ProliferationMitosisProteinsSerineCyclin dependInhibitionMitogen-activaProgressionCDKsInducesInactivationPathwaysPathwayCancerDifferentiationPhosphorylationInhibitorMutationRegulationDefectiveVitroMutationsMitotic spindleReplicationRegulatorArrestBiologyAtaxia telangiectasiaTumor cellsChromosomesDisruptionMetastasisInduceProgrammed cellTherapeuticOncogenesAnalyzed by flow cytometryAnticancerRegulatesMolecularSomaticActivationNormal tissuesLeads to unregulated cell divisionMechanismsCancersChromosomePhosphatidylinositolCHEK2Response to DNA damageCHK2ResistanceDamageProtein encodedPyruvateMitochondrialMetabolic
Proliferation15
- A vast amount of research exists on the possible molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D affects cancer cell proliferation, cancer progression, angiogenesis, and inflammation. (mdpi.com)
- Cell proliferation involves the replication of all cellular contents with the required energy for this to happen. (hindawi.com)
- To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)
- This activation is necessary for both cell proliferation as well as glucose uptake and use. (hindawi.com)
- Potential synergistic effects of various combinations including these compounds were tested by measuring cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. (frontiersin.org)
- The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine assay, propidium iodide (PI) staining, annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/PI staining, and transwell assay were employed to test the proliferation, apoptosis, migration ability, and invasiveness of COAD cells. (hindawi.com)
- Upregulating the level of miR-323a-3p impaired the proliferation, migration, and invasion of COAD cells and promoted apoptosis, whereas supplementing NEK6 alleviated the damage of the proliferation, migration, and invasion of COAD cells caused by miR-323a-3p and inhibited miR-323a-3p-induced apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
- These findings indicate that miR-323a-3p regulates the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of COAD cells by targeting NEK6. (hindawi.com)
- Inhibitory effect of EESR on cancer cell growth and proliferation was determined by water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay. (jcpjournal.org)
- EESR possessing antioxidant activity efficiently inhibits proliferation of HT29 cells by inducing both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (jcpjournal.org)
- 6 , 7 Therefore, the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis is being an important preventive strategy against cancer. (jcpjournal.org)
- BeadChip microarray and gene ontology analysis revealed that RUNX1‑RUNX1T1 and MAPK1 suppression reduced the proliferation rate of the t(8;21) cells with deregulated expression of several classical positive regulator genes that are otherwise known to enhance cell proliferation. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
- Taken together, the current results demonstrate that MAPK1 promotes myeloid cell proliferation and differentiation simultaneously by cell cycle progression while suppresing apoptosis. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
- HDACi have shown to block Ras-reliant signaling and expansion transformation.41 Astonishingly, in HEL92.1.7 and MOLM-13 cells, the pracinostat IC50 on proliferation is lower compared to IC50 on inhibition of JAK2 or FLT3-ITD protein ranges, correspondingly. (immune-source.com)
- Pacritinib is an equipotent inhibitor of FLT3 and JAK2, which can be good at lessening JAK2/STAT5 and FLT-3 JAK2 signaling in FLT3 and JAK2 mutant tissues, respectively.33 A combination of pracinostat and pacritinib resulted in synergistic effects using a complete inhibition of downstream STAT5 signaling, an elevated effectiveness on cellular proliferation and the induction of apoptosis. (immune-source.com)
Mitosis11
- Thus, CHK2's inhibition of the CDC25 phosphatases prevents entry of the cell into mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
- It effectively stimulates mitosis and extra cell division. (biotopics.co.uk)
- The encoded protein can phosphorylate and activate several proteins involved in the inhibition of DNA replication and mitosis, and can promote DNA repair, recombination, and apoptosis. (sitoolsbiotech.com)
- NIMA (never-in-mitosis gene A)-related kinase 1 (Nek1) is shown to impact on different cellular pathways such as DNA repair, checkpoint activation, and apoptosis. (uni-frankfurt.de)
- Therefore it would be interesting to examine the control mechanism of cell cycle progression in which RSK1 affects Myt1 in meiosis and Plk1 affects Myt1 in mitosis. (biospraysehatalami.com)
- NEK6 belongs to the never in mitosis A (NIMA)-related kinases family and is a mitogen/threonine kinase with 313 amino acids. (hindawi.com)
- TP53 is a checkpoint molecule that maintains genomic stability, prevents cell mitosis and induces apoptosis following abnormal chromosome segregation or chemical damage to DNA sequences [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- His studies in Cell cycle integrate themes in fields like Mitosis, DNA damage and DNA synthesis. (research.com)
- His research integrates issues of Mitosis and DNA synthesis in his study of Cell cycle. (research.com)
- His study brings together the fields of Mitosis and Cell cycle. (research.com)
- Alan Eastman studied Cancer research and Cell cycle that intersect with Mitosis. (research.com)
Proteins16
- Deletion or mutation of genes coding for Ku70 or Ku80 proteins results in a highly radiosensitive phenotype [10]. (termedia.pl)
- In fact they they often code for proteins that stimulate cell division, prevent cell differentiation or regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis) within normal tissues and in this way they cause a controlled turnover of functional cells within an organ. (biotopics.co.uk)
- If a mutation occurs in the proto-oncogene, producing an oncogene , more of these proteins are produced and this leads to unregulated cell division, a slower rate of cell differentiation and increased inhibition of the normal cell death, so cells build up, causing cancer and forming a tumour. (biotopics.co.uk)
- Several genetic alterations have been described in SCCHN, including mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and mutations in genes that encode cell cycle proteins such as p16 and cyclin D1. (oncotarget.com)
- Transcripts found in unfertilized oocytes also encoded a large number of proteins implicated in cell adherence, tight junction and focal adhesion, suggesting high complexity in terms of structure and cellular interactions in embryos prior to midblastula transition (MBT). (biomedcentral.com)
- The oocyte is loaded with maternal mRNAs and proteins that control the cell maintenance and fate and the formation of the body plan prior to the onset of zygotic genome expression [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- All of these members contain a conserved C-terminal amino acid sequence termed the polo box domain which provides a docking site for certain proteins (1) and a kinase domain which is predicted to activate many protein kinases including Aurora A/B PKA ERK1/2 RSK1/2 Akt/PKB and MEK1 (2). (biospraysehatalami.com)
- Cyclins are a group of proteins that play a key role in the control and regulation of the cell cycle. (iiarjournals.org)
- This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. (cancerindex.org)
- Chromosome association of minichromosome maintenance proteins in Drosophila mitotic cycles. (colorado.edu)
- In vitro mixture reports in a variety of cell phone product lines with either wt or mutant JAK2 or FLT3 also shown synergy, largely in cells that moved the mutant proteins. (immune-source.com)
- In normal cells, each stage of the cell cycle is tightly regulated, however in cancer cells many genes and proteins that are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle are mutated or over expressed. (tocris.com)
- It interacts with a site on tubulin that's not affected by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) or mitotic spindle checkpoint proteins. (sunquicksf.com)
- Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) form a complex which phosphorylates proteins that drive the cell through the cell cycle. (ctsqena.com)
- Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. (bvsalud.org)
- This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (bvsalud.org)
Serine6
- CHEK2 (Checkpoint kinase 2) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the protein CHK2, a serine-threonine kinase. (wikipedia.org)
- The CHEK2 protein encoded by the CHEK2 gene is a serine threonine kinase. (wikipedia.org)
- The protein consists of 543 amino acids and the following domains: N-terminal SQ/TQ cluster domain (SCD) Central forkhead-associated (FHA) domain C-terminal serine/threonine kinase domain (KD) The SCD domain contains multiple SQ/TQ motifs that serve as sites for phosphorylation in response to DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
- The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine kinase and DNA damage sensor, activating cell cycle checkpoint signaling upon DNA stress. (sitoolsbiotech.com)
- ATM is a serine/threonine protein kinase that synchronises rapid DNA damage response (DDR) to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) with activation of cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair and apoptosis via p53 activation. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- These paclitaxel resistant ovarian cells demonstrate: (1) Increased IC 50 for paclitaxel and docetaxel (10 to 75-fold) and cross-resistance to anthracyclines (2) Reduced cell apoptosis in the presence of paclitaxel (3) Gene depletion involving mitotic regulators BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase, cyclin BI (CCNB1), centromere protein E (CENPE), and centromere protein F (CENPF), and (4) Functional data validating gene depletion among mitotic regulators. (biomedcentral.com)
Cyclin depend4
- EESR induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in a dose-dependent manner by modulating cyclin B, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), and CDK inhibitor p21 expression. (jcpjournal.org)
- 8 , 9 Cell cycle program is regulated by cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes. (jcpjournal.org)
- 4, Cell cycle regulators mediate progression through the cell cycle {e.g., cyctin and cyclin-dependent kinase). (ctsqena.com)
- 2. E2F is released when RB is phosphorylated by the cyclinD/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) complex, 3. (ctsqena.com)
Inhibition13
- SL originally described a relationship between two genes, where alteration of either gene alone results in viable cells, but alteration (mutation, loss, or inhibition) of both genes simultaneously was lethal. (nature.com)
- Tumour suppression is achieved via the inhibition of cell division, induction of apoptosis (cell death) to remove altered cells, DNA damage repair, and inhibition of mechanisms that cause spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body (metastasis). (biotopics.co.uk)
- Co-inhibition of IGF and CHK1 caused synergistic suppression of cell viability, cell survival and tumour growth in 2D cell culture, 3D spheroid cultures and in vivo. (nature.com)
- Investigating the mechanism of synthetic lethality, we reveal that CHK1 inhibition in IGF-1R depleted or inhibited cells further downregulated RRM2, reduced dNTP supply and profoundly delayed replication fork progression. (nature.com)
- Combined Aurora kinase and EGFR targeting using a monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody was more effective compared to single EGFR and Aurora kinase inhibition. (oncotarget.com)
- Weighed against its homologs Plk1 (and its own connected signaling pathway) offers attracted much interest because overexpression of Plk1 can be firmly correlated with carcinogenesis (10 11 Furthermore inhibition of Plk1 using RNA disturbance (RNAi) or particular little molecule inhibitors causes development arrest or apoptosis in tumor cells (12-14). (biospraysehatalami.com)
- These include regulation of cell cycle, activation of mitochondrial pathway, induction of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, induction of apoptosis, modulation of oxidative stress, amelioration of inflammation, modulation of insulin signaling and inhibition of angiogenesis. (mdpi.com)
- Therefore, inhibition of DNA repair pathways to which CLL cells with loss of ATM signalling become addicted could provide 'synthetic lethality' and induce tumour specific killing. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- Here we expand the concept of synthetic lethality in ATM-null CLL and address the question of whether ATM-null deficient CLL cells can be targeted by inhibition of the ATR protein that governs responses to post-replicative damage and co-operates with ATM. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- Recent surveys along with the HDACi trichostatin A display that JAK2/STAT3 signaling was lowered by upregulation of your phrase of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 3 and 1 genes.40 A potential strong impact in the HDAC inhibition for the phosphorylation of FLT3, STAT5 and JAK2 was not examined with this study. (immune-source.com)
- SB939 proved potent inhibition primarily in JAK2V617F- or FLT3-ITD-harboring cell phone lines (Body 2a). (immune-source.com)
- This disparity can be quite a result of modulation of other genes furthermore FLT3 and JAK2V617F-ITD by HDAC inhibition. (immune-source.com)
- These effects were associated with the inhibition of the phosphorylation of tubulin, as well as the induction of multiple pathways that lead to cell death. (sunquicksf.com)
Mitogen-activa1
- Many cancers show aberrant signalling via the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, activating type 1 IGF receptors (IGF-1Rs) and variant insulin receptors (INSRs) to signal via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MEK-ERK) [ 1 ]. (nature.com)
Progression9
- Accumulating evidence shows that cancer stem cells are key drivers of tumor formation, progression, and recurrence. (hindawi.com)
- miRNAs expressed in a wide variety of human cancers can regulate posttranscriptional gene expression by binding to the 3′ untranslated region of the target mRNAs and act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors to regulate cell signaling pathways, affecting tumorigenesis and tumor progression [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
- 12 The activation of cyclin/CDK complex accelerates cell cycle progression, which are regulated by phosphorylation. (jcpjournal.org)
- In response to DNA damage and replication blocks, cell cycle progression is halted through the control of critical cell cycle regulators. (affbiotech.com)
- According to the PPI networks, five hub genes ( TPX2, KIF2C, CDCA8, BUB1B , and CCNA2 ) were identified as key genes associated with breast cancer progression. (biomedcentral.com)
- Checkpoint control kinases is a term used to describe a group of enzymes that regulate progression of a cell through the cell cycle. (tocris.com)
- For example, the cvclinD/CDK4 complex phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein, which promotes progression through the G^S checkpoint. (ctsqena.com)
- K, p53 regulates progression of the cell cycle from Gt to S phase, 1. (ctsqena.com)
- Rb mutation results in const it utively free E2F, allowing progression through the cell cycle and uncontrolled growth of cells. (ctsqena.com)
CDKs2
- Once activated, CHK2 phosphorylates downstream targets including CDC25 phosphatases, responsible for dephosphorylating and activating the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). (wikipedia.org)
- They are able to build complexes with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and regulate their activity ( 2 ). (iiarjournals.org)
Induces1
- 2. If DNA repair is not possible, p53 induces apoptosis. (ctsqena.com)
Inactivation2
- p21 and other tumor suppressor genes' inactivation are therefore most likely involved in the first steps of the cancer model, with later stages possibly involving protooncogene activation and inflammation. (medscape.com)
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) protein coordinates responses to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and the ATM-null status caused by biallelic ATM gene inactivation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) results in resistance to p53-dependent apoptosis. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Pathways12
- Sensitization of cancer cells to conventional drugs using multi-target agents that block survival and oncogenic pathways, alone or in combination, is an emerging strategy to overcome drug resistance. (researchsquare.com)
- Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
- The mechanisms of radioresistance are still poorly understood, despite it has been suggested that miRNAs play an important role in cell signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
- Indeed, it has been shown that miRNAs play an important role in gene expression, mainly when associated with the monitoring of several cell and metabolic pathways, being also an essential component of the gene silencing machinery in most eukaryotic organisms ( 4 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
- The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
- We are using genetics, genomics and biochemical approaches to establish unknown pathways involved in these cellular events and attempting to develop models that explain how gammaherpesviruses establish transformation in human cells. (pennmedicine.org)
- What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
- Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the gene expression patterns following siRNA‑mediated suppression of RUNX1‑RUNX1T1 and MAPK1 in Kasumi‑1 and SKNO‑1 cells and to determine the differentially expressed genes in enriched biological pathways. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
- ATM-null cells are defective in a type of DSB repair that involves homologous recombination and rely on co-operating and compensatory DNA repair pathways for their survival. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- Within the underlying theme of our research, we explore T cell responses from two complementary angles: the molecular pathways intrinsic to T cells, and the pathways that act in dendritic cells to cross-regulate T cell responses. (stjude.org)
- For dendritic cell-mediated extrinsic control of T cell differentiation, we focus on metabolic and inflammatory pathways (see Du Nature 2018). (stjude.org)
- The fenbendazole-induced apoptosis occurred through the induction of multiple pathways, including p21-mediated cell-cycle arrest. (sunquicksf.com)
Pathway6
- Therefore, compared to normal p53-proficient cells, p53-defective cells are more reliant on MK2 activity, which drives an alternative cell cycle checkpoint pathway that stabilizes the CKI inhibitors p27 Kip1 and Gadd45α in order to maintain G 1 /S and G 2 /M arrest after certain types of DNA damage 16 , 18 . (nature.com)
- Triple treatment showed synergism in terms of exhibiting anti-tumorigenic effects by activating the Hippo YAP signaling pathway in the HCT116 cell line. (frontiersin.org)
- You can find six phosphorylation sites in RSK1 that are crucial for its activation and its own subsequent part in substrate phosphorylation (21 22 Of the phosphorylation of Ser-380 can be very important to RSK1 activation traveling functions such as for example rules of gene manifestation and protein synthesis and cell cycle regulation as a downstream Nisoxetine hydrochloride kinase in the Mos-MAPK pathway (23). (biospraysehatalami.com)
- To examine the purpose of Ras in mediating the NO activa tion of your MEK/ERK/Ets one signaling pathway, MDA MB 468 cells have been handled with EGF or 0. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
- We have generated model systems to explore drug resistance in ovarian cancer, which have revealed a key pathway related to the spindle assembly checkpoint underlying paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
- Lastly, through gene expression profiling we have demonstrated disruption of the spindle assembly checkpoint in the paclitaxel resistant cell lines, indicating a potential therapeutic pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancer72
- Inherited mutations in the CHEK2 gene have been linked to certain cases of breast cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- DNA repair targeted therapy, which kills cancer cells preventing DNA repair [1-3]. (termedia.pl)
- These inhibitors inhibit NHEJ-catalyzed DSB repair and sensitize in vitro cancer cells to DSB-inducing agents. (termedia.pl)
- CHEK2 is not only a breast cancer susceptibility gene but also a multi-organ cancer susceptibility gene [15]. (termedia.pl)
- Cancer is characterized as the uncontrolled multiplication and spread of the body's particular cells. (researchsquare.com)
- These findings establish a mechanism for co-targeting DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints in combination with repair of cisplatin-DNA lesions in vivo using RNAi nanocarriers, and motivate further exploration of ASL as a generalized strategy to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)
- Because BRCA mutations are observed in fewer than 10% of cancer patients (cBioPortal: 6.7%) 11 , 12 , 13 the identification of additional genes that share synthetic lethal sensitivity relationships with mutated oncogenes or tumor suppressors would greatly enhance the implementation of tumor cell-specific synthetic lethal sensitivity to improve an anticancer therapeutic response. (nature.com)
- Cancer cells that are defective in p53 function are deficient in their ability to transcriptionally upregulate the CDK inhibitor p21 after genotoxic stress. (nature.com)
- Cancer cells can recur if they are not completely removed. (biotopics.co.uk)
- This reverses its normal inhibitory action, resulting in the rapid and uncontrollable cell division which is the hallmark of cancer. (biotopics.co.uk)
- Most cases of breast cancer do not 'run in families', but the well-known genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 can increase the risk of developing breast cancer (and also ovarian cancer). (biotopics.co.uk)
- Most women have a 12% chance of developing breast cancer in their lifetime, and women with mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes may have as much as an 80% chance, and they are more likely to develop it at an early age. (biotopics.co.uk)
- The genes TP53 and CHEK2 are also associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. (biotopics.co.uk)
- In turn, as a result of research into the abnormal cancer cell, the basic understanding of the cell has greatly improved. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] Identifying candidate precursors or enabling genes may pave the way for cancer screening, as with the ret proto-oncogene and medullary thyroid carcinoma . (medscape.com)
- A few gene therapy trials now target head and neck cancer, which makes up only 4% of all cancers but has a dismal prognosis in advanced stages. (medscape.com)
- Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of a cell, with extension beyond the normally limiting basement membrane and through the boundaries of normal cells. (medscape.com)
- This is the multihit theory of tumorigenesis, in which a series of multiple triggering events in the genetic and cellular makeup of a cell ultimately cause cancer. (medscape.com)
- [ 6 ] These events lead the cancer cell to escape normal cell growth and control mechanisms, to avoid system control mechanisms (ie, immunologic surveillance), and to establish a nutrient supply. (medscape.com)
- For example, in the hereditary cancer syndromes familial adenomatous polyposis or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, mutations have been discovered in the APC gene and DNA mismatch repair genes. (medscape.com)
- To date, inheritance of a mutant BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene is the best-established indicator of an increased risk of developing breast cancer. (jci.org)
- Individuals carrying a mutation in the breast cancer 1, early onset gene ( BRCA1 ) are at increased risk of breast or ovarian cancer and thus are candidates for risk reduction strategies such as oophorectomy and mastectomy. (jci.org)
- Genetic testing for deleterious mutations in breast cancer 1, early onset gene ( BRCA1 ) and BRCA2 can provide key information to guide clinical decision making. (jci.org)
- Women who are heterozygous carriers of mutations in either gene have a 60%-80% lifetime risk of breast cancer and a 10%-40% lifetime risk of ovarian cancer ( 1 ), reflecting a very high penetrance. (jci.org)
- We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the effects of vitamin D on ovarian cancer cell. (mdpi.com)
- The surviving cells become cancer cells, which are capable both of dividing indefinitely and maintaining telomere length (usually with the aid of telomerase). (actanaturae.ru)
- Aiming to exploit this effect in therapy we performed a compound screen in five breast cancer cell lines with IGF neutralising antibody xentuzumab. (nature.com)
- First, given evidence that IGFs regulate the response to IR, we also found evidence that IGF-1R depletion induced endogenous DNA lesions marked by γH2AX foci in prostate cancer cells [ 10 ]. (nature.com)
- In this paper, we describe the metabolic changes as well as the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis occurring in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, underlying the connection between these two processes. (hindawi.com)
- However, cancer cells overcome these controls, in particular by acquiring genetic mutations leading to the activation of oncogenes (pten, myc) or loss of tumor suppressors (p53) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
- In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
- Metabolic adaptations of cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
- Glucose and glutamine are the 2 major substrates used by cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
- One of the treatments applied in cancer is radiotherapy (RT), a therapeutic modality that uses ionizing radiation to induce damage in unwanted cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN) is the sixth leading cause for cancer deaths worldwide. (oncotarget.com)
- The activity of NEK6 is enhanced in several cancer cells, including colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) cells. (hindawi.com)
- More than 90% of oral malignant neoplasms are squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), which are among the ten most frequent malignancies in humans and this entity is the eighth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide ( 1 ). (iiarjournals.org)
- The abnormal cell growth is one of the critical characteristics of cancer for invasion or spreading out to other parts of the body. (jcpjournal.org)
- Cancer cells can grow unusually via limitless number of cell division and can avoid apoptosis. (jcpjournal.org)
- A few gene therapy trials now target head and neck cancer, which comprises only 4% of all cancers but has a dismal prognosis in advanced stages. (medscape.com)
- These effects of honey have been thoroughly investigated in certain cancers such as breast, liver and colorectal cancer cell lines. (mdpi.com)
- Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to screen for the most potent gene modules associated with the metastatic risk of breast cancer, and a total of 12 modules were identified based on the analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Furthermore, the prognostic value and differential expression of these genes were validated based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Kaplan-Meier (KM) Plotter. (biomedcentral.com)
- Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the mRNA expression levels of these five hub genes showed excellent diagnostic value for breast cancer and adjacent tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
- Five hub genes ( TPX2 , KIF2C , CDCA8 , BUB1B , and CCNA2 ) associated with the risk of distant metastasis were extracted for further research, which might be used as biomarkers to predict distant metastasis of breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
- identified five genes as prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer, and Qiu et al. (biomedcentral.com)
- Genomic instability caused by mutation of the checkpoint molecule TP53 may endow cancer cells with the ability to undergo genomic evolution to survive stress and treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
- We attempted to gain insight into the potential contribution of ovarian cancer genomic instability resulted from TP53 mutation to the aberrant expression of multidrug resistance gene MDR1 . (biomedcentral.com)
- Ovarian cancer cell DNA ploidy was determined using Feulgen-stained smears or flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)
- Checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a form of cancer immunotherapy. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
- NO and Ets 1 contribute to an aggressive basal like phenotype NOS2 expression is linked using a basal like pheno kind in ER breast tumors and NO signaling success in enhanced expression of basal like signature genes in ER human breast cancer cell lines. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
- Our laboratory has a long-standing interest in immune signaling and cell metabolism underlying the differentiation and function of T cells, a central cell type in adaptive immunity and cancer immunotherapy. (stjude.org)
- Adapted from the 2015 Cancer Product Guide, Edition 3, this poster summarizes the stages of the cell cycle and DNA repair. (tocris.com)
- It also highlights strategies for enhancing replicative stress in cancer cells to force mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (tocris.com)
- Fenbendazole has also been shown to inhibit the growth of human melanoma, ovarian and prostate cancer cells in vitro. (sunquicksf.com)
- Another exciting finding in the research of fenben for humans is that this compound can reactivate the p53 genome in cancer cells. (sunquicksf.com)
- The p53 gene is the tumor suppressor that prevents cancer from developing, so it's important to keep this gene active in the body to protect against malignancies. (sunquicksf.com)
- Abstract The emergence of tumor immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has brought new life to cancer treatment, and ICIs can effectively treat various tumors. (techscience.com)
- This mixture of immune cells was co-cultured with autologous breast cancer cells (BCCs) isolated from 26 BC females. (techscience.com)
- Human ovarian cancer cell lines TOV21G (representing clear cell ovarian carcinoma) and TOV112D (representing endometrioid adenocarcinoma) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). The human ovarian epithelial-serous cell line COV504 was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). (biomedcentral.com)
- The study incorporates disciplines such as Cancer research and Topoisomerase-I Inhibitor in addition to Cell cycle checkpoint. (research.com)
- Alan Eastman focuses on Apoptosis, Cancer research, Molecular biology, Cell biology and DNA damage. (research.com)
- His Cancer research study combines topics in areas such as Cancer, Cell cycle, Cisplatin, Immunology and Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (research.com)
- His main research concerns Cancer research, DNA damage, Pharmacology, Apoptosis and Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (research.com)
- Alan Eastman interconnects Cancer, Cell cycle, Gemcitabine, Immunology and DNA repair in the investigation of issues within Cancer research. (research.com)
- His primary areas of investigation include Pharmacology, Cancer research, Apoptosis, DNA damage and Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (research.com)
- A. Cancer formation is initiated by damage to DNA of stem cells. (ctsqena.com)
- Загальні відомості про терапію злоякісних новоутворень Curing cancer requires eliminating all cells capable of causing cancer recurrence in a person's lifetime. (msdmanuals.com)
- The ideal drug would target only cancer cells and have no adverse effects on normal cells. (msdmanuals.com)
- Cytotoxic drugs damage DNA and kill many normal cells as well as cancer cells. (msdmanuals.com)
- In contrast, other drugs (eg, DNA cross-linkers, also known as alkylating agents) have a linear dose-response relationship, killing more cancer cells at higher doses. (msdmanuals.com)
Differentiation5
- Symmetric cell division prompts multiplication and asymmetric cell division is an enlightening advance for differentiation. (researchsquare.com)
- Furthermore, we used this assay to determine the effects of BRCA1 variants on cell cycle regulation, differentiation, and genomic stability. (jci.org)
- BACKGROUND/AIM: Vitamin D3 (VD3) affects the regulation of the immune system, including the differentiation and function of regulatory T-cells (Tregs). (bvsalud.org)
- Microarray analyses detected a suite of master developmental regulators that control differentiation and maintenance of diverse cell lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
- RUNX1‑RUNX1T1 suppression supported myeloid differentiation by the differential expression of CEBPA, CEBPE, ID2, JMJD6, IKZF1, CBFB, KIT and CDK6, while MAPK1 depletion inhibited the differentiation of t(8;21) cells by elevated expression of ADA and downregulation of JUN. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
Phosphorylation5
- In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
- Here, we report the association of Polo-like kinase (PLK) 3 expression and Caspase 8 T273 phosphorylation levels with survival among patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) treated with CRT plus BT. (uni-frankfurt.de)
- In this study, we show that Tip60 is required for the early DNA damage response (DDR) to UV, including the phosphorylation of histone 2AX, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and ataxia telangiectasia-related substrates. (rupress.org)
- In addition studies on HeLa cells using Plk1 siRNA interference and overexpression showed that phosphorylation of RSK1 increased upon interference and decreased after overexpression suggesting that Plk1 inhibits RSK1. (biospraysehatalami.com)
- It really has been demonstrated formerly that phosphorylation of H3 (on S10) contributes to improved productivity of your following H3 acetylation, contributing to synergistic modifications of gene expression.44 Pacritinib, and also aiming for JAK2, can be a potent FLT3 inhibitor. (immune-source.com)
Inhibitor8
- Inhibitor of checkpoint kinase CHK1 was identified as a top screen hit. (nature.com)
- Treating SCCHN cell lines with a pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor resulted in defective cytokinesis, polyploidy and apoptosis, which was effective irrespective of the EGFR status. (oncotarget.com)
- Rather, p53 accumulation by either knockdown of Mdm2 or addition of an Mdm2 inhibitor, Nutlin-3, before irradiation strongly attenuated the UV-induced DDR and increased cell survival. (rupress.org)
- This means that that synergy between a JAK2 inhibitor along with an HDACi might also operate in microscopic cells that happen to be fully reliant on JAK2 (wt) signaling. (immune-source.com)
- Consistent because of this, related in vitro synergy was discovered within the JAK2 wt Establish-2 tissue and F36-P microscopic cells but not in FLT3 mutant mobile product lines using the precise pan-JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib in conjunction with pracinostat (records not demonstrated). (immune-source.com)
- The shape of the current response kept unaffected, ATP-competitive Chk inhibitor consistent with the entire cell dimensions. (mdmsignaling.com)
- The concepts of his DNA damage study are interwoven with issues in CHEK1, Cell cycle checkpoint, DNA repair, Regulator and Topoisomerase-I Inhibitor. (research.com)
- His work carried out in the field of DNA damage brings together such families of science as CHEK1, Cell cycle checkpoint, Cell killing, Cell biology and Topoisomerase-I Inhibitor. (research.com)
Mutation3
- Since the time of this discovery, two of the three variants (a deletion in the kinase domain in exon 10 and a missense mutation in the FHA domain in exon 3) have been linked to inherited susceptibility to breast as well as other cancers. (wikipedia.org)
- A mutation, or (increased or abnormal) methylation, in a tumour suppressor gene may adversely affect the expression or transcription of the gene so that the amino acid sequence and hence the primary structure of its polypeptide product is altered. (biotopics.co.uk)
- Sequence analysis of these genes is being used to identify BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, though these efforts are hampered by the high frequency of variants of unknown clinical significance (VUSs). (jci.org)
Regulation7
- As main findings, 23 miRNAs were already identified as being involved in genetic regulation of PCa cell response to RT. (frontiersin.org)
- Regulation of gene expression plays a central role in embryonic development. (biomedcentral.com)
- Taken together these findings provide insights into the regulation of Plk1 during cell division and diapause cyst formation and the correlation between the activity of Plk1 and RSK1. (biospraysehatalami.com)
- The activity of NEK6 plays important roles in mitotic spindle kinetochore fiber formation, metaphase-anaphase transition, cytokinesis, and checkpoint regulation [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- These molecules are involved in cell division, metastasis, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation and regulation of protein degradation. (pennmedicine.org)
- Previous evidence points to numerous components of the spindle assembly checkpoint and mitotic regulation playing a major role in several cancers [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The protein product of the murine double minute gene 2 (mdm-2) plays a central role in the regulation of p53. (lu.se)
Defective1
- gene was first identified during screening of for mutants defective in cell division. (biospraysehatalami.com)
Vitro6
- An image depicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro can be seen below. (medscape.com)
- Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro (cell culture). (medscape.com)
- Stably transduced doxycycline (Dox)-inducible Nek1 shRNA HeLa cervix and siRNA-transfected HCT-15 colorectal carcinoma cells were irradiated in vitro and 3D clonogenic radiation survival, residual DNA damage, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis were analyzed. (uni-frankfurt.de)
- Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes during in vitro Epstein-Barr virus infection. (pennmedicine.org)
- His Apoptosis research includes elements of In vitro, Signal transduction, Kinase and MCL1. (research.com)
- Alan Eastman combines subjects such as In vitro and Estrogen receptor, Fulvestrant with his study of Apoptosis. (research.com)
Mutations5
- Mutations to the CHEK2 gene have been linked to a wide range of cancers. (wikipedia.org)
- Two more CHEK2 gene mutations, CHEK2*S428F, an amino-acid substitution to the kinase domain in exon 11 and CHEK2*P85L, an amino-acid substitution in the N-terminal region (exon 1) have been found in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. (wikipedia.org)
- Because most tumors are deficient in one or more aspects of the function of the p53 tumor suppressor, either as a consequence of mutations within p53, or impairment of upstream and downstream modulators of p53 activity 19 , targeting MK2 has the potential to selectively enhance tumor cell killing without increasing the genotoxic effects of chemotherapy on normal p53-wild type tissues. (nature.com)
- Multiple mutations affecting embryonic development have been induced by chemical and insertional mutagenesis resulting in the identification of genes with important roles in development in Drosophila [ 23 - 25 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- These factors may cause mutations or abnormal expression of certain oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, leading to the occurrence or development of CRC [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Mitotic spindle1
- These checkpoints may stop the cell cycle after DNA damage, loss of DNA replication or disruption of the mitotic spindle, in order for repair processes to take place. (tocris.com)
Replication3
- Shortening of the 5'-terminus of the daughter strand, caused by the removal of the terminal RNA-primer and the subsequent incomplete replication of linear DNA molecules, is observed during the genome replication occurring upon cell fission. (actanaturae.ru)
- These effects resulted in significant accumulation of unreplicated single-stranded DNA and increased cell death, indicative of replication catastrophe. (nature.com)
- The various areas that Alan Eastman examines in his CHEK1 study include G2-M DNA damage checkpoint, Molecular biology and DNA replication. (research.com)
Regulator3
- Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2), a cell cycle checkpoint regulator gene, codes for a kinase protein activated in response to radiation and other agents that cause breaks in the DNA. (termedia.pl)
- For example, a major regulator of metabolism is phosphoinositol 3 kinase (PI3K). (hindawi.com)
- The protein encoded by this gene is a cell cycle checkpoint regulator and putative tumor suppressor. (affbiotech.com)
Arrest11
- CHK2 is involved in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
- Stabilization of p53 by CHK2 leads to cell cycle arrest in phase G1. (wikipedia.org)
- It is also involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [17]. (termedia.pl)
- cell cycle arrest. (biospraysehatalami.com)
- Here we show that encysted embryos (cysts) of the primitive crustacean are ideal for such research because they undergo WNT7A complete cell cycle arrest when they enter diapause (a state of obligate dormancy). (biospraysehatalami.com)
- however commonly used animal models are limited in that cell cycle arrest must be induced by treatment with drugs. (biospraysehatalami.com)
- To investigate the mechanism of EESR-mediated cytotoxicity, HT29 cells were treated with various concentrations of EESR and the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and Western blot analysis. (jcpjournal.org)
- Whereas damage signals of cells activate p53 via CHK2 to repair damaged DNA, leading to cell cycle arrest. (jcpjournal.org)
- RUNX1‑RUNX1T1 and MAPK1 depletion induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
- Remedy with alisertib up-controlled outrageous style p53 in Granta-519 MCL cells specifying G0/G1 arrest consequent to G2/M checkpoint activation. (immune-source.com)
- Cell phone routine analyses suggest M-VCR-R is considered the most powerful mix in triggering reduction in G0/G1, G2/M arrest, overriding the spindle checkpoint resulting in elevated apoptosis currently-reliant manner (Figure 3B). (immune-source.com)
Biology7
- CONCLUSION: Our report suggests that EPSCC may have a different biology from that of pulmonary small cell carcinoma. (bvsalud.org)
- Recently, we apply systems biology approaches, such as proteomics, metabolomics, single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), CRISPR screening and integrative network analysis, to reconstruct metabolic signaling circuits and identify new therapeutic targets. (stjude.org)
- Alan Eastman mostly deals with Apoptosis, Molecular biology, Cell cycle, Programmed cell death and Biochemistry. (research.com)
- His Programmed cell death research incorporates themes from Deoxyribonuclease II, Acetylation, Extracellular, Cell biology and Endonuclease. (research.com)
- His Molecular biology study incorporates themes from Cell culture, Chinese hamster ovary cell and Deoxyribonuclease II, Biochemistry, DNA. (research.com)
- The DNA damage study combines topics in areas such as CHEK1, Cell cycle checkpoint, MRE11 Homologue Protein and Molecular biology. (research.com)
- Although older chemotherapeutic drugs are often toxic to normal cells, advances in genetics and cellular and molecular biology have led to development of more selective drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
Ataxia telangiectasia1
- Finally, we showed that ssDNA lesions are converted to toxic DSBs in cells lacking functional ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), likely due to failure to form 53BP1 bodies and/or a role for ATM in SSB repair or fork protection [ 14 ]. (nature.com)
Tumor cells3
- Typically, rapidly proliferating tumor cells have glycolytic rates up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissue of origin, even in the presence of oxygen [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The main goal of RT consists in delivering a precise dose of radiation in a target volume, such as tumor, promoting the tumor cells eradication with as minimal damage as possible in surrounding normal tissues ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
- It is suggested that curcumin can selectively kill tumor cells through its multifaceted metabolic effects, that culminate in its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities ( Hewlings and Kalman, 2017 ). (frontiersin.org)
Chromosomes4
- The genetic information in eukaryotic cells is stored in linear DNA molecules known as chromosomes [ 1 ]. (actanaturae.ru)
- For a cell to progress through the cycle and replicate, it must pass through checkpoints between phases to ensure that DNA is replicated correctly and that chromosomes segregate. (tocris.com)
- The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. (lookformedical.com)
- A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species. (lookformedical.com)
Disruption2
- This results in the disruption of the cell cycle and ultimately leads to cell death. (sunquicksf.com)
- 2, Disruption of Bcl2 allows cytochrome c to leave the mitochondria and activate apoptosis. (ctsqena.com)
Metastasis1
- Moreover, these five hub genes were significantly associated with worse distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in the patient cohort based on KM Plotter. (biomedcentral.com)
Induce2
- We are investigating the fundamental mechanisms utilized by these gammaherpesviruses to induce cell mediated growth transformation. (pennmedicine.org)
- If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS. (lookformedical.com)
Programmed cell2
- Furthermore, CHK2 is known to phosphorylate the cell-cycle transcription factor E2F1 and the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death). (wikipedia.org)
- Activation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) by cisplatin, other anticancer drugs, toxins and hyperthermia. (research.com)
Therapeutic3
- Our results demonstrate that combined targeting of EGFR and Aurora kinases represents a therapeutic means to activate cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis in SCCHN. (oncotarget.com)
- In this study, we investigated a plausible therapeutic synergism of a triple combination of CBD/CBG, curcumin, and piperine in the colon adenocarcinoma using HCT116 and HT29 cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
- It can be applied to reveal highly correlative gene sets and explore potential biomarker genes or therapeutic targets according to the internal connectivity of gene clusters and the associations between gene clusters and phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
Oncogenes2
- 1. Disrupted systems include pro to-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and regulators of apoptosis. (ctsqena.com)
- B. Categories of oncogenes include growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transducers, nuclear regulators, and cell cycle regulators (Table 3.3). (ctsqena.com)
Analyzed by flow cytometry1
- Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and the populations of forkhead box P3-positive Treg cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. (bvsalud.org)
Anticancer1
- The objective of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer effects of ethanol extract of S. rufopilosa (EESR) and to determine the molecular mechanism of its anticancer activity in human colon carcinoma HT29 cells. (jcpjournal.org)
Regulates1
- CHK2 regulates cell division, and has the ability to prevent cells from dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled manner. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular2
- Its role as a molecular target for radiation sensitization of malignant cells, however, remains elusive. (uni-frankfurt.de)
- The process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events is called signal transduction. (screeninglibraries.com)
Somatic3
- Somatic cells are usually characterized by the absence of telomerase activity. (actanaturae.ru)
- The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. (lookformedical.com)
- 3. B cells that would normally undergo apoptosis during somatic hypermutation in the lymph node germinal center accumulate, leading to lymphoma. (ctsqena.com)
Activation5
- Furthermore, HIF-1 actively limits the mitochondrial consumption of pyruvate at two levels: (i) through the enzyme PDK (PDH-kinase), which in turn inhibits PDH activity preventing the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and thereby limiting mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate [ 6 ] and (ii) through the direct activation of LDH [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The major event of MBT was the activation of a large group of histones and other genes that modify chromatin structure preceding massive gene expression changes. (biomedcentral.com)
- The activation of the kinase function is then followed by a cascade of protein phosphorylations that promotes the transition through the cell-cycle checkpoint from the G 1 phase into the S phase ( 3 ). (iiarjournals.org)
- EESR-induced apoptosis was associated with the upregulation of p53, a death receptor Fas, and a pro-apoptotic protein Bax and the activation of caspase 3, 8, and 9, resulting in the degradation of PARP. (jcpjournal.org)
- An choice activator of MEK 1/2 sig naling is protein kinase Ca. To examine RAF265 927880-90-8 the role of PKCa on NO activation of MEK/ERK/Ets one signaling, cells were treated with EGF or 0. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
Normal tissues2
- Based on public data sources, we identified 22 genes that are correlated with PD-1 expression as well as differentially expressed between tumor tissues and normal tissues, and high expression of all the key genes was correlated with a superior survival outcome. (techscience.com)
- The interval between cycles should be the shortest one that allows recovery of normal tissues. (msdmanuals.com)
Leads to unregulated cell division1
- The loss of normal CHK2 protein function leads to unregulated cell division, accumulated damage to DNA and in many cases, tumor development. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanisms4
- They have complementary mechanisms to hinder the carcinogenic process by searching free radicals, inhibiting survival and multiplication of malignant cells, as well as reducing invasiveness and angiogenesis of tumors. (researchsquare.com)
- We have generated paclitaxel resistant ovarian cell lines from their corresponding native cell lines to determine driver mechanisms of drug resistance using gene expression arrays. (biomedcentral.com)
- These pre-clinical models were used to observe cytotoxicity, cell cycle modulation and changes in gene expression to examine the mechanisms driving drug resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
- For chemotherapy drugs, one of the best characterized resistance mechanisms is overexpression of MDR1 , a cell membrane transporter that causes efflux of certain drugs (eg, vinca alkaloids, taxanes, anthracyclines). (msdmanuals.com)
Cancers2
- Abnormal metabolism and the evasion of apoptosis are considered hallmarks of cancers. (hindawi.com)
- Single drugs may cure selected cancers (eg, choriocarcinoma, hairy cell leukemia). (msdmanuals.com)
Chromosome3
- The CHEK2 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 22 at position 12.1. (wikipedia.org)
- It was revealed as early as in the 1930s that the behavior of the whole chromosome and its fragments in cells varies. (actanaturae.ru)
- In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1). (lookformedical.com)
Phosphatidylinositol1
- Specifically, DNA damage-activated phosphatidylinositol kinase family protein (PIKK) ATM phosphorylates site Thr68 and activates CHK2. (wikipedia.org)
CHEK22
- Beyond initial speculations, screening of LFS and LFL patients has revealed no or very rare individual missense variants in the CHEK2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- The evidence from these studies has suggests that CHEK2 is not a predisposition gene to Li-Fraumeni syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
Response to DNA damage2
- In response to DNA damage, a synthetic lethal relationship exists between the cell cycle checkpoint kinase MK2 and the tumor suppressor p53. (nature.com)
- In response to DNA damage, p53 slows the cell cycle and upregulales DNA repair enzymes. (ctsqena.com)
CHK22
- The CHK2 protein plays a critical role in the DNA damage checkpoint. (wikipedia.org)
- Most notably, the deletion of a single DNA nucleotide at position 1100 in exon 10 (1100delC) produces a nonfunctional version of the CHK2 protein, truncated at the kinase domain. (wikipedia.org)
Resistance1
- Cells were exposed to an incremental dose escalation of paclitaxel (2 nM) for approximately 2 passages, up to a final concentration of 25 nM, once paclitaxel resistance was achieved. (biomedcentral.com)
Damage2
- Numerous genes transcribed in oocytes are involved in multiple aspects of cell maintenance and protection, including metabolism, signal perception and transduction, RNA processing, cell cycle, defense against pathogens and DNA damage. (biomedcentral.com)
- Catastrophic genetic damage can occur if cells progress to the next phase of the cell cycle before the previous phase is properly completed. (tocris.com)
Protein encoded1
- Cyclin D1, a 45-kDa protein encoded by the cyclin D1 gene ( CCND1 ) on 11q13, is one such molecule. (iiarjournals.org)
Pyruvate3
- In normal cells, the fate of pyruvate depends on many factors, one of which is oxygen availability. (hindawi.com)
- Inside the mitochondria, pyruvate is completely oxidized through the TCA cycle, feeding reductive equivalents to the electron transport chain. (hindawi.com)
- When oxygen is limited, as in muscles that have undergone prolonged exercise, pyruvate is not consumed in the TCA cycle but is rather converted into lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process termed anaerobic glycolysis. (hindawi.com)
Mitochondrial2
- RUNX1‑RUNX1T1 suppression exerted an anti‑apoptotic effect through the overexpression of BCL2, BIRC3 and CFLAR genes, while MAPK1 suppression induced apopotosis in t(8;21) cells by the apoptotic mitochondrial changes stimulated by the activity of upregulated TP53 and TNFSF10, and downregulated JUN gene. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
- 2. Mitochondrial membrane is further stabilized, prohibiting apoptosis. (ctsqena.com)
Metabolic2
- Our laboratory has made important discoveries in understanding the principle of metabolic reprogramming for immune cell fate, state and tolerance. (stjude.org)
- Chi H . Immunometabolism at the intersection of metabolic signaling, cell fate, and systems immunology. (stjude.org)