• The thyroid gland forms as a proliferation of endodermal epithelial cells on the median surface of the developing pharyngeal floor. (medscape.com)
  • Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling contributes to a variety of processes, mediating many aspects of cellular function, including nutrient uptake, anabolic reactions, cell growth, proliferation, and survival. (mdpi.com)
  • Further, 21 candidate genes within three potentially novel QTLs were identified, they were mainly involved in the regulation of phytohormone, cell division and proliferation, meristem development, plant or organ development, and carbohydrate transport. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors was profoundly affected with early activation and then repression of p21 cip1/waf1 and persistent activation of both p27 kip1 and p57 kip2 , whereas genes involved in cell survival and proliferation were suppressed. (aacrjournals.org)
  • MAX dimerization (MXD) protein 3 (MXD3) is a member of the MXD family of basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine-zipper (bHLHZ) transcription factors that plays pivotal roles in cell cycle progression and cell proliferation. (researchgate.net)
  • Studies from a number of laboratories in the past decade have revealed that the central pathways deregulated in cancer often serve to coordinately regulate both classic oncogenic signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation and cell survival with pathways controlling cell metabolism. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The protein functions as an oncoprotein that is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. (mycancergenome.org)
  • It was also demonstrated that USF1 directly binds to the promoter region of 2,492 genes, which may be involved in the viral progression and cell proliferation pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • They inhibit CELL DIFFERENTIATION and induce CELL PROLIFERATION by modulating different CELL CYCLE regulators. (bvsalud.org)
  • Anti-androgen flutamide suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediated induction of transforming growth factor-β1. (oregonstate.edu)
  • however, it also suppresses cancer cell proliferation and recent findings have implicated its role as a tumor suppressor. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose products normally provide negative control of cell proliferation, contributes to malignant transformation in various cell types. (medscape.com)
  • In the embryonic forebrain, Ngn1 is associated with dorsal patterning and cell fate specification, with the patterning molecules and proneural proteins establishing the spatial domains of both proneural and homeodomain protein expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein. (thermofisher.com)
  • However, hormone receptor negative (triple negative) tumors overwhelmingly overexpress p53 protein in tumor cells. (cancerindex.org)
  • Knockdown of Ascl1a protein also did not change the extent of photoreceptor apoptosis, but did yield significantly fewer Müller glia that reentered the cell cycle relative to the stat3 morphant and significantly decreased the number and intensity of Stat3 expressing Müller glia. (zfin.org)
  • also known as ASH1), neurogenic differentiation factor 1 (NeuroD1), yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and POU class 2 homeobox 3 (POU2F3). (cancerindex.org)
  • Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1 is a transcription factor with important roles in the control of fatty acid metabolism and adipogenesis. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Exposure of isolated human adipocytes to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) produced a marked and specific decrease in the mRNA encoding the SREBP1c isoform and completely blocked the insulin-induced cleavage of SREBP1 protein. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • MYC associated factor X (MAX) is a gene that encodes a protein belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLHZ) transcription factor family. (mycancergenome.org)
  • The MESP2 gene provides instructions for making a transcription factor, which is a protein that attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and helps control the activity of particular genes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • On the basis of its DNA binding and gene controlling activities, the TCF4 protein is known as a transcription factor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The TCF4 protein plays a role in the maturation of cells to carry out specific functions (cell differentiation) and the self-destruction of cells ( apoptosis ). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
  • For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
  • The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
  • The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)
  • The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
  • Desmosomes, molecular complexes of adhesion proteins, connect the cells, keeping follicular contents confined within the lumen. (medscape.com)
  • Immunohistochemical analysis was employed to determine the temporal and spatial expression of Stat3 and Ascl1a proteins following rod and cone photoreceptor cell apoptosis. (zfin.org)
  • Studies previously conducted show that HS negatively affects the skeletal muscle growth and development by changing its effects on myogenic regulatory factors, insulin growth factor-1, and heat-shock proteins. (frontiersin.org)
  • this family of proteins is hereafter called EBF) are a group of DNA-binding transcription factors with the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Activation domains influence the way proteins interact with the trancription apparatus of the cell (Dawson, 1995). (sdbonline.org)
  • In Drosophila, the majority of Notch target genes known so far is located in the Enhancer of split complex , encoding small basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins that presumably act as transcriptional repressors. (sdbonline.org)
  • Inhibitor of differentiation proteins are negative regulators of BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Key regulators identified in this context include the STAT1:STAT2 heterodimer and interferon regulatory factor family proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • PageMan analysis revealed several significantly enriched categories altered by MeJA+NaCl treatment, compared with NaCl treatment alone, including genes involved in secondary metabolism, glutathione-based redox regulation, cell cycle, transcription factors (TFs), and other signal transductions (such as calcium and ROS). (frontiersin.org)
  • These changes in gene expression alter cell metabolism, tissue re-modeling, and even organismal responses such as increases in heart rate and ventilation. (nobelprize.org)
  • Silencing of the EBF3 locus was observed in brain, colorectal, breast, liver, and bone tumor cell lines and its reactivation was achieved on treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A in a significant portion of these tumor cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Dr. Otto Warburg first described, more than 80 years ago, that a fundamental biochemical difference between tumor cells and their normal counterparts was that tumor cells rely on aerobic glycolysis for ATP generation, unlike most normal differentiated cells of the body, which use mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • These changes can be inherited and are, therefore, found in every cell, but more often, they are somatically acquired and restricted to tumor cells. (medscape.com)
  • NeuroD1 is a transcriptional activator that acts as a differentiation factor during neurogenesis. (thermofisher.com)
  • This then activates NeuroD1 and NeuroD6 (other bHLH factors). (bartleby.com)
  • In turn NeuroD1 and NeuroD6 activates Nsc1 which then activated terminal transcription factors and triggers neurogenesis[4]. (bartleby.com)
  • Forced expression of this gene in combination with the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NeuroD1 and the transcription factors POU class 3 homeobox 2 and achaete-scute family basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 1 can convert fetal and postnatal human fibroblasts into induced neuronal cells, which are able to generate action potentials. (nih.gov)
  • The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NeuroD (Neurod1) has been implicated in neuronal fate determination, differentiation and survival. (biologists.com)
  • Neurogenin 1 (Ngn1) is a Class-A basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that acts as a regulator for neuronal differentiation, and acts by binding to enhancer regulatory elements on genes that encode transcriptional regulators of neurogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to the Notch pathway activating the transcriptional factors involved in the promotion of gliogenesis, it is possible that these same factors are involved in the inhibition of other fates. (wikipedia.org)
  • The period of oscillation is predicted to depend on delays in the negative-feedback loop, including, most importantly, the transcriptional delay - the time taken to make each molecule of her1 or her7 mRNA. (zfin.org)
  • Transcription factors (TFs) bind to specific regions of DNA known as transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) and modulate gene expression by interacting with the transcriptional machinery. (bvsalud.org)
  • The binding of TFs to TFBSs influences the recruitment of the transcriptional machinery, thereby regulating gene transcription in a precise and specific manner. (bvsalud.org)
  • We show here that expression of EBF3 resulted in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Suppression of SHARP1 induces robust apoptosis of human MLL-AF6 AML cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The TP53 gene is also capable of stimulating apoptosis of cells containing damaged DNA. (medscape.com)
  • TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)
  • Binding of Ngn1, to the enhancer box, induces the transcription factor NeuroD to bind to its own enhancer boxes, inducing the genes involved in neuronal differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we find that chemotherapy induces the expression of glutathione S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1), which is dependent on hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and HIF-2. (nih.gov)
  • In living organisms, if the temperature exceeds the normal range (thermo-neutral zone), it disturbs the normal physiological functioning and induces cell injury. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we show that hypoxia induces corticosteroid-insensitive inflammation via reduced transcription of histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) in lung epithelial and macrophage cells. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • In studies during the early 1990's, Gregg Semenza identified, and then in 1995 purified and cloned, a transcription factor that regulates these oxygen-dependent responses. (nobelprize.org)
  • AhR regulates the transcription of diverse genes through binding to the xenobiotic-responsive element (XRE). (biomedcentral.com)
  • METHODS: Firstly, we downloaded the GC and glycolysis-related microarray datasets from TCGA and MSigDB databases and took the intersection to screen out the transcription factor LHX9 that regulates GC glycolytic metabolic reprogramming. (bvsalud.org)
  • NRG1α was detected in serous cells within normal submucosal glands and in epithelial cells lining honeycombing areas in IPF, and was not detected in other patients. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusion Expression of SOX2 and MUC5B and lack of SPDEF in atypically differentiated cells of bronchiolised distal airspaces are consistent with abnormal programming of airway epithelial cells in IPF. (bmj.com)
  • EMT is an embryologically conserved genetic program by which epithelial cells down regulate intercellular tight junctions, loose polarity, express mesenchymal markers, and manifest a migratory phenotype [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
  • This occurs under the influence of fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways. (medscape.com)
  • Methods Pathways governing airway mucus cell differentiation include SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), Notch, forkhead box A3(FOXA3)/SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the EGF-related neuregulins NRG1α and NRG1β. (bmj.com)
  • In this work, pathways governing mucus cell differentiation were investigated in lung tissues from patients with IPF and other chronic pulmonary disorders. (bmj.com)
  • for example, in 1858 Louis Pasteur was the first to show that there is a complex balance of oxygen use in animal cells, and that cells use multiple pathways to accomplish energy con-version (Pasteur, 1858). (nobelprize.org)
  • In neural crest cells, the neurogenin family is essential for neurogenesis in the developing dorsal root ganglia and development of the sensory lineage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurogenin 2 (Ngn2) is a bHLH transcription factor involved in both neurogenesis and neural specification. (wikipedia.org)
  • This indicates that presence of a single pro-neural factor as well could promote neurogenesis. (bartleby.com)
  • In a whole-genome sequencing in 17 Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma cases and whole-exome sequencing in 71 cases, Song (2014), reported ASH1L alterations. (cancerindex.org)
  • Modulation of tight junction structure in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells. (worthington-biochem.com)
  • A Non-Aggressive, Highly Efficient, Enzymatic Method for Dissociation of Human Brain-Tumors and Brain-Tissues to Viable Single-Cells. (worthington-biochem.com)
  • Pediatric Brain Tumor Cancer Stem Cells: Cell Cycle Dynamics, DNA Repair, and Etoposide Extrusion. (worthington-biochem.com)
  • Primary Cell Culture of Live Neurosurgically Resected Aged Adult Human Brain Cells and Single Cell Transcriptomics. (worthington-biochem.com)
  • Activated AhR may disrupt the strictly regulated brain formation with irregular differentiation occurring rather than cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Schmidt, Johanna Maria (2017): Temporal and cell-specific effects of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription factor Twist1 during breast cancer progression. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • Cell Rep . 2017 Feb 21;18(8):1946-1957. (nih.gov)
  • Thoma et al observed that Ngn2 alone is sufficient to induce neuronal differentiation in embryonic stem cells. (bartleby.com)
  • In this study they used murine embryonic stem cells and transfected with Ngn2 expression and after five days post transfection they observed that cells expressed Tuj1 and MAP2 (both are neuronal markers). (bartleby.com)
  • Ectopic expression of Ngn2 was sufficient to form mature neurons from embryonic stem cells[5]. (bartleby.com)
  • Embryonic stem cells have been identified by scientist as a type of stem cell that can advance regenerative medicine. (bartleby.com)
  • However, the greatest potential embryonic stem cells presents are its ability to change into any of the more than 200 different cell types in the body. (bartleby.com)
  • A targeted neuroglial reporter line generated by homologous recombination in human embryonic stem cells. (ca.gov)
  • In this study, we targeted Olig2, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays an important role in motoneuron and oligodendrocyte development, in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line BG01 by homologous recombination. (ca.gov)
  • The endosperm-specific transcription factor ZHOUPI has previously been shown to play a key role in this process, by regulating both endosperm breakdown and the formation of the embryonic cuticle. (biologists.com)
  • This gene encodes a member of the zinc finger superfamily of transcription factors whose expression, thus far, has been found only in neuronal tissues. (nih.gov)
  • This gene encodes transcription factor 4, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. (nih.gov)
  • The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and a member of the basic helix-loop-helix PER/ARNT/SIM family of chemosensors and developmental regulators. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Traditional polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are the product of normal B cell development and genetic recombination. (cellsignal.com)
  • Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) play a critical role in tumor recurrence and metastasis. (nih.gov)
  • Ngn2 is a transcription factor that both increases expression of proneural genes and drives neural fate by inhibiting expression of glial genes in neural progenitor cells (NPCs). (wikipedia.org)
  • Molecular subtypes of small cell lung cancer: a synthesis of human and mouse model data. (cancerindex.org)
  • We investigated the AhR-dependent mechanism of action of flutamide in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and identified that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is induced by flutamide in an AhR-dependent manner. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Three human GC cell lines (AGS, NCI-N87, HGC-27) were selected for in vitro experimental validation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • EBF3 bound directly to p21 cip1/waf1 promoter and regulated transcription from both p21 cip1/waf1 and p27 kip1 promoters in reporter assays. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Promoter region motif analysis indicated that ETV5 has more binding motifs and genes than USF1 itself for USF1‑regulated DEGs, indicating that USF1 may indirectly modulate gene expression by regulating ETV5 expression in Huh7 cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • For instance, a previous study by the authors validated that USF1 binds to the core promoter of APOBEC3G and increases its transcription level in hepatocytes ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • TCF4 is a widely used alternative name for T-cell-specific transcription factor 4 (TCF7L2) conflicting with the official symbol for transcription factor 4 (TCF4). (nih.gov)
  • The Notch target, HES1, was present in mucus cells from all groups. (bmj.com)
  • Many cell fate decisions in higher animals are based on intercellular communication governed by the Notch signaling pathway. (sdbonline.org)
  • Developmental signals received by the Notch receptor cause Suppressor of Hairless (Su[H]) to mediate transcription of target genes. (sdbonline.org)
  • The expression patterns suggest that both genes are under the same regulatory control as are the E(spl) bHLH genes and thus, might play a part in Notch mediated cell differentiation. (sdbonline.org)
  • Morimoto M, Takahashi Y, Endo M, Saga Y. The Mesp2 transcription factor establishes segmental borders by suppressing Notch activity. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Animal cells undergo fundamental shifts in gene expression when there are changes in the oxygen levels around them. (nobelprize.org)
  • Through the combined work of these three laureates it was thus demonstrated that the response by gene expression to changes in oxygen is directly coupled to oxygen levels in the animal cell, allowing immediate cellular responses to occur to oxygenation through the action of the HIF transcription factor. (nobelprize.org)
  • but the molecular mechanisms underlying how cells adapt to variations in oxygen supply were unknown until the prize-winning work described here. (nobelprize.org)
  • Reuben J. Shaw, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) is a canonical transcription factor (TF) and is associated with the pathogenesis of several cancers, but its biological functions and molecular targets in HCC remain unclear. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using HES1 (D6P2U) Rabbit mAb. (cellsignal.com)
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded CUTLL1 cell pellets, control (left) or Compound E-treated (right), using HES1 (D6P2U) Rabbit mAb. (cellsignal.com)
  • Increased cytosolic calcium levels activate PYK2 → SRC → STAT3 signaling, leading to increased expression of pluripotency factors and BCSC enrichment. (nih.gov)
  • In this Perspectives article, we review and synthesize these recent lines of evidence and propose a working nomenclature for SCLC subtypes defined by relative expression of these four factors. (cancerindex.org)
  • Most importantly, GFP expression recapitulated endogenous Olig2 expression when R-Olig2 was induced by sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid, and GFP-positive cells could be purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. (ca.gov)
  • After cloning the antibody genes into an expression vector, this is then transfected into an appropriate host cell line for antibody expression. (cellsignal.com)
  • cnd-1 expression was first detected in neuroblasts of the AB lineage in 14 cell embryos and maintained in many neuronal descendants of the AB lineage during embryogenesis, diminishing in most terminally differentiated neurons prior to hatching. (biologists.com)
  • Finally, the expression patterns of three neuronal type-specific transcription factors, unc-3, unc-4 and unc-30 , were altered. (biologists.com)
  • Our data suggest that cnd-1 may specify the identity of ventral cord motor neurons both by maintaining the mitotic competence of their precursors and by modulating the expression of neuronal type-specific determination factors. (biologists.com)
  • The activation of exogenous AhR in N2a-Rα cells was confirmed using RNAi, with si-AhR suppressing the expression of exogenous AhR. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Morphologically, N2a-Rα cells bore spontaneous neurites exhibiting axon-like properties with the localization of NF-H. In addition, cdc42 expression was increased in comparison to the control cell line. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that flutamide inhibited the growth of several cancer cell lines independent of AR status, and that suppression of AhR expression reversed the anti-proliferative effects of flutamide. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Flow cytometry was utilized to determine the stem cell marker CD44 expression status in GCSCs. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, RT-qPCR and Western blot experiments were employed to investigate the tumor stem cell markers OCT4 and SOX2 expression levels in GCSCs. (bvsalud.org)
  • As a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage, p53 blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)
  • It is localized to many small speckles in the nucleus, and also to cell-cell tight junctions. (cancerindex.org)
  • This was observed in mice lacking Ngn2 and mash-1 (another proneural bHLH transcription factor), which have more glia in the cortex and decreased capacity to generate neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ngns activate downstream several pro-neural factors for the formation of neurons from NSPCs. (bartleby.com)
  • Most tumors are heterogeneous in oxygen tension and develop regions with hypoxic cells during growth [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mora MV, Ibán MAR, Heredia JD, Laakso RB, Cuéllar R, Arranz MG. Stem cell therapy in the management of shoulder rotator cuff disorders. (wjgnet.com)
  • In the presence of Ngn1, BMPs promote neuronal differentiation in stem cells through binding of all endogenous CBP/p300/Smad1 to Ngn1, and being recruited toward the neuronal promoters, causing neuronal differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rudimentary lateral thyroid develops from neural crest cells, while the median thyroid, which forms the bulk of the gland, arises from the primitive pharynx. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we report the crystal structure of B5 antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) in complex with recombinant OspC type A (OspC(A)). Each OspC monomer within the homodimer was bound by a single B5 Fab in a side-on orientation, with contact points along OspC's -helix 1 and -helix 6, as well as interactions with the loop between -helices 5 and 6. (cdc.gov)
  • A study by López-Márquez et al, utilizing mice, indicated that the Sox9 transcription factor is "likely at the center of an important regulatory network of signals that govern thyroid differentiation both in embryos and in adults. (medscape.com)
  • check the tag ADOLESCENCE HN - 2008 BX - Nutrition in Adolescence FX - Adolescent Nutrition Physiology MH - Peritoneal Stomata UI - D054048 MN - A01.047.025.600.700 MN - A10.810 MS - Natural openings in the subdiaphragmatic lymphatic plexus in the PERITONEUM, delimited by adjacent mesothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • William Kaelin, Jr. was in 1995 engaged in the study of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene, and after isolation of the first full-length clone of the gene showed that it could suppress tumor growth in VHL mutant tumorigenic cell lines. (nobelprize.org)
  • Where polyclonal antibodies are purified directly from the serum of the immunized host, and monoclonals are purified from either hybridoma-derived tissue culture supernatant or ascites, recombinant antibodies are instead purified from the tissue culture supernatants of transfected host cell lines. (cellsignal.com)
  • Mariano García Arranz has the following conflict of interest: MGA is inventor on 2 patents entitled "Identification and isolation of multipotent cells from non-osteochondral mesenchymal tissue" (10157355957US) and "Use of adipose tissue-derived stromal stem cells in treating fistula" (US11/167061). (wjgnet.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Glycolytic metabolic reprogramming is a phenomenon in which cells undergo altered metabolic patterns during malignant transformation, mainly involving various aspects of glycolysis, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, and pentose phosphate pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mechanistically, SHARP1 binds to transcriptionally active chromatin across the genome and activates genes critical for cell survival as well as key oncogenic targets of MLL-AF6. (ox.ac.uk)
  • doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.018. (nih.gov)
  • Y79 cells (ATCC, HTB-18™) were fixed with BD Cytofix™ fixation buffer (Cat. (bdbiosciences.com)