemi- appear to interact with the structural elements of the cell, cal analysis was assessed at DATA CHEM Laboratories using plasma- with apparent binding to the cytoskeleton [Porter et al. (cdc.gov)

The more complex linear interphase arrays common in epithelial cells, neurons, and plant cells may also be formed by MT-bound γ-TuCs. (rupress.org)
Aquaporin-5 (AQP5) is a water-specific channel located on the apical surface of airway epithelial cells. (plos.org)
In contrast, overexpression of AQP5 increased assembly of microtubules, with evidence of increased MT stability, and promoted the formation of long straight microtubules in the apical domain of the epithelial cells. (plos.org)
Aquaporin-5 (AQP5) is a water-specific channel located on the apical membrane of epithelial cells in several sites in mammals, including corneal and pancreatic epithelium, secretory cells in salivary and lacrimal glands, and airway submucosal glands, bronchial epithelium and type I pneumocytes of the respiratory tract. (plos.org)
Airway epithelial cells can dynamically regulate paracellular permeability in response to both physiologic and pathologic stimuli [6] , [11] . (plos.org)
AQP5 can regulate paracellular permeability in primary airway epithelial cells [6] . (plos.org)
In airway epithelial cells, altered AQP5 abundance is associated with changes in actin organization and in desmoplakin localization, which could contribute to the changes in paracellular permeability. (plos.org)
Stochaj, U., Multiple pathways promote microtubule stabilization in senescent intestinal epithelial cells. (mcgill.ca)
Recent work in mouse tracheal epithelial cells links microtubules with both establishing asymmetry as well as responding to this asymmetry to coordinate cellular orientation. (northwestern.edu)
Rat renal epithelial cells and fibroblasts were incubated with MCLR at 100 or 200 μM for 6-18 hr. (psu.edu)
[ 2 , 15 ] This may give the lesion the appearance of pseudoinvasion, because some of the epithelial cells, usually from benign glands, are surrounded by the smooth muscle (the lack of dysplasia in the polyps help to differentiate pseudoinvasion from malignancy). (medscape.com)
The nanotube bundles are similar to the potential of nanotubes to induce genetic damage size of microtubules that form the mitotic spindle in normal lung cells, cultured primary and immor- and may be incorporated into the mitotic spindle talized human airway epithelial cells were apparatus. (cdc.gov)

Here, we show in a reconstituted in vitro system that vimentin intermediate filaments stabilize microtubules against depolymerization and support microtubule rescue. (biorxiv.org)

They function as a skeleton to give cells their shape and enable many biological processes such as cell to cell communication and protein transport within cells. (databasefootball.com)
Microtubules also enable many biological processes, such as protein transport within cells and cell to cell communication. (databasefootball.com)
In this study, we identify a previously uncharacterised isoform of microtubule-associated protein MAP4, oMAP4, as a microtubule organising factor that is crucial for myogenesis. (elifesciences.org)
The microtubules in cells that make smaller amounts of this protein were more disorganised, and these cells were unable to fuse with each other to form muscle cells. (elifesciences.org)
This creates new nucleation sites for more MTs, thanks to the activities of γ-tubulin and a MT-associated protein called mto2p.Fission yeast have a simple, consistent interphase MT arrangement composed of four bundles per cell. (rupress.org)
Recently an actin-like protein has been found in the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which forms a microtubule-like structure called a nanotubule, involved in plasmid segregation. (wikipedia.org)
The protein localizes to the cytoplasmic microtubule network and binds APCL, a homolog of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene. (nih.gov)
NMR resonance assignment and structure prediction of the C-terminal domain of the microtubule end-binding protein 3. (nih.gov)
There is only 1 in each cell and it transports protein around. (protopage.com)
Here, we have developed a new method which uses these cylindrical structures as platforms to detect protein interactions in cells. (hal.science)
The principle is simple: a protein of interest used as bait is brought to microtubules by fusing it to Tau, a microtubule-associated protein. (hal.science)
The presence of a protein prey on microtubules then reveals an interaction between bait and prey. (hal.science)
Altogether, the results indicate that microtubules can be used as platforms to detect protein interactions in mammalian cells, which should provide a basis for investigating pathogenic protein interactions involved in human diseases. (hal.science)
As an example, if a synaptic protein is synthesized in the cell body, it may need to be transported the entire length of the axon (which could be over 1 meter in a human) to reach its functional target. (nature.com)
Here we sought to determine whether the microtubule-severing protein known as katanin mediates microtubule release from the neuronal centrosome. (silverchair.com)
reveal that, upon platelet activation, the motor protein dynein slides microtubules apart, inducing marginal band coiling and the conversion of platelets to a spherical shape. (scivee.tv)
They discovered that a structural protein must be binding the labeled colchicine, as it was taken up by KB and Hela cells in tissue culture (7) , sea urchin eggs (8) , sea urchin sperm tails (9) , and the brain (10) . (cytoskeleton.com)
cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell, but is inside the cell wall. (enchantedlearning.com)
The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). (enchantedlearning.com)
The CEP57 protein helps organize and stabilize the spindle microtubules. (medlineplus.gov)
The BUB1B gene mutations reduce the amount of functional BUBR1 protein, and TRIP13 gene mutations lead to an absence of TRIP13 protein in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
protein patterns of subjects with leish- Cell culture maniasis [17]. (who.int)
Septin 7 is a centrosomal protein that ensures S phase entry and microtubule nucleation by maintaining the abundance of p150 glued . (bvsalud.org)
Beta -amyloid may also alter kinase and phosphatase activities in ways that eventually lead to hyperphosphorylation of tau (a protein that stabilizes microtubules) and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. (msdmanuals.com)

At that time, there were only two known types of tubulins that make up microtubules: alpha and beta tubulin, and alpha and beta tubulins are just the building blocks that create microtubule filaments. (databasefootball.com)
As an unknown tubulin gene, this gene had never been studied, so Dr. Oakley's team set out to isolate and understand why this particular gene was important for microtubules. (databasefootball.com)
They were surprised to discover that this gene, which they named Gamma tubulin , was the foundation of microtubule formation. (databasefootball.com)
Conditions which depolymerize microtubules in intact and extracted cells as determined by tubulin immunofluorescence inhibit the binding of [3H]taxol. (rupress.org)
Tubulin and microtubule-mediated processes, like cell locomotion, were seen by early microscopists, like Leeuwenhoek (1677). (wikipedia.org)
In eukaryotes, microtubules are long, hollow cylinders made up of polymerized α- and β-tubulin dimers. (wikipedia.org)
These α/β-tubulin dimers polymerize end-to-end into linear protofilaments that associate laterally to form a single microtubule, which can then be extended by the addition of more α/β-tubulin dimers. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, we suggest a novel strategy to estimate the binding energy of tubulin dimers within the microtubule lattice. (biorxiv.org)
To determine the molecular mechanisms, we modeled the V409I/A mutants in budding yeast and found that they promote intrinsically faster microtubule polymerization rates in cells and in reconstitution experiments with purified tubulin. (elifesciences.org)
The basic assumption was to view the cell MT as quantum electrodynamical cavities, providing sufficient isolation in vivo to enable the formation of electric-dipole quantum coherent solitonic states across the tubulin dimer walls. (sciforums.com)
Cells were fixed and incubated with primary antibodies against β-tubulin, actin, and vimentin or cytokeratin IFs, followed by gold-labeled secondary antibodies with silver enhancement of the gold probe. (psu.edu)
The first images of tubulin within the cell began to be observed in the 1950s and 1960s via transmission electron microscopy (1) . (cytoskeleton.com)
In 1963, after the development of using glutaraldehyde as a fixative, the consistency and resolution of tubulin improved, and the term "microtubules" (MTs) was introduced (4-6) . (cytoskeleton.com)

Microtubules play a crucial role in segregating chromosomes from one cell to another during cell mitosis and division. (databasefootball.com)
At that time scientists were using the term "mitotic figures" to describe microtubules because they were observed during metaphase of mitosis. (databasefootball.com)
Photoswitchable Inhibitors of Microtubule Dynamics Optically Control Mitosis and Cell Death. (ens-lyon.fr)
Home / Teams / Evolutionary Cell Biology in Nematodes - M. Delattre / Publications / Photoswitchable Inhibitors of Microtubule Dynamics Optically Control Mitosis and Cell Death. (ens-lyon.fr)
Photostatins modulate microtubule dynamics with a subsecond response time and control mitosis in living organisms with single-cell spatial precision. (ens-lyon.fr)
They are also involved in cell division (by mitosis and meiosis) and are the main constituents of mitotic spindles, which are used to pull eukaryotic chromosomes apart. (wikipedia.org)
Microtubules serve as structural components within cells and are involved in many cellular processes including mitosis, cytokinesis, and vescular transport. (protopage.com)
But what all these life forms have in common is that their genetic code is copied from cell to cell thanks to the process of mitosis, whereby the nucleus of a cell splits into two before the cell divides. (visionlearning.com)
The term mitosis refers specifically to the process whereby the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell splits into two identical daughter nuclei prior to cell division. (visionlearning.com)
The rate at which mitosis occurs depends on the cell type. (visionlearning.com)
Mms19 function is needed for the coordination of mitotic events and for the rapid progression through mitosis that is characteristic of neural stem cells. (unifr.ch)
Cytokinesis begins after chromosome separation in mitosis and ends when the cell divides. (jove.com)
During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. (enchantedlearning.com)

Purified oMAP4 aligns dynamic microtubules into antiparallel bundles that withstand motor forces in vitro. (elifesciences.org)
Taxol is a low molecular weight plant derivative which enhances microtubule assembly in vitro and has the unique ability to promote the formation of discrete microtubule bundles in cells. (rupress.org)
Tritium-labeled taxol binds directly to microtubules in vitro with a stoichiometry approaching one (Parness, J., and S. B. Horwitz, 1981, J. Cell Biol. (rupress.org)
Typically, microtubules are formed by the parallel association of thirteen protofilaments, although microtubules composed of fewer or more protofilaments have been observed in various species as well as in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
In order to develop an in vitro assay to predict tumor sensitivity to taxol, human leukemic cell lines were exposed to clinically achievable concentrations of taxol for relevant exposure periods. (johnshopkins.edu)
In 2015, Dr. Qiang returned to Drexel University, where he now leads a research laboratory that focuses on using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) based technologies to develop in vitro and ex vivo cellular and tissue models. (drexel.edu)

Axonal transport of mitochondria along microtubules and F-actin in living vertebrate neurons. (rupress.org)
In several research regarding vascular endothelium TNF-α may induce hurdle dysfunction concomitant using the disruption of actin cytoskeleton14 18 and microtubule disassembly15 through systems relating to the activation of reactive air types (ROS) 19 RhoA GTPase 20 MAP kinases 15 transcriptional activation of myosin light string. (biospraysehatalami.com)
Tumor cells invade through extracellular matrices by forming actin-rich structures called invadopodia, which contain the transmembrane matrix metalloproteinase MT1-MMP. (scivee.tv)

Chloroquine inhibits human retina pigmented epithelial cell growth and microtubule nucleation by downregulating p150 glued . (bvsalud.org)

Thus, there must be specific cellular mechanisms which are required for bundle formation, in addition to the direct binding of taxol to cytoplasmic microtubules. (rupress.org)

Individual microtubules alternate between phases of growth and shrinkage via sudden transitions called catastrophe and rescue, driven by losing and regaining a stabilizing cap at the dynamic microtubule end. (vanderbilt.edu)
To understand these stabilizing effects, we directly measured the interaction forces between individual microtubules and vimentin filaments. (biorxiv.org)

Microtubules are nucleated and organized by microtubule-organizing centres, such as the centrosome found in the center of many animal cells or the basal bodies of cilia and flagella, or the spindle pole bodies found in most fungi. (wikipedia.org)
Several lines of evidence suggest that microtubules are nucleated at the neuronal centrosome, and then released for transport into axons and dendrites. (silverchair.com)
Microinjection of an antibody that inactivates katanin results in a dramatic accumulation of microtubules at the centrosome, indicating that katanin is indeed required for microtubule release from the centrosome. (silverchair.com)
These results indicate that microtubule-severing by katanin is essential for releasing microtubules from the neuronal centrosome, and also for regulating the length of the microtubules after their release. (silverchair.com)
In many cell types polarized cellular architecture is dictated by the movement of the centrosome (also called Xanthone (Genicide) the microtubule-organizing center or MTOC) to one side of the cell. (tam-receptor.com)

Small molecules that interfere with microtubule dynamics, such as Taxol and the Vinca alkaloids, are widely used in cell biology research and as clinical anticancer drugs. (ens-lyon.fr)
Taxol binds to cellular microtubules. (rupress.org)
We now report studies in cells on the binding of [3H]taxol and the formation of microtubule bundles. (rupress.org)
3H]Taxol binds to the macrophagelike cell line, J774.2, in a specific and saturable manner. (rupress.org)
This strongly suggests that taxol binds specifically to cellular microtubules. (rupress.org)
Taxol produced either multiple mitotic asters in G2/M or microtubule bundling throughout the cell cycle. (johnshopkins.edu)
In cells that were relatively resistant to taxol, microtubule bundling was reversible while microtubule bundling in relatively sensitive cells persisted in the presence or absence of taxol. (johnshopkins.edu)
In the future, these microtubule effects may be useful in predicting the chemotherapeutic efficacy of taxol. (johnshopkins.edu)

We have investigated Aplysia hemolymph as a source of endogenous factors to promote regeneration of bag cell neurons. (nature.com)
Enhanced regeneration of dissociated bag cell neurons was observed in the presence of central nervous system (CNS) sheath cells or arterial cells 12 , or material remaining after such cells were killed 13 . (nature.com)
Consistent with this idea, there were significantly fewer free ends of microtubules in the cell bodies of neurons that had been injected with the katanin antibody compared with controls. (silverchair.com)

Therefore, photostatins are both valuabletools for cell biology, and are promising as a new class of precision chemotherapeutics whose toxicity may be spatiotemporally constrained using light. (ens-lyon.fr)
Lawrence EJ , Zanic M , . Current opinion in cell biology. (vanderbilt.edu)
Journal of Cell Biology, 84(2):364-380. (ku.edu)
Microtubules, their functional roles in normal cell biology, and their exploitation by influenza viruses will be the focus of this review. (bris.ac.uk)
from the May 12, 2014, issue of The Journal of Cell Biology and includes an interview with senior author Stefano. (scivee.tv)
from the April 14, 2014, issue of The Journal of Cell Biology and includes an interview with authors Dylan Burnette (Vanderbilt University School of. (scivee.tv)
from the February 17, 2014, issue of The Journal of Cell Biology and. (scivee.tv)
from the December 23, 2013, issue of The Journal of Cell Biology and includes an interview with. (scivee.tv)

J Cell Biol (2005) 169 (2): 212. (rupress.org)
J Cell Biol (1982) 94 (3): 688-696. (rupress.org)
J Cell Biol (1995) 131 (5): 1315-1326. (rupress.org)
J Cell Biol (1999) 145 (2): 305-315. (silverchair.com)

The Mitochondria holds the DNA and the RNA of the plant cell. (protopage.com)
There are hundreds of mitochondria in a plant cell and it also converts glucose into energy. (protopage.com)
In plant cells, ATP is produced in the cristae of mitochondria and chloroplasts. (enchantedlearning.com)

They are usually found in all eukaryotic cells. (protopage.com)
Microtubules are μm-long cylinders of about 25 nm in diameter which are present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. (hal.science)

Depletion of oMAP4 impairs cell elongation and cell-cell fusion. (elifesciences.org)
We propose a model in which the cooperation of dynein-mediated microtubule transport and oMAP4-mediated zippering of microtubules drives formation of a paraxial microtubule array that provides critical support for the polarisation and elongation of myotubes. (elifesciences.org)
While microtubule elongation can occur at both the (+) and (−) ends, it is significantly more rapid at the (+) end. (wikipedia.org)

Here, we introducethe photostatins, inhibitors that can be switched on and off in vivo by visible light, to optically control microtubule dynamics. (ens-lyon.fr)
Here, we report that AQP5 promotes microtubule assembly and helps maintain the assembled microtubule steady state levels with slower turnover dynamics in cells . (plos.org)
These findings indicate that AQP5-mediated regulation of microtubule dynamics modulates airway epithelial barrier properties and epithelial function. (plos.org)
Combined with numerical simulations, our observations provide detailed insight into the physical nature of the interactions and how they affect microtubule dynamics. (biorxiv.org)

This event brings the Golgi apparatus secretory lysosomes and other vesicular compartments associated with the MTOC into close apposition with the synaptic membrane thereby allowing the directional secretion of soluble elements toward the prospective cell. (tam-receptor.com)

Most notably, oMAP4 is required for paraxial microtubule organisation in muscle cells and prevents dynein- and kinesin-driven microtubule-microtubule sliding. (elifesciences.org)

We have proposed a model whereby these features of the axonal and dendritic microtubule arrays are established within the cell body of the neuron. (silverchair.com)
beta-amyloid is the main component of neuritic (senile) plaques, which consist of degenerated axonal or dendritic processes, astrocytes, and glial cells around an amyloid core. (msdmanuals.com)

The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. (enchantedlearning.com)
Unlike the centrosomes in animal cells, plant cell centrosomes do not have centrioles. (enchantedlearning.com)

Microtubule-dependent cell morphogenesis in the fission yeast. (unil.ch)

Based on this research, you might understand how important microtubules are for normal biological processes. (databasefootball.com)
Therefore, the next challenge is to understand how other processes-such as the selective stabilisation of some microtubules and the movement of cell materials along the microtubules-cooperate to control muscle fibre formation. (elifesciences.org)
Microtubules play an important role in a number of cellular processes. (wikipedia.org)
Consequently, some microtubule processes can be determined by kymograph. (wikipedia.org)
Two main sub-processes were found: (i) When a longitudinal wall is first formed it is supplied with a higher number of microtubules per unit length of wall than it will have later, when it is being expanded. (biologists.com)
Is consciousness to be found in quantum processes in microtubules? (sciforums.com)
It may be that katanin severs microtubules throughout the cell body to keep them sufficiently short to be efficiently transported into developing processes. (silverchair.com)
The microtubules within these processes have a consistent 13-protofilament lattice and are tightly regulated with regard to their polarity orientation. (silverchair.com)

Microtubules are cytoskeletal polymers that dynamically remodel to perform essential cellular functions. (vanderbilt.edu)
This study compared the effects of MCLR on the organization of MFs, IFs, and microtubules (MTs) in hepatocytes and nonhepatocyte cell lines and determined the sequence of toxin-induced changes in these cytoskeletal components. (psu.edu)
Changes in fibroblasts and some hepatocytes were characterized initially by disorganization of IFs, followed rapidly by disorganization of MTs, with the progressive collapse of both cytoskeletal components around cell nuclei. (psu.edu)
The similarity of effects among different cell types suggests a common mechanism of action, but the independent kinetics of IF and MT disruption in hepatocytes suggests that there may be at least 2 sites of phosphorylation that lead to cytoskeletal alterations. (psu.edu)

Microtubule-membrane interactions in cilia. (ku.edu)
Extraction of the isolated cilia by nonionic detergent solubilized the ciliary membranes but left the axonemal microtubules and dyneine arms intact, as determined by quantitative electron microscopy. (ku.edu)

By analysing tum/RacGAP50C mutant Drosophila embryos we show that cells lacking Tum do not form furrows and fail to localise the key cytokinetic components Pebble (a RhoGEF), Aurora B kinase, Diaphanous, Pav-KLP and Anillin. (biologists.com)
These data support a model in which Tum/RacGAP, via its interaction with Pbl, provides a critical link between the anaphase microtubule spindle and cytokinetic furrow formation in Drosophila cells. (biologists.com)
Early Drosophila embryos undergo 13 rounds of rapid nuclear division before enclosing each nucleus into an individual, membrane-bound cell. (scivee.tv)
During development, the planar polarized distribution of Rho kinase and Myosin II helps Drosophila germ-band cells intercalate so that the embryo extends along its anterior-posterior axis. (scivee.tv)
Loss of functional Mms19 drastically affects the growth and development of mitotic tissues in Drosophila larvae and we now demonstrate that Mms19 is an important factor that promotes spindle and astral microtubule (MT) growth, and MT stability and bundling. (unifr.ch)

But a pertinent question remains: how do tubulins organize themselves into microtubule filaments? (databasefootball.com)

The GAP activity of Tum is required for cytokinesis: in its absence cytokinesis fails early even though Tum is present on microtubules at the cell equator where the furrow should form. (biologists.com)
The final step of the cell cycle that divides a cell into two daughter cells is called cytokinesis. (jove.com)

Scientists did not know what to make of the formation and breakdown of these figures and thought that the intrinsic forces generated in dividing cells caused chromosomes to move to opposite sides of daughter cells. (databasefootball.com)
Scientists did not know what to make of the formation (polymerization) and breakdown (depolymerization) of these figures and thought that an unknown, but inherent, natural force caused chromosomes to move to opposite sides of a dividing cell to be distributed to the daughter cells. (databasefootball.com)
used microscopy to observe the formation of the microtubule filaments in living myoblasts. (elifesciences.org)
Skeletal muscle fibre formation requires a coordinated programme of morphological and biochemical changes in the differentiating cells. (elifesciences.org)
Although the positioning signal is likely to be transmitted via the anaphase microtubule array to the cell cortex, exactly how the microtubule array determines the site of contractile ring formation remains unresolved. (biologists.com)
In contrast, aster formation was unrelated to cytotoxicity in any cell line. (johnshopkins.edu)

Microtubule filaments composed of tubulins are now known to play an active role in chromosome separation. (databasefootball.com)

Throughout the 19th century, as microscopes developed, scientists had been seeing clues of structures in dividing cells of eukaryotes . (visionlearning.com)

This compression, which ultimately divides the cell into two, is generated by the contractile ring. (jove.com)
Then the cell divides such that each new cell has a full set of chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)

Microtubules have a distinct polarity that is critical for their biological function. (wikipedia.org)
The protofilaments bundle parallel to one another with the same polarity, so, in a microtubule, there is one end, the (+) end, with only β-subunits exposed, while the other end, the (−) end, has only α-subunits exposed. (wikipedia.org)
Despite decades of research there are still basic aspects of planar cell polarity that are not well understood. (northwestern.edu)
Introduction Cell polarity plays a central role in migration asymmetric division and intercellular communication. (tam-receptor.com)
In that regard enzymes that metabolize DAG or convert it to another species represent intriguing candidates for the regulation of T cell polarity. (tam-receptor.com)
Whether DGK-α and DGK-ζ influence T cell polarity by shaping synaptic DAG accumulation is Xanthone (Genicide) not known. (tam-receptor.com)

Microtubule (MT) arrays form, say Janson et al. (rupress.org)
A xons and dendrites contain dense arrays of highly organized microtubules. (silverchair.com)

The two antiparallel MTs that make up each bundle overlap at their minus ends at the interphase microtubule organizing center (iMTOC), which attaches to the nuclear envelope. (rupress.org)

Starting in anaphase, the furrow deepens and spreads to form a ring around the cell. (jove.com)

Elimination of BCR/ABL-dependent intracellular signals triggers apoptosis, but it is unclear whether this activates additional cell survival and/or death pathways. (lu.se)

These neuronal phenotypes are accompanied by increased microtubule acetylation and polymerization rates. (elifesciences.org)

were prepared for electron microscopy so that cortical microtubules could be counted along the longitudinal walls in cell files in the endodermis, pericycle, and inner and outer cortex, and in sieve and xylem elements. (biologists.com)
Three types of behaviour, all related to changes in the cell walls, were noted as cortex, xylem and sieve element cells entered their respective phases of cell differentiation. (biologists.com)
To ensure the contractile ring is formed in the right place, RhoA is activated locally at the cell cortex, near the equator of the cell. (jove.com)

In MVA syndrome, some cells are aneuploid and others have the normal number of chromosomes, which is a phenomenon known as mosaicism . (medlineplus.gov)

Together, these new advances provide a clearer view on the complexity of the microtubule end and its regulation. (vanderbilt.edu)

Frameshift mutation of MAPRE3, a microtubule-related gene, in gastric and colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. (nih.gov)
STK11 is a tumor suppressor gene, in that its overexpression can induce a growth arrest of a cell at the G1 phase of the cell cycle and that somatic inactivation of the unaffected allele of STK11 is often observed in polyps and cancers from patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. (medscape.com)

describe how the phosphoinositides PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 control the resulting cell shapes by coordinating actomyosin contractility with plasma membrane expansion. (scivee.tv)

The filaments act as a template that helps the sarcomeres to align as the muscle cells form. (elifesciences.org)
Making more oMAP4 alone is not sufficient to form the elongated muscle cells. (elifesciences.org)
Upon differentiation, mono-nucleated myoblasts withdraw from the cell cycle and fuse to form syncytial myotubes ( Wakelam, 1985 ). (elifesciences.org)
The most common form of a microtubule consists of 13 protofilaments in the tubular arrangement. (wikipedia.org)
reveal that blebs form at the front of chemotaxing Dictyostelium cells, particularly when the cells are faced with a mechanically resistant environment, and that this process is guided by a PI3-kinase-dependent signaling pathway. (scivee.tv)
The cell wall also bonds with other cell walls to form the structure of the plant. (enchantedlearning.com)
These cells were allowed to form conjugates with CH12 B cells loaded with Xanthone (Genicide) MCC and then fixed and. (tam-receptor.com)

Although the molecular identities of these factors have not been reported, collagen-like peptides have been identified in the material produced by arterial and sheath cells 13 . (nature.com)

We show that oMAP4 is expressed upon muscle cell differentiation and is the only MAP4 isoform essential for normal progression of the myogenic differentiation programme. (elifesciences.org)
With the exception of the xylem, where there are no transverse cell divisions, each file of cells commences with its initial cell and then possesses a zone of concomitant cell expansion and transverse cell division, followed, after completion of the divisions, by a zone of terminal cell differentiation. (biologists.com)

Typically, at least one-quarter of cells in affected individuals have an abnormal number of chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)

The inner space of the hollow microtubule cylinders is referred to as the lumen. (wikipedia.org)

These cells contain stacks of structures called sarcomeres that enable the cells to contract and generate the force required for movement. (elifesciences.org)
To aid in the equal sorting of chromosomes to the two new cells, structures called spindle microtubules attach to the chromosomes and pull one copy of each to opposite sides of the cell. (medlineplus.gov)

Anatomy36

Organisms18

Chemicals and Drugs56

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes35

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science5

Health Care1

Proteins28

Cytoskeleton13

Epithelial cells12

Intermediate filaments1

Protein24

Tubulin13

Mitosis13

Vitro6

Actin3

Nucleation1

Cytoplasmic1

Individual microtubules2

Centrosome5

Taxol8

Neurons3

Biology8

Biol4

Mitochondria3

Eukaryotic cells2

Elongation3

Dynamics4

Lysosomes1

Dynein1

Axonal2

Centrosomes2

Morphogenesis1

Processes8

Cytoskeletal4

Cilia2

Drosophila5

Organize1

Cytokinesis2

Formation6

Chromosome separation1

Eukaryotes1

Divides2

Polarity6

Arrays2

Antiparallel1

Anaphase1

Pathways1

Neuronal1

Cortex3

Aneuploid1

Regulation1

Gene2

Describe1

Form7

Molecular1

Differentiation2

Typically1

Cylinders1

Structures called2