Cell after stimulation levels allowed cd8 t ce. Medical search. Frequent questions

In response to IL-12, MAIT cells produce and secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), a cytokine that activate macrophages, assists in the maturation of dendritic cells, and promotes the expression of MHC class II on antigen presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
Histiocytoses encompass a group of diverse proliferative disorders characterized by the accumulation and infiltration of variable numbers of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the affected tissues. (medscape.com)
CD8 exists on the cell surface, where the CD8alpha chain is essential for binding to MHC-I. CD8 is also expressed on a subset of T cells, NK cells, monocytes and dendritic cells as disulfide-linked homodimers of CD8alpha. (thermofisher.com)
NK cells contribute to cancer immune surveillance not only by their direct natural cytotoxicity which is triggered rapidly upon stimulation through germline-encoded cell surface receptors, but also by modulating T-cell mediated antitumor immune responses through maintaining the quality of dendritic cells and enhancing the presentation of tumor antigens. (frontiersin.org)
Microscopic analysis revealed mercuric sulfides/selenides concentrated within and around the sweat gland epithelium, as well as in dendritic cells. (thedoctorsdoctor.com)
Myeloid innate immune cells, such as granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), play an important role in cancer-cell recognition, initiation of inflammation and antitumor responses ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Dendritic cells (DC) are central purveyors of both innate and adaptive immune responses. (jscimedcentral.com)
Dendritic cells (DC) are both widely dispersed in the body and are potent activators of effector immune response, which stresses their important role in HIV infection [1,2]. (jscimedcentral.com)
CD11c is expressed by dendritic cells, a subset of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes (IEL) and some activated T cells. (thermofisher.com)
N418 binds to CD11c on splenic dendritic cells in the T-dependent areas of mouse spleen and precipitates a 150, 90 kDa heterodimer. (thermofisher.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs), activated macrophages, and activated B cells are all capable of presenting antigen peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
and the innate immune cells contain natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
The epidermis exhibits infiltration of immune cells (T cells) 7 and the dermis shows infiltration of CD11c+ dendritic cells. (ijpsr.com)
This stress condition can also lead to the attraction of immune cells, notably antigen presenting cells (APCs) (i.e. immature dendritic cells), natural killer cells (NK cells), and cytotoxic T-cells to the site of infection [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Activation of mTOR-dependent pathways regulates the specification and differentiation of CD4 + T effector cell subsets. (jci.org)
Cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8), a type I transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin family of receptors, plays an integral role in signal transduction, and T cell differentiation and activation. (thermofisher.com)
The differentiation of naïve T cells into an activated memory phenotype is characterized by an extensive change in the expression of trafficking determinants, resulting in the acquisition of homing receptors that enable the cells to migrate from the circulation into peripheral tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results suggest that minor fluctuations in physiological levels of endogenous GCs can program endotoxin-responsive hemopoietic cells during their differentiation by regulating their sensitivity to stimulation. (aai.org)
Our research focuses on developmental pathways that regulate hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation and are disrupted in the course of neoplastic transformation, particularly in leukemias and lymphomas. (stanford.edu)
Genes related to T cell activation, cytotoxic cell-mediated (or type 1) immunity, B cell growth and differentiation, pathogen recognition, myeloid cell function, type I interferon pathway activation, and leukocyte recruitment were found expressed at different levels in most or all MS brain immune infiltrates. (biomedcentral.com)
Comparison of data obtained in meningeal and white matter infiltrates revealed higher expression of genes related to interferonγ production, B cell differentiation, cell proliferation, lipid antigen presentation, and T cell and myeloid cell recruitment, as well as more widespread EBV infection in the meningeal samples. (biomedcentral.com)
Of note, among these influence factors, CAR T cells differentiation and exhaustion are identified as the central part due to the fact that almost all factors eventually alter the state of cells differentiation and exhaustion. (biomedcentral.com)
It occurs in women under 50 years of age being characterized by a high recurrence rate, low differentiation levels, and high risk of metastases to parenchymal organs and brain. (cttjournal.com)

Depending on the protein's location inside the cell, association with other molecules, and its stability, different cell preparation and staining methods are recommended. (bdbiosciences.com)
However, rather than undergoing selection on MHC class I or II molecules, MAIT cells interact with the MHC class I-like molecule, MR1, on thymocytes. (wikipedia.org)
While most T cell subsets have TCRs that recognize peptide or lipid-based antigens in association with MHC or CD1, MAIT cells are unique in that they recognize small molecules created through the process of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and B9 (folic acid) biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
The vitamin B2 related molecules that activate MAIT cells are chemically unstable, and undergo spontaneous degradation in water, although they have now been successfully chemically synthesised and isolated. (wikipedia.org)
When MR1 associates with these small molecules and becomes expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, the MAIT TCR then binds to MR1, leading to MAIT cell activation, clonal expansion, memory, and an array of antimicrobial responses. (wikipedia.org)
In this state, DCs are highly adept at endocytosis and express lower levels of MHC class I and II molecules, as well as co-stimulatory molecules [14]. (jscimedcentral.com)
The expression of CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II molecules on the sCD40L-activated B cell was significantly increased after long-time culture. (biomedcentral.com)
Circulating memory T cells can be divided into tissue-specific subsets, which traffic through distinct tissue compartments during physiologic immune surveillance, based on their expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
Sources of such molecules include infiltrating immune cells and endogenous glia, astrocytes and microglia. (docksci.com)
Pre-requisite of tumor response to ICBs is the co-expression by cancer cells of immunogenic tumor antigens and targetable immune checkpoint molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
TME consists of cell component, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and abundant soluble signaling molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
1 , 2 , 14 Phosphorylation of tyrosines in immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of CD3-ζ molecules is important for T-cell activation. (ashpublications.org)
Upon the stage of tumorigenesis, down-regulation of the major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC-I) molecules and also the overexpression of the stress-induced ligands on the surface of malignant cells to avoid recognition by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), make them more sensitive to NK cell-mediated death. (biomedcentral.com)
In this manner, the reduced detection of self MHC-I molecules by NK cell-inhibitory receptors coupled with an increase in activating signals by recognition of stress-induced surface ligands promote the cytolytic activity of NK cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Fluorescent antibodies specific for cell surface markers can be combined with markers of apoptosis, proliferation and protein phosphorylation to determine which cell subsets respond to various stimuli or treatments. (bdbiosciences.com)
With little diversity in the TCRα chain, the TCR is more conserved in MAIT cells than in other T cell subsets. (wikipedia.org)
Like all T cell subsets, MAIT cells develop in the thymus. (wikipedia.org)
Consequently, circulating T cells can be divided into tissue specific subsets, each of which have the ability to traffic through certain tissue compartments, but which are excluded from others. (biomedcentral.com)

For some cell types, such as Th17 and regulatory T cells (Tregs), definitive identification depends on the combined use of surface and intracellular markers such as cytokines or transcription factors. (bdbiosciences.com)

For studies on cytokine production, cells are first treated with a protein transport inhibitor to allow accumulation of the target protein inside the cell. (bdbiosciences.com)
Infection with influenza B on the other hand did not affect cytokine production in BEAS-2B cells exposed to the different bacterial strains. (biomedcentral.com)
Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of SHIP1 expression increased PI3K-dependent Akt activation and subsequently decreased inflammatory cytokine expression, suggesting GC-mediated up-regulation of SHIP1 expression is responsible for the augmentation in inflammatory cytokine production following LPS stimulation. (aai.org)

Here, we discuss effects of the GB tumor microenvironment on NK-cell functionality, summarize early treatment attempts with ex vivo activated NK cells, and describe relevant CAR target antigens validated with CAR-T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Efficacy was dependent on the number of CD8+ T cells able to recognize tumor antigens that infiltrated the malignant tissue. (unav.edu)
This wide range of receptors allows for efficient receptor mediated phagocytosis of many foreign antigens. (jscimedcentral.com)
Sixty percent of cases express 1 or more T-cell antigens (CD3 + , CD43, or CD45RO). (medscape.com)
Antigen-specific CD40L-activated B cells may efficiently endocytose and present antigens, such as protein, RNA, and cDNA, to prime primary T cells and boost robust memory T-cell responses [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
EBV miRNAs also inhibit the expression of viral antigens, thereby enabling infected cells to escape immune recognition. (ijbs.com)
In a phase I/II trial in patients with metastatic melanoma, direct intra-dermal injection of mRNA coding for relevant tumor-associated antigens was well tolerated and influenced the frequency of vaccine-antigen directed CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as regulatory T cells (T Regs). (biomedcentral.com)
Most CARs that are being evaluated in current clinical and preclinical studies recognize self-antigens that are expressed by normal tissues as well as malignant cells. (ashpublications.org)

MAIT cells were initially specified as T cells that do not express the TCR co-receptors CD4 or CD8 on the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
In humans, MAIT cells express high levels of CD161, interleukin-18 (IL-18) receptor, and chemokine receptors CCR5, CXCR6, and CCR6 on the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, similar to T cells, specific recognition and elimination of cancer cells by NK cells can be markedly enhanced through expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which provides an opportunity to generate NK-cell therapeutics of defined specificity for cancer immunotherapy. (frontiersin.org)
Adaptive immune repertoires are composed by the ensemble of B and T-cell receptors within an individual, reflecting both past and current immune responses. (nature.com)
While CD4 T cells are by far the most abundant HIV-infected cell, DCs express a variety of HIV co-receptors and lectin receptors that modulate HIV uptake, antigen processing, and trans-infection to T cells, thus contributing to a wide variety of immunological outcomes. (jscimedcentral.com)
In addition, the ability of HIV to exploit DC surface receptors or intracellular routing mechanisms to avoid antigen-processing machinery also contributes to viral persistence and promotes trans or cis-infection of CD4 T cells. (jscimedcentral.com)
Immature DCs possess a wide variety of receptors, such as Fc receptors, lectins, and langerin, which allow them to efficiently bind and internalize antigen. (jscimedcentral.com)
Bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells and primary bronchial epithelial cells) were exposed to heat-inactivated Haemophilus influenzae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Streptococcus pneumoniae and subsequently infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), type 2 human adenovirus or influenza B. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, viral replication and expression of pattern recognition receptors were determined in culture supernatants and/or cell lysates. (biomedcentral.com)
Upon detecting pathogens or cell stress, several NOD-like receptors (NLRs) form inflammasome complexes with the adapter ASC and caspase-1, inducing gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent cell death and maturation and release of IL-1β and IL-18. (biomed.news)
Adoptive T-cell therapy with T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is an active area of cancer research. (ashpublications.org)
On the other hand, the proliferation of oncolytic viruses into target cells and subsequent recognition of viral elements by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors can positively affect the development of the innate and adaptive immune responses against tumor cells (Fig. 1 ) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Increasing evidence indicates that EBV miRNAs target the host mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and transformation. (ijbs.com)
The primary defect in psoriasis patients was believed to be an abnormal epidermal cell proliferation. (ijpsr.com)
Active proliferation of myofibroblasts and infiltrating cells was also detected. (biomedcentral.com)
Neointima stained positive for both -smooth muscle actin and PCNA indicating proliferation of smooth muscle cells possibly mediated by growth factors TGF-β 1 , PDGF-A and PDGF-B, while TUNEL indicated apoptosis in the intimal layer in affected arteries. (biomedcentral.com)

MAIT cells constitute a subset of αβ T lymphocytes characterized by a semi-invariant T cell receptor alpha (TCRα) chain. (wikipedia.org)
As shown by multiplex tissue immunofluorescence and intravital microscopy, combined immunotherapy treatments enhance T cell infiltration and the intratumoral performance of T lymphocytes. (unav.edu)
CD11c is expressed in monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, some granulocytes and less so in a subset of lymphocytes. (thermofisher.com)
We aimed to clarify whether soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) activated B cells may be loaded with HBcAg18-27 peptide and served as antigen-producing cells (APCs) to induce HBV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, we provide evidence that the activated B cells may serve as APCs to present core peptide of HBV to cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
TIME possesses distinct populations of myeloid cells and lymphocytes to influence the immune escape of cancer, the response to immunotherapy, and the survival of patients. (biomedcentral.com)
TIME primarily consists of myeloid cells, lymphocytes and some other innate immune cells. (biomedcentral.com)

During MR1-independent activation against Mycobacteria, MAIT cells bind extracellular IL-12, which is often secreted by stressed macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
However, these immunotherapeutic approaches are hampered by the tumor-promoting nature of myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. (frontiersin.org)
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is hallmarked by an underlying chronic inflammatory condition, which is contributed by heme-activated pro-inflammatory macrophages. (biomed.news)
Type 1 immunity consists of T box expressed in T cells (Tbet)+/Eomesodermin (EOMES)+ interferon (IFN) γ producing CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (Tc1), and group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) (ILC1s and NK cells) that protect against intracellular microbes through direct killing of infected cells and activation of macrophages. (biomedcentral.com)

Efficient antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is critical for inducing T-cell mediated immunity in vivo [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Intriguingly, EBV miRNAs directly suppress host antiviral immunity by interfering with antigen presentation and immune cell activation. (ijbs.com)
Spike-specific T cell immunity was enhanced in PWH with normal CD4+ T cell count, suggesting Th1 imprinting. (bvsalud.org)
The mucosal vaccine is a promising approach owing to its potential to induce both systemic and localized humoral and cell-mediated immunity [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) make up a subset of T cells in the immune system that display innate, effector-like qualities. (wikipedia.org)
MAIT cells display effector-like qualities before leaving the thymus, which is why they are often described as innate-like T cells in the peripheral tissue. (wikipedia.org)
While MAIT cells display effector characteristics immediately out of the thymus, they may also undergo clonal expansion in the periphery and establish antigen memory. (wikipedia.org)
Herein, we show that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 have distinct roles in the generation of CD8 + T cell effector and memory populations. (jci.org)
however, due to constitutive mTORC1 activation, these cells retained a terminally differentiated effector phenotype and were incapable of transitioning into a memory state. (jci.org)
The innate immune response by myeloid cells occurs as a succession of events starting at signaling through cytosolic or surface PRRs, followed by effector responses including the release of cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), antibacterial peptides and degranulation ( Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
PRR on myeloid cells can be triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), but also indirectly by secondary mechanisms such as complement activation and circulating antibodies (Abs), resulting in cytolytic and phagocytic effector mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
CAR T-cell therapies are limited by the potential to cause life-threatening toxicities, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). (ajmc.com)
In particular, Guadecitabine greatly enhanced the efficacy of combined ICBs by increasing effector memory CD8+ T cells, inducing effector NK cells in the spleen and reducing tumor infiltrating regulatory T cells and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), in the tumor microenvironment (TME). (biomedcentral.com)

MR1 also serves as the antigen-presenting molecule outside of the thymus that binds to TCR and activates MAIT cells. (wikipedia.org)
MAIT cells are also activated in a MR1-dependent manner, in which a MAIT cell's semi-invariant TCR binds to the MR1 protein presenting antigen. (wikipedia.org)
CD8 binds to MHC class I and through its association with protein tyrosine kinase p56lck plays a role in T-cell development and activation of mature T cells. (thermofisher.com)

PC-ALCL is one of the primary cutaneous CD30 + T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, a wide spectrum of disease, with lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) at the benign end of the spectrum and PC-ALCL at the malignant end. (medscape.com)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is designed to enhance the body's immune system to effectively kill malignant cells. (ajmc.com)
Daily topical treatment with CWO induced dramatic regression of pre-malignant skin tumors and a two-fold reduction in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. (biorxiv.org)
The combination of Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD-1) and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockade has dramatically improved the overall survival rate for malignant melanoma. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancer is not a chaotic malignant cell mass, but a delicate "hostile" organ, where many other cells are recruited and domesticated to become "accomplices", thereby protecting themselves from recognition and attack by the immune system [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
CD19 expression is restricted to normal mature B cells, malignant B cells, and B-cell precursors. (ashpublications.org)
In addition to these basic issues concerning leukemia pathogenesis, we are devising new diagnostic procedures for detecting and monitoring leukemia patients based on molecular genetic abnormalities in the malignant cells. (stanford.edu)
Compared with conventional cancer treatments, the main advantage of oncolytic virotherapy is its tumor-selective replication followed by the destruction of malignant cells without damaging healthy cells. (biomedcentral.com)

The enhanced effect of vaccines in water-oil emulsion is believed to derive from the gradual and continuous release of antigen to stimulate antibody production, the vehicle for transport of the antigen throughout the lymphatic system and the stimulus for the accumulation of immunologically important cells (4). (sld.cu)
Therefore, after treatment, cells must be quickly fixed and subjected to stronger permeabilization conditions to allow the antibody to enter the nucleus and access the epitope within disrupted molecular complexes. (bdbiosciences.com)
Description: The RPA-T8 monoclonal antibody reacts with the human CD8a molecule, an approximately 32-34 kDa cell surface receptor expressed either as a heterodimer with the CD8 beta chain (CD8 alpha/beta) or as a homodimer (CD8 alpha/alpha). (thermofisher.com)
Applications Tested: This RPA-T8 antibody has been pre-titrated and tested by flow cytometric analysis of normal human peripheral blood cells. (thermofisher.com)
A test is defined as the amount (µg) of antibody that will stain a cell sample in a final volume of 100 µL. (thermofisher.com)
This approach allows for automatic HCV RNA testing when an HCV antibody test is reactive to avoid incomplete testing. (cdc.gov)
Virus-specific antibody responses correlated with protection from encephalitis in all mouse strains, suggesting that Tfh-B cell interactions modulate clinical outcome in this model. (cdc.gov)
Interestingly, the most primordial defense responses employed by myeloid cells against pathogens, such as complement activation, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, actually seem to favor cancer progression. (frontiersin.org)
ALCL was recognized in 1985, when tumor cells consistently demonstrated labeling by the monoclonal antibody Ki-1, a marker later shown to recognize the CD30 antigen. (medscape.com)
Western Blot: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - HCMV infection induces NOD2 mRNA and protein in HFFs and U373 cells. (novusbio.com)
Flow (Intracellular): NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - An intracellular stain was performed on THP-1 cells with NOD2 (2D9) antibody NB100-524AF488 (blue) and a matched isotype control NBP2-27287AF488 (orange). (novusbio.com)
Western Blot: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - Whole cell protein from THP-1 cells was separated on a 7.5% gel by SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membrane and blocked in 5% non-fat milk in TBST. (novusbio.com)
Flow Cytometry: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - An intracellular stain was performed on Jurkat cells with NOD2 (2D9) antibody NB100-524APC (blue) and a matched isotype control (orange). (novusbio.com)
Flow Cytometry: NOD2 Antibody (2D9) [NB100-524] - An intracellular stain was performed on Jurkat cells with NOD2 (2D9) antibody NB100-524PE (blue) and a matched isotype control (orange). (novusbio.com)
Anti-CD19-CAR-transduced T cells had superior antilymphoma efficacy compared with the anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody from which the anti-CD19 CAR was derived. (ashpublications.org)

While GB tumors are frequently infiltrated by natural killer (NK) cells, these are actively suppressed by the GB cells and the GB tumor microenvironment. (frontiersin.org)
Effective immunotherapy of stromal-rich tumors requires simultaneous targeting of cancer cells and immunosuppressive elements of the microenvironment. (aacrjournals.org)
This change in T cell homing potential is affected by the microenvironment where initial antigen recognition occurred, as memory T cells preferentially return to regions of the body similar to those where the initial antigen was encountered [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Among the components of TME, distinct populations of innate and adaptive immune cells consist of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, the peptide-pulsed activated B cells could induce HBcAg18-27 specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results demonstrate that sCD40L-activated B cells may function as APCs and induce HBV-specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)

however, mechanisms through which these bioactive compounds act on epithelial cells have not been identified. (biorxiv.org)
We here investigated if pre-exposure to bacteria alters the response of lung epithelial cells to subsequent viral infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Pre-exposure of epithelial cells to bacteria alters the response to subsequent viral infection depending on the types of pathogen involved. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we show that mouse Nlrp10 is expressed in distal colonic intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and modulated by the intestinal microbiome. (biomed.news)

Macrophage-mediated immune cell recruitment and apoptotic cell (AC) clearance are relevant in the context of SCD, where tissue damage, cell apoptosis and inflammation occur due to vasoocclusive episodes, hypoxia and ischemic injury. (biomed.news)
In addition, a recent report [ 15 ] revealed that SSc autoantibodies bind to CMV late protein UL94 and induce apoptosis in endothelial cells therefore implicating molecular mimicry as a potential mechanism accounting for the link between SSc and CMV. (biomedcentral.com)
15 In addition to promoting T-cell activation, the first and third ITAMs of the CD3-ζ molecule have been shown to cause apoptosis, and inactivation of the first and third ITAMs of the CD3-ζ molecule by converting their tyrosine residues to phenylalanines has been shown to decrease T-cell apoptosis. (ashpublications.org)

Over the past decade, cancer immunotherapy has been steering immune responses toward cancer cell eradication. (frontiersin.org)
A failure of DCs to mature, as witnessed during HIV uptake, however, leads to attenuation of antigen-specific immune responses and may significantly contribute to induction of T cell regulatory responses. (jscimedcentral.com)
They are also key players in spread of infection via trans-CD4 T cell infection (or in cis), and stimulation of adaptive immune responses in attempt to eliminate virus. (jscimedcentral.com)
In this case, the stimulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent immunogenic cell death (ICD) process in OVs-infected cells elicit a range of anti-tumor immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)

Such a description excludes diseases in which infiltration of these cells occurs in response to a primary pathology. (medscape.com)
Twenty-three postmortem snap-frozen brain tissue blocks from 11 patients with progressive MS were selected based on good RNA quality and prominent immune cell infiltration. (biomedcentral.com)

Recent advances in single-cell sequencing enable recovery of the complete adaptive immune receptor sequences in addition to transcriptional information. (nature.com)
secreted version: antibodies) and T cell receptor (TCR), respectively. (nature.com)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is an example of how immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment of hematologic malignancies with unprecedented response rates in patients with relapsed/refractory lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (ajmc.com)
We reasoned that a bias (either enrichment or depletion) of CSF T cell expression of known organ-specific trafficking determinants might suggest that homing of T cells to the subarachnoid space could be governed by a CNS-specific adhesion molecule or chemokine receptor. (biomedcentral.com)
Adoptive T-cell therapy with anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T cells is a new approach for treating advanced B-cell malignancies. (ashpublications.org)
Moreover, HSV engineered in gH of a scFv targeting the cancer-specific HER2 receptor, scFv-HER2-gH chimera, can enter, replicate and kill cancer cells efficiently [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Other aspect of adjuvant mechanism of action comprises: improving antigen presentation, inducing the production of immunomodulatory cytokines and increasing lifespan of activated T cells (1, 5). (sld.cu)
However, if they are trapped inside the cell, they can be stained as intracellular proteins using protein transport inhibitors such as BD GolgiStop™ (containing monensin) or BD GolgiPlug™ (containing brefeldin A). Cytokines are relatively accessible using the gentle fixation and permeabilization afforded by BD Cytofix/ Cytoperm™ Fixation and Permeabilization Solution. (bdbiosciences.com)
No. 554714 ) is suitable for staining most cytokines and cell surface markers. (bdbiosciences.com)
No. 562574 / 562725 ) is designed for the staining of transcription factors alone or in combination with cell surface markers and cytokines. (bdbiosciences.com)
After the presentation of foreign antigen by MR1, MAIT cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and are capable of lysing bacterially-infected cells. (wikipedia.org)
Nevertheless, ex vivo activation with cytokines can restore cytolytic activity of NK cells against GB, indicating that NK cells have potential for adoptive immunotherapy of GB if potent cytotoxicity can be maintained in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
Pathogen clearance is mediated by mechanisms such as phagocytosis, respiratory burst with the production of ROS and RNS and release of bacteriostatic peptides, but also through the cell-extrinsic initiation of inflammation via the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines ( 24 ). (frontiersin.org)

This phenomenon has been modeled in C57BL/6 mice depleted of CD4 T cells prior to infection with DelNSs RVFV (RVFV containing a deletion of NSs), resulting in late-onset encephalitis accompanied by high levels of viral RNA in the brain in 30% of animals. (cdc.gov)
The viral epitopes targeted by CD4 and CD8 T cells were defined in C57BL/6 mice, and tetramers for both CD4 and CD8 T cells were generated. (cdc.gov)
HIV uptake by DCs is unique in that it does not preferentially drive DC maturation and stimulate T cell instruction, but rather favors viral spread [10]. (jscimedcentral.com)
Remarkably, EBV-encoded miRNAs are abundantly expressed in latently-infected cells and serve important function in viral infection and pathogenesis. (ijbs.com)
To test this hypothesis, we analyzed expression of viral and cellular genes in brain-infiltrating immune cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The ability of OVs to selectively infect tumor cells is mainly associated with the disruption of type-I interferon pathway, which represents the first line of defense against viral infections. (biomedcentral.com)

This thymic development process is found in both mice and human MAIT cell populations. (wikipedia.org)
For instance, studies in mice have demonstrated that CD4+ T cells activated in cutaneous lymph nodes upregulate trafficking determinants specific for the skin, such as P-selectin ligand, while T cells responding to antigen in intestinal lymph nodes express high levels the gut-associated adhesion molecule integrin α4β7 and acquire responsiveness to the intestinal CC-chemokine ligand CCL25 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We used T cells that were retrovirally transduced with this CAR to treat mice bearing a syngeneic lymphoma that naturally expressed the self-antigen murine CD19. (ashpublications.org)
One infusion of anti-CD19-CAR-transduced T cells completely eliminated normal B cells from mice for at least 143 days. (ashpublications.org)
The antilymphoma efficacy of anti-CD19-CAR-transduced T cells was critically dependent on irradiation of mice before anti-CD19-CAR-transduced T-cell infusion. (ashpublications.org)
When orally administered of recombinant L. plantarum expressing SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in mice, all epitopes most increased the expression of IL-4, along with induced levels of TNF-α, interferon-gamma, and IL-10, specifically in spike protein groups. (biomedcentral.com)

CD137 (4-1BB) is a member of the TNFR family that mediates potent T cell costimulatory signals upon ligation by CD137L or agonist monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). (unav.edu)

Despite the arsenal of defense strategies against foreign invaders, myeloid cells succumb to the instructions of an established tumor. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we discuss how rudimentary defense mechanisms deployed by myeloid cells can promote tumor progression. (frontiersin.org)
Hence, myeloid cells play a dual role in cancer as they can initiate antitumor responses and communicate with cells of the adaptive immune system, but also promote local inflammation leading to chronic cancer-associated inflammation ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
In addition to TAMs, solid tumors are also infiltrated by immunosuppressive, immature myeloid progenitor cells, commonly referred to as monocytic or polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M/PMN-MDSC) ( 11 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
Nevertheless, the majority of scientific discoveries points toward a more tumor-supporting role for myeloid cells in the TME. (frontiersin.org)
This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)

Combining tumor-specific adoptive T cell therapy to the aCTLA-4/aPD1/rIL2 or aCTLA-4/aPD1/aCD137 reg-imens enhances efficacy in a synergistic manner. (unav.edu)
To evaluate anti-CD19-CAR-transduced T cells in a murine model of adoptive T-cell therapy, we developed a CAR that specifically recognized murine CD19. (ashpublications.org)

More importantly, activated B cells may also prime naive T-cell responses against neoantigens ex vivo as DCs do [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In vivo , CWO induced transcriptional changes in immune-related genes, resulting in cytotoxic T cell-dependent tumor regression. (biorxiv.org)
Therefore, study on factors and mechanisms that limit the in vivo persistence of CAR T cells is crucial for developing strategies to overcome these limitations. (biomedcentral.com)
In this review, we summarize the rapidly developing knowledge regarding the factors that influence CAR T cells in vivo persistence and the underlying mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, study on factors and mechanisms that limit the in vivo persistence of CAR T cells is crucial for developing strategies to reduce the probability of tumor relapse and improve the long-term disease-free survival for patients who are treated with CAR T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Various factors in the process contribute to impact the in vivo persistence and durable antitumor effects of CAR T cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Some progress has been made in defining trafficking determinants for inflamed CNS microvessels: CD8+ T cells activated in cervical lymph nodes draining intracerebral tumors in the mouse acquire a phenotype characterized by high expression of the two integrins α4 and α1 as well as a modest increase in the expression of P-selectin ligand [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

MAIT cells can be activated in ways that involve, and do not involve, MR1-mediated antigen presentation. (wikipedia.org)

The unsaturated chain of tocotrienol allows an efficient penetration into tissues that have saturated fatty layers such as the brain and liver. (biomedcentral.com)
Meanwhile, these non-engineered viruses sometimes inevitably infect and spread to normal tissues, indiscriminately killed both tumor and normal cells, causing a series of unpredicted side effects. (biomedcentral.com)
By the genetic recombination the viruses were conferred with high specificity against tumor cells without targeting normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)

Boosting with BNT162b2 induced significantly higher NAb levels than boosting with ChAdOx-1 against the Alpha, Beta and Delta variants but not the WT and Omicron variants. (biomedcentral.com)
NAb levels against Omicron variant were not significantly different before and after boosting with ChAdOx-1 or BNT162b2. (biomedcentral.com)
However, IFN-γ production in CD4 and CD8 T cells did not significantly differ under all vaccination regimens. (biomedcentral.com)
However, significantly higher serum IgE levels and mercury concentrations in hair, urine, and nails were found in patients compared with controls. (thedoctorsdoctor.com)
The CD40L-activated B cells may be continually expanded and the B cells significantly up-regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II and induce the expression of CD80 and CD86. (biomedcentral.com)
FACS analyses showed that the percentage of B cells in the culture increased significantly over the time, and B cells accounted for about 80% of the total PBMCs when the cells were cultured for 54 days (Figure 1a and 1b ). (biomedcentral.com)
For example, when cortisol is administered i.v. to normal volunteers followed by an endotoxin challenge, their blood levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 become significantly elevated compared with an endotoxin-only control population ( 9 ). (aai.org)
Fecal IgA levels increased significantly from 21 dpi in all the antigen groups, but the boosting effect after 35 dpi was explicitly observed in the S1-1, S1-2, and S1-3 groups. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition to possessing innate-like functions, this T cell subset supports the adaptive immune response and has a memory-like phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, as an indication of their memory-like phenotype in the periphery, mature MAIT cells express a CD44+, CD45RO+, CCR7−, CD62Llo phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
RVFV-specific CD8 T cells were expanded and of a cytotoxic and proliferating phenotype in the liver following infection. (cdc.gov)
Maturing DCs acquire a phenotype that allows them to migrate through the lymphatic system and stimulate adaptive lymphocyte responses. (jscimedcentral.com)
However, relapse of primary disease remains a major obstacle after CAR T cells therapy, and the majority of relapses present a tumor phenotype with retention of target antigen (antigen-positive relapse), which highly correlate with poor CAR T cells persistence. (biomedcentral.com)

Several approaches to overcome resistance to ICBs are being investigated among which the addition of epigenetic drugs that are expected to act on both immune and tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Simultaneously, serum levels of IgE were measured, and cutaneous tests for hypersensitivity reactions were performed. (thedoctorsdoctor.com)
This ulcerated nodule of localized primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma is relatively nonspecific in appearance. (medscape.com)
SUMMARY BLURB Essential oil derived from the camphor tree acts by stimulating immune cell-dependent regression of skin tumors in a mouse model of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. (biorxiv.org)

MAIT cells are most common in the liver, where they usually comprise 20-40% of the T lymphocyte population. (wikipedia.org)
Cells in the lymphocyte gate were used for analysis. (thermofisher.com)
Ligation of MHC-I/peptide complexes presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), triggers the recruitment of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck), which leads to lymphokine production, motility and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation. (thermofisher.com)
IL-17 specifically IL-17A , was discovered in 1993 originally as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 8 (CTLA8) in a rodent T cell cDNA transcript (Rouvier et al. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)

While western blotting and other methods are useful for the examination of single proteins expressed by entire cell populations, flow cytometry allows the detection of multiple proteins simultaneously at the level of individual cells. (bdbiosciences.com)

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) specifically induce cancer cells death by infection of and spreading on tumor cells through different mechanisms such as direct lysis effect or adjacent cells fusion. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we recovered transcriptome and immune repertoire information for polyclonal T follicular helper cells following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, CD8+ T cells with binding specificity restricted to two distinct LCMV peptides, and B and T cells isolated from the nervous system in the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. (nature.com)
T helper 2 cells many important characteristics of chemical allergens are common to both contact and respiratory sensitizers. (cdc.gov)

RVFV-specific CD4 T cells were identified in the liver and spleen following infection and phenotyped as largely Th1 or Tfh subtypes. (cdc.gov)
EBV can not be completely cleared once entry into the host cells and ultimately establishes life-long latent infection in host, indicating that EBV has developed elaborate strategies to evade host immune surveillance [ 4 ]. (ijbs.com)
It is debated whether multiple sclerosis (MS) might result from an immunopathological response toward an active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection brought into the central nervous system (CNS) by immigrating B cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Concern regarding numbers and capacity of endogenous myelin lineage cells provides a rational for exogenous cell replacement. (docksci.com)
In this study, we use lipoplexes containing purified reovirus p14 fusion protein as a model of exogenous fusion and a cell line expressing p14 protein as a model of endogenous fusion, which is illustrated here. (mdpi.com)

However, MR1-independent and MR1-dependent activation elicit separate MAIT cell functions as part of an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are distinguished from other lymphomas by their anaplastic cytology and constant membrane expression of the CD30 antigen (an activation marker for B or T cells). (medscape.com)
We previously established that an unidentified factor, or factors, present in ovarian tumor ascites fluids reversibly inhibited the activation of T cells by arresting the T-cell signaling cascade. (aacrjournals.org)
In cultured keratinocytes, CWO stimulated calcium signaling, resulting in calcineurin-dependent activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). (biorxiv.org)
Inflammatory cytokine overexpression resulted from an increased activation of NF-κB and the MAPK signaling cascade and a reduced activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway following LPS stimulation. (aai.org)
Thus, the surface expression of epitopes from the spike S1 protein in L. plantarum showed potential immunoregulatory effects, suggesting its ability to potentially circumvent hyperinflammatory states relevant to monocyte/macrophage cell activation. (biomedcentral.com)

Normal histiocytes originate from pluripotent stem cells, which can be found in bone marrow. (medscape.com)
Similarly, destruction of neonatally abundant pluripotent stem cells would likely have a more pervasive outcome than destruction of The value of incorporating immunologic appeared more severe and/or persistent when single lineages or differentiated cells that pre- data for the toxicologic assessment of drugs, the exposure occurred perinatally when com- dominate in adults. (cdc.gov)

The morphologic features of reflux esophagitis in the distal esophagus are variable and nonspecific, and they include basal cell hyperplasia, elongation of vascular papillae, intercellular edema, presence of intraepithelial eosinophils, intraepithelial lymphocytosis, ballooning degeneration of squamous cells and ulceration/erosions. (medscape.com)

We then outline preclinical approaches that employ CAR-NK cells for GB immunotherapy, and give an overview on the ongoing clinical development of ErbB2 (HER2)-specific CAR-NK cells currently applied in a phase I clinical trial in glioblastoma patients. (frontiersin.org)

Furthermore, MAIT cells are thought to play a role in autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, although definitive evidence is yet to be published. (wikipedia.org)
MAIT cells also secrete IL-17, an important pro-inflammatory cytokine, after binding IL-23. (wikipedia.org)
associated with skin-homing) as well as the expression of integrin α4β7 and CCR9 (associated with gut-homing) was analyzed on CD4+ memory T cells in CSF from individuals with non-inflammatory neurological diseases using flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)
While previous studies addressed heme ability to stimulate macrophage inflammatory skewing through TLR4/ROS signaling, how heme alters cell functional properties remains unexplored. (biomed.news)
Psoriasis is histologically characterized by marked hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, neutrophils, and a dense inflammatory infiltrate of T cells. (ijpsr.com)
Psoriasis is a complex, chronic, multifactorial, inflammatory disease that involves hyperproliferation of the keratinocytes in the epidermis, with an increase in the epidermal cell turnover rate (see the image below). (medscape.com)

Immune cells abundantly infiltrate tumors, creating a complex environment mediated by repetitive cycles of antitumor responses and immune evasion ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)

OVT has its unique advantages and prospects, because oncolytic viruses (OVs) preferentially infect and replicate in tumor cells and destroy them, while leaving healthy cells largely untouched [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

While techniques for cell surface staining are relatively standard, optimal staining for intracellular markers often depends on the biology of the target protein. (bdbiosciences.com)
The MHC class I-like protein, MR1, is responsible for presenting bacterially-produced vitamin B2 and B9 metabolites to MAIT cells. (wikipedia.org)
We demonstrate here that GSK-3 maintains the MLL leukemia stem cell transcriptional program by promoting the conditional association of CREB and its coactivators TORC and CBP with homedomain protein MEIS1, a critical component of the MLL-subordinate program, which in turn facilitates HOX-mediated transcription and transformation. (stanford.edu)
7) nuclear protein reflecting the level of proliferative activity (Ki-67) [4, 5]. (cttjournal.com)

As a terminal cell type, B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can usually be cultured for 2-3 weeks only, which limits the application of B cells as APCs. (biomedcentral.com)
Virus-based immunostimulatory cytokine and chemokine expression can recruit and activate T cells, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and natural killer (NK) cells, and subsequently, improve the therapeutic activity of OVs. (biomedcentral.com)

Furthermore, the ready access of skin- and gut-homing CD4+ memory T cells to the CNS compartment via CSF has implications for the mechanisms of action of immunotherapeutic strategies, such as oral tolerance or therapeutic immunization, where immunogens are administered using an oral or subcutaneous route. (biomedcentral.com)
The emergence of therapeutic agents that access the CNS, raise the possibility of enhancing the remyelination process both by acting directly upon myelinating cells and/ or indirectly via the immune-glial networks. (docksci.com)
The cell-based therapeutic vaccine Sipuleucel T targeting the antigen PAP has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2010 and recently by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of asymptomatic - minimally symptomatic metastatic CRPC based on a median prolongation in overall survival by 4.1 months compared to placebo controls [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Amazing combination of therapeutic strategies of OVs and immune cells confers immense potential for managing cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
With increasingly high therapeutic efficacy being achieved recent years and owing to the unique features such as specific tumor tropism, low cytotoxicity against normal cells, OVT has been inviting a great attention as an ideal weapon against cancers. (biomedcentral.com)

To evaluate T-cell responses, S peptides of the WT, Alpha, Beta and Delta variants were used to stimulate T cells. (biomedcentral.com)

In total, MAIT cells make up roughly 5% of the peripheral T cell population. (wikipedia.org)
Staining of normal human peripheral blood cells with Anti-Human CD3 APC (Product # 17-0038-42) and 0.25 µg of Mouse IgG1 K Isotype Control eFluor® 450 (Product # 48-4714-82) (left) or Anti-Human CD8a eFluor® 450 (right). (thermofisher.com)
The results extend our previous findings that antigen-experienced CD4+ memory T cells traffic through the CSF in proportion to their abundance in the peripheral circulation. (biomedcentral.com)

Research in CAR T-cell therapy is expected to improve tolerability and expand indications to more types of malignancies and earlier phases of disease. (ajmc.com)
2,3 Cellular therapy centers, manufacturers, payers, and policy makers will need to work together to address barriers to care as new CAR T-cell products with improved efficacy and tolerability are approved for use in more diverse malignancies. (ajmc.com)
12 , 13 Clinical trials in which patients with advanced B-cell malignancies receive T cells expressing anti-CD19 CARs are in early stages, and it is not known whether adoptive transfer of T cells targeting this self-antigen will be an effective therapy for B-cell malignancies. (ashpublications.org)
CD19-targeted CAR T cells therapy has shown remarkable efficacy in treatment of B cell malignancies. (biomedcentral.com)

Each can regulate the molecular profiles of the others and also respond to products released by damaged myelin lineage cells. (docksci.com)

Anatomy51

Organisms15

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs106

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment34

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes47

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Dendritic14

Differentiation9

Molecules14

Subsets4

Tregs1

Cytokine production3

Antigens8

Receptors11

Proliferation4

Lymphocytes7

Macrophages4

Immunity4

Effector9

Binds3

Malignant8

Antibody15

Microenvironment4

CTLs2

Epithelial cells4

Apoptosis3

Immune responses4

Infiltration2

Receptor6

Cytokines7

Viral6

Mice6

Potent1

Myeloid6

Adoptive T cell therapy2

Vivo6

Lymph nodes1

Antigen presentation1

Tissues3

Significantly8

Phenotype5

Epigenetic1

Cutaneous3

Lymphocyte4

Populations1

Induce1

Helper2

Infection3

Endogenous2

Activation6

Pluripotent stem2

Vascular1

Immunotherapy1

Inflammatory6

Antitumor1

Preferentially1

Protein4

APCs2

Therapeutic5

Peptides1

Peripheral3

Malignancies4

Molecular1