Cell activation lymphocyte activation. Medical search. Frequent questions

The signaling events initiated by the binding of peptide-MHC complexes to T cell receptors (signal 1). (nih.gov)
Primary T cells expressing chimeric receptors specific for tumor or viral antigens have considerable therapeutic potential. (nih.gov)
They recognize EBV-infected targets through their conventional T-cell receptor and tumor targets through their chimeric receptors. (nih.gov)
EBV-specific T cells expressing chimeric antitumor receptors may represent a new source of effector cells that would persist and function long-term after their transfer to cancer patients. (nih.gov)
Lymphocyte homing receptors are cell adhesion molecules expressed on lymphocyte cell membranes that recognize addressins on target tissues. (wikipedia.org)
These diverse tissue-specific adhesion molecules on lymphocytes (homing receptors) and on endothelial cells (vascular addressins) contribute to the development of specialized immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
Because they have not yet been exposed to antigen, these lymphocytes are undifferentiated and express few homing receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Naive lymphocyte extravasation into Peyer's patches is often mediated by L-selectin and limited expression of α4 integrins and other homing receptors prevents these lymphocytes from accessing mucosal effector tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Subsequently, antigen-stimulated B and T cells express homing receptors particularly for the HEV in initial site of immunization tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Mediated by lymphocyte receptors and vascular ligand interactions, "tethering" is a reversible linkage that leads to either rolling along the vessel wall or transient immediate arrest. (wikipedia.org)
B lymphocyte T lymphocyte Lymphocyte+homing+receptors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Jalkantn, S. (wikipedia.org)
These experiments suggest that effects of androgens on developing B cells are mediated through androgen receptors in bone marrow stromal cells. (jci.org)
Initially, all antibodies are of the first form, attached to the surface of a B cell - these are then referred to as B-cell receptors (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Our lab continues to explore mechanisms that control lymphocyte activation, as well as how nicotine or tobacco products affect the immune system with a renewed focus on the role of cholinergic receptors, MHC antigens, and other molecules in negative regulation. (modianolab.org)
Watkins, S.L. and Pichler, W.J. (2013) Activating interactions of sulfanilamides with T cell receptors. (scirp.org)
Wucherpfennig, K.W. and Hafler, D.A. (1995) A review of T-cell receptors in multiple sclerosis: Clonal expansion and persistence of human T-cells specific for an immunodominant myelin basic protein peptide. (scirp.org)
2004) T cell receptors recognizing type II collagen in HLA-DR-transgenic mice characterized by highly restricted V beta usage. (scirp.org)
Chronic T-cell exhaustion is marked by the progressive upregulation of coinhibitory receptors, PD-1 being one of the most prominent, but also other coregulated receptors such as LAG-3 ( 4, 5 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Its T-cell receptors (TCR) differentiate themselves from other lymphocyte types. (differencebetween.net)
Further, inhibitory receptors present in the TME can inhibit T cell metabolism and alter T cell signaling both directly and through release of extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. (elifesciences.org)
Scholars@Duke publication: Viral and bacterial infections induce expression of multiple NK cell receptors in responding CD8(+) T cells. (duke.edu)
NK cells express several families of receptors that play central roles in target cell recognition. (duke.edu)
These NK cell receptors are also expressed by certain memory phenotype CD8(+) T cells, and in some cases are up-regulated in T cells responding to viral infection. (duke.edu)
These subtle effects suggest that CD94/NKG2A-mediated inhibition of T cells may be limited to particular circumstances or may synergize with other receptors that are similarly up-regulated. (duke.edu)
The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)

The secondary objective was to assess the effect of anti-OX40 on lymphocyte subsets in the tumor and blood. (bepress.com)
Phenotypic analysis of lymphocyte subsets and apoptosis were evaluated with flow cytometry. (karger.com)
Novel aspects of T cells containing TCRV β 20-1 are numerous, ranging from pathogen specific reactivity to specific tissue homing, or possible T cell subsets. (scirp.org)
The relative number of different lymphocyte subsets remained constant throughout the experiment. (usda.gov)
miR155 is known to be strongly induced in various mouse and human DC subsets in response to diverse maturation signals, and miR155-deficient DCs exhibit an impaired ability to induce Ag-specific T cell responses. (unige.ch)
Our results confirm a potential role of NK cells and the different subsets in the pathogenesis of chronic HCV infection. (who.int)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has impaired cellular immune response and circulating NK cells, NK subsets (in- the ability to establish chronic infection virus persistence [8]. (who.int)
CD4+ T-cells and other lymphocyte subsets in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (cdc.gov)
The guidelines describe single-platform technology (SPT), a process in which absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets are measured from a single tube by a single instrument. (cdc.gov)
With CD45 gating, the relative numbers of beads and lymphocyte subsets are enumerated, and their absolute numbers and percentage values are calculated. (cdc.gov)

They are activated on the surface of antigen -presenting cells, which mature during the innate immune responses triggered by an infection. (nih.gov)
To activate a cytotoxic or helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell , an antigen-presenting cell provides two kinds of signals. (nih.gov)
The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
Effector T cells act back to promote the expression of B7 proteins on antigen-presenting cells, creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the T cell response. (nih.gov)
A) A mature antigen-presenting cell can deliver both signal 1 and 2 and thereby activate the T cell. (nih.gov)
The process of lymphocyte homing is deliberate, mediated by lymphocyte-endothelial recognition mechanisms that enable antigen-specific immune responses. (wikipedia.org)
After entering lymph nodes and Peyer's patches via HEVs, naive T and B cells are exposed to antigen circulating in lymph and differentiate to contribute to the adaptive immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Lymphocyte homing receptor expression is altered by antigen exposure. (wikipedia.org)
Upon exposure to antigens, lymphocytes lack homing ability during a period of sessile differentiation and cell division, and antigen specific lymphocytes are stored in the spleen for 1-3 days. (wikipedia.org)
Organ-specific lymphocyte homing is important for antigen-specificity and in avoiding autoimmune cross-reactions. (wikipedia.org)
Neoadjuvant anti-OX40 (MEDI6469) therapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma activates and expands antigen-specific tumor-infiltrating T cells. (bepress.com)
Analyses of CD8+ TIL show increases in tumor-antigen reactive, proliferating CD103+ CD39+ cells in 25% of patients with evaluable tumor tissue (N = 4/16), all of whom remain disease-free. (bepress.com)
A small number of precursor cells that recognize a specific antigen proliferate into expanded clones, differentiate and acquire various effector and memory phenotypes, which promote effective immune responses. (huji.ac.il)
After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, tumor heterogeneity has a significant impact on both the immune microenvironment and the infiltration of various immune cells within tumors, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) ( 5 ), myeloid antigen-presenting cells ( 6 ) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
T cells share structural features of the T cell antigen receptor. (modianolab.org)
that is, the cells only see antigen when it is complexed with a molecule from the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). (modianolab.org)
The conventional wisdom then, and until a few years ago was that, because T cells are highly specific (they only recognize one antigen among the millions possible), they would remain quiescent until they saw their precise antigen and would be driven through the cell cycle by pathways that regulate the cell cycle machinery. (modianolab.org)
CD69 is a 27-33 kD type II transmembrane protein also known as activation inducer molecule (AIM), very early activation antigen (VEA), and MLR3. (biolegend.com)
It makes antibodies and antigens and performs the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and turns into memory B-cells after activation by antigen interaction . (differencebetween.net)
The cellular response is mainly a lymphocyte-mediated reaction, whereas the humoral response includes production of antibodies against the antigen by the plasma cells. (medscape.com)
Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)
They can also stimulate the destruction of antigen by cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils by covering the surface of the antigen by the Fc portion of the antibodies in a process known as "opsonization. (medscape.com)

RGX-104 inhibits tumor angiogenesis and depletes myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), thereby activating cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. (biospace.com)

It is unclear whether intraclonal V gene diversification by somatic hypermutation, which is strictly dependent on the enzyme activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID), is restricted to the early phase of lymphoma clone expansion and later silenced, or whether it remains active throughout malignant proliferation. (bmj.com)
Peripheral blood phenotyping data show increases in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation two weeks after anti-OX40 administration. (bepress.com)
These data provide evidence that anti-OX40 prior to surgery is safe and can increase activation and proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in blood and tumor. (bepress.com)
These experiments facilitate continuous acquisition of a large number of parameters on cell number, proliferation, death and differentiation state, with single-cell resolution on thousands of expanding clones that grow within controlled environments. (huji.ac.il)
Given that ROS accumulation and necrotic cell death enhance inflammation followed by compensatory proliferation of tumor cells, selective suppression of caspase-dependent ROS accumulation will be an alternative strategy to protect cells from ROS-dependent DNA damage and compensatory tumor progression. (nature.com)
In investigating T cell function, it was found that the administration of CMF led also to a similarly prolonged impairment of phytohemagglutinin (PHA-)stimulated soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R) production and to a decrease in the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells following mitogenic stimulation with PHA. (curehunter.com)
In fact, our work showed that the machinery that controls proliferation in lymphocytes was similar to that present in other cells (remarkably, this is similar to the machinery that controls cell division in all eukaryotic organisms, including yeast! (modianolab.org)
Combined with simple proliferative responses, the identified nucleotides are also shown to have functional consequences by inducing T cell proliferation for CD4/V β 20-1 + T cells, while failing to induce proliferation in other T cell isolates. (scirp.org)
Analogous studies in a murine syngeneic tumor model using surrogate antibodies demonstrated significant synergy between LAG-3 and PD-1 blockade-combination treatment led to a marked improvement in therapeutic efficacy, increased T-cell proliferation, IFNγ production, and elicited durable immunologic memory upon tumor rechallenge. (aacrjournals.org)
Finally, in vitro and in vivo functional assays using DCs exhibiting deregulated Arg2 expression indicated that Arg2-mediated arginine depletion in the extracellular milieu impairs T cell proliferation. (unige.ch)
C ) Probiotic bacteria releases antimicrobial substances (such as bacteriocins, biosurfactants, lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, organic acids) and intestinal mucins from mucosal cells, which can effectively inhibit virus proliferation. (news-medical.net)
H ) CD4 + cells differentiate into Th2 cells, which induce B-cells' proliferation that produces antibodies like IgA, IgG, and IgM. (news-medical.net)

However, this activation was kept in check both by specific proteins that were called "negative regulators" and by a series fo cells in teh immune system called 'regulatory cells' (including regulatory T cells or Tregs, myeloid derived suppressor cells or MDSCs, and possibly regulatory dendritic cells). (modianolab.org)
VSV infection triggered rapid differentiation of blood monocytes into immature dendritic cells as well as their apoptosis, which depended on caspase 3/7 activation. (karger.com)
We show that Arg2 is the dominant enzyme in dendritic cells (DCs) and is repressed by microRNA-155 (miR155) during their maturation. (unige.ch)
E ) Upon virus attack in epithelial cells, probiotics mediate their antiviral effects by eliciting immune responses by activating macrophages and dendritic cells. (news-medical.net)
In recent years, much has been learned of the characteristics of immune responses to skin sensitizing chemicals and of the roles played by dendritic cells, cytokines and chemokines. (cdc.gov)
Mechanisms of skin sensitization and allergic epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), although other cuta- contact dermatitis neous (dermal) dendritic cells (DC) may also contrib- ute. (cdc.gov)

Immunology and Cell Biology , 94 (3), 242-249. (huji.ac.il)

This is one mechanism by which a T cell can become tolerant to self antigens. (nih.gov)
Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)

They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nih.gov)
Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelium) and infiltrating leukocytes (e.g., monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes). (mdpi.com)
Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis is known to persist within granulomas, distinct lesions represented by a caseonecrotic core surrounded by epithelioid macrophages, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, Langhans-type multinucleated giant cells and fibroblasts. (usda.gov)
iNOS positive cells consisted of epithelioid macrophages and multinucleated giant cells surrounding central areas of caseous necrosis. (usda.gov)
Activation of macrophages recovered from zymosan-treated rats was elevated at day 6 compared to control. (cdc.gov)
G ) CD4 + T lymphocytes cells differentiate into Th1, which activates phagocytosis through NK cells and macrophages, promoting pathogen killing. (news-medical.net)

With the help of new monoclonal antibodies against mouse LAG-3, we show that LAG-3 surface expression is not limited to activated T and NK cells but is also found on activated B cells. (nih.gov)
11 To clarify this issue for lymphocyte predominant HL we quantitatively examined the expression of AID in the L&H cells of six patients with lymphocyte predominant HL at the transcription level, because suitable antibodies for immunohistochemistry are not yet available. (bmj.com)
Together with B and T cells , antibodies comprise the most important part of the adaptive immune system . (wikipedia.org)
B-lymphocytes undergo isotype switching, and IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies are found in the neuropil adjacent to the lesion. (jneurosci.org)
When fluorochrome conjugated antibodies are bound to BD CompBeads, they have spectral properties very similar to cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
Studies sug- terized by flow cytometry using anti between the immune response and the gest that HCV inhibits receptor genes in CD3, CD56 and CD16 monoclonal virus replication rate [5] and play a cru- the activation of NK cells [20], and the antibodies. (who.int)
Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)

This peptide-MHC complex signals through the T cell receptor and its associated proteins. (nih.gov)
Signal 2 is provided by costimulatory proteins, especially the B7 proteins (CD80 and CD86), which are recognized by the co-receptor protein CD28 on the surface of the T cell. (nih.gov)
The T cell receptor does not act on its own to transmit signal 1 into the cell. (nih.gov)
The T cell receptor and its associated CD3 complex. (nih.gov)
As B cells express LAG-3 in a T cell dependent manner and not when activated by Toll-like-receptor agonists alone, we propose LAG-3 as a new marker of T cell induced B cell activation. (nih.gov)
Unfortunately, their clinical value is limited by their rapid loss of function and failure to expand in vivo, presumably due to the lack of costimulator molecules on tumor cells and the inherent limitations of signaling exclusively through the chimeric receptor. (nih.gov)
We now report that EBV-specific (but not primary) T cells transduced with tumor-specific chimeric receptor genes can be expanded and maintained long-term in the presence of EBV-infected B cells. (nih.gov)
Lymphocyte homing receptor control of organ-specific lymphocyte trafficking is thought to prevent autoreactivity in immune responses during B and T cell differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
α4β7 is an α4 integrin class homing receptor that targets lymphocytes in the gut expressing mucosal adhesion molecule-1(MAdCAM-1), mostly expressed in Peyer's patches. (wikipedia.org)
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is critical for homeostasis of invariant γδ T cells in the murine epidermis. (nature.com)
Exogenous stimuli maintain intraepithelial lymphocytes via aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. (nature.com)
Stange, J. & Veldhoen, M. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in innate T cell immunity. (nature.com)
Here we compared T-cell functions including the number of circulating CD3 + T cells, in vitro responses to mitogens, T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, TCR excision circles (TREC) levels, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) enumeration in several immunodeficinecy subtypes, clinically presenting with nonreactive residual cells (MHC-II deficiency) or reactive cells. (hindawi.com)
The stromal cell requirement for androgen-mediated effects was confirmed in vivo by experiments using chimeric animals created by bone marrow transplantation in which androgen receptor expression was restricted to either the stromal or lymphoid cells of the bone marrow. (jci.org)
Engler, O.B., Strasser, I., Naisbitt, D.J., Cerny, A. and Pichler, W.J. (2004) A chemically inert drug can stimulate T cells in vitro by their T cell receptor in non-sensitised individuals. (scirp.org)
2011) Shared and restricted T-cell receptor use is crucial for carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. (scirp.org)
Komatsu, T., Moriya, N. and Shiohara, T. (1996) T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and function of human epidermal T cells: Restricted TCR V alpha-V beta genes are utilized by T cells residing in the lesional epidermis in fixed drug eruption. (scirp.org)
1994) T cell receptor V alpha repertoire of infiltrating T cells in labial salivary glands from patients with Sjogren's syndrome. (scirp.org)
1992) T cell receptor repertoire of infiltrating T cells in lips of Sjogren's syndrome patients. (scirp.org)
1998) Comparative sequence analysis of the human T cell receptor beta chain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile spondylarthropathies: Evidence for antigenic selection of T cells in the synovium. (scirp.org)
2012) Structural insight into MR1-mediated recognition of the mucosal associated invariant T cell receptor. (scirp.org)
Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is a coinhibitory receptor associated with impaired T-cell function and is frequently coexpressed with programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) in the context of human cancers. (aacrjournals.org)
B ) Binding of probiotic bacteria to the epithelial surface can cause steric hindrance and block the virus's attachment to the host cell receptor. (news-medical.net)
Probiotics may trap the virus in respiratory infection, as well as inhibit binding of the virus to the host cell receptor. (news-medical.net)
To determine how the profile of NK receptor expression changes in murine CD8(+) T cells as they respond to intracellular pathogens, we used class I tetramer reagents to directly examine Ag-specific T cells during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Listeria monocytogenes infections. (duke.edu)
Binding of the CD94/NKG2A receptor by its ligand (Qa-1(b)) did not significantly inhibit CD8(+) T cell effector functions. (duke.edu)
T-cell numbers were derived from three measurements deter- attributable to the decrease in the number of T cells that bear mined with two different instruments, a hematology analyzer the CD4 receptor ( 5-9 ). (cdc.gov)

This book discusses the mechanisms of transmembrane signal transduction during B-Cell Activation, the Regulation of Gene Expression during B-Cell Differentiation, Anti-immunoglobulin antibody induction of B-Lymphocyte activation and differentiation in vivo and in vitro, Helper signals in B-Lymphocyte differentiation, Growth and differentiation of b-cell clones in vitro, B-Cell tumors as models of lymphocyte differentiation, and Memory b-cell activation, differentiation, and isotype switching. (taylorfrancis.com)
In contrast, patients with reactive T cells exhibited poor T-cell differentiation and activity. (hindawi.com)
For example, Omenn syndrome, a typical case of impaired T-cell differentiation with abnormal self-reactive cells, is invariably characterized by autoimmune features such as generalized scaly exudative erythroderma, enlarged lymphoid tissues, and peripheral expansion of oligoclonal T-cells, in addition to increased susceptibility for severe infections [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Monocyte differentiation required infectious VSV, but loss of CD14+ cells was also associated with the presence of a cytokine/chemokine milieu produced in response to VSV infection. (karger.com)
T cells must substantially increase nutrient uptake to mount a proper immune response and failure to obtain sufficient nutrients or engage the appropriate metabolic pathways can alter or prevent effector T cell differentiation and function. (elifesciences.org)
This review will discuss the metabolic adaptations necessary for T cells to meet changing biochemical needs throughout different stages of differentiation. (elifesciences.org)

Our clinical studies have shown that EBV-specific T cells generated in vitro will expand, persist, and function for more than 6 years in vivo. (nih.gov)
When kidney CD4+ cells of post-acute kidney injury (post-AKI) rats were stimulated with angiotensin II and elevated Na+ (10-7 M/170 mM) in vitro, there was an enhanced response in intracellular Ca2+ and IL-17 expression, which was blocked by SOCE inhibitors 2APB, YM58483/BTP2, or AnCoA4. (jci.org)
Further, in vitro stimulation of CD4+ cells from AKI patients increased IL-17, which was blocked by SOCE inhibitors. (jci.org)
We have generated a high affinity and selective humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibody, TSR-033, which binds human LAG-3 and serves as a functional antagonist, enhancing in vitro T-cell activation both in mixed lymphocyte reactions and staphylococcal enterotoxin B-driven stimulation assays. (aacrjournals.org)
2-Nitrotoluene was genotoxic in a range of in vitro and in vivo assays, was notably clastogenic in human peripheral lymphocytes and formed DNA adducts in exposed rodents. (gc.ca)
The expression of CD94/NKG2A was rapidly initiated in naive CD8(+) T cells responding to peptide Ags in vitro and on many of the naive T cells that proliferate when transferred into lymphopenic (Rag-1(-/-)) hosts. (duke.edu)

Shires, J., Theodoridis, E. & Hayday, A.C. Biological insights into TCRγδ + and TCRαβ + intraepithelial lymphocytes provided by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). (nature.com)
Biopsies were processed for H&E staining and microscopic inflammation assessed by counting intraepithelial lymphocytes. (bmj.com)

Thus, the CD6-CD318 axis can regulate the activation state of cytotoxic lymphocytes and their positioning within the tumor microenvironment . (bvsalud.org)
Studying these processes in vivo, while providing insightful information on the level of heterogeneity, is challenging due to the complex microenvironment and the inability to continuously track individual cells over extended periods of time. (huji.ac.il)
Fibrotic livers are characterized by an inflammatory microenvironment that is composed of various immunologically active cells, including liver-resident populations (e.g. (mdpi.com)
Tumor cells are influenced by both genetic factors and environmental elements in the microenvironment, resulting in a complex regulation process ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Various subclonal tumor cells have the ability to modify the tumor microenvironment in order to obtain adaptations. (spandidos-publications.com)
It has been discovered that the genetic structure of tumor cells and the components of the immune microenvironment interact with each other. (spandidos-publications.com)
This interaction results in a more complex alteration of both the heterogeneity of tumor cells and the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. (spandidos-publications.com)
Progressive upregulation of checkpoints on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes promotes an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, severely compromising tumor immunity. (aacrjournals.org)
As T cell metabolism dictates effector function, it is now apparent that the effect of cancer cell metabolism on the tumor microenvironment (TME) may impair anti-tumor immunity, and these new hallmarks of cancer are therefore inextricably linked. (elifesciences.org)

Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)
OX40, GITR, and 4-1BB), can enhance T cell immunity in tumor-bearing hosts. (bepress.com)
Clonal expansion of lymphocytes is a hallmark of vertebrate adaptive immunity. (huji.ac.il)
These tools, together with in vivo experiments tracking single-cell responses, will expand our understanding of adaptive immunity and the ways by which it can be manipulated. (huji.ac.il)
T-cells play a major role in cell-mediated-immunity (no antibody involvement). (differencebetween.net)
B-cells, on the other hand, play a principal role in humoral immunity (with antibody involvement). (differencebetween.net)
RGX-104 is a small-molecule LXR agonist that modulates innate immunity via transcriptional activation of the ApoE gene. (biospace.com)
In contrast, ACT expands a patient's own T cells ex vivo to direct anti-tumor immunity when transfused back into the patient. (elifesciences.org)
The cells that have the inherent property of innate and adaptive immunity within the body are present at different sites including the blood, lymphatic system (lymph, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs), epithelium, and connective tissues. (medscape.com)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain infections and cancers. (msdmanuals.com)

While initial adhesion indicates the start of lymphocyte homing, there is regulation of each step of extravasation. (wikipedia.org)
Homeostatic regulation of intestinal epithelia by intraepithelial γδ T cells. (nature.com)
c-FLIP regulation of lymphocyte activation and development. (nature.com)
We pursued the concept of intrinsic negative regulation and showed that proteins such as NFATc2, Tob-1, and TGF-beta are important intrinsic negative regulators of T cell activation. (modianolab.org)
Indeed, recent work shows that one of the ways that smoking can affect the immune system, and probably contribute to many of the diseases associated with tobacco use, is by nicotine "enforcing" negative regulation - that is, it prevents T lymphocytes from responding to foreign invaders - through the action of this NFATc2 protein. (modianolab.org)
In addition, genes encoding the expression of molecules involved in T lymphocyte and natural killer cell regulation were increased (CD86 and CD69). (cdc.gov)

Live cell imaging of ex vivo cultures within micro fabricated arrays provides an attractive methodology for studying clonal expansion. (huji.ac.il)
In vivo, YM58483/BTP2 (1 mg/kg) attenuated IL-17+ cell activation, inflammation, and severity of AKI following either I/R or intramuscular glycerol injection. (jci.org)

Here we describe implementations of live-cell imaging within microwell arrays for studies of lymphocyte clonal expansion, portray insights already gained from these experiments and outline directions for future research. (huji.ac.il)
The latter includes patients with autoreactive clonal expanded T cell and patients with alloreactive transplacentally maternal T cells. (hindawi.com)
The development of skin sensitization is associated with, and requires, the activation and clonal expansion of allergen responsive T lymphocytes and it is these cells that orchestrate the cutaneous allergic reaction. (cdc.gov)

Here we demonstrate that disrupting the CD6-CD318 axis with UMCD6, an anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody , prolongs survival of mice in xenograft models of human breast and prostate cancer , treated with infusions of human lymphocytes . (bvsalud.org)
Tumor -infiltrating cytotoxic lymphocytes were found in higher proportions and were activated in UMCD6-treated mice compared to controls. (bvsalud.org)
Castration of normal male mice induces expansion of the bone marrow B cell population, an effect that can be reversed by androgen replacement. (jci.org)
Androgens only affected B cell development in chimeric mice with androgen-sensitive stromal cells. (jci.org)

This heterogeneity can vary greatly between different types of immune cells, leading to further complexity in understanding the immune response to tumors. (spandidos-publications.com)
NK cells reject tumors and cells infected by viruses. (differencebetween.net)
As a result, the RGX-104/docetaxel regimen is being evaluated in a phase 1b/2 expansion study that has begun enrolling patients with relapsed/refractory extensive stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) or high grade-neuroendocrine tumors (HG-NET). (biospace.com)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of B lymphocytes is near universal in humans and stimulates high levels of EBV-specific helper and cytotoxic T cells, which persist indefinitely. (nih.gov)

Inactivity and hypoxia resulted in a significant increase in the genus Bacteroides in HBR, in genes coding for proteins involved in iron acquisition and metabolism, cell wall, capsule, virulence, defense and mucin degradation, such as beta-galactosidase (EC3.2.1.23), α-L-fucosidase (EC3.2.1.51), Sialidase (EC3.2.1.18), and α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC3.2.1.50). (frontiersin.org)
The fact that the genus Bacteroides and proteins involved in iron acquisition and metabolism, cell wall, capsule, virulence and mucin degradation were enriched at the end of HBR suggest that both constipation and EC decreased intestinal metal availability leading to modified expression of co-regulated genes in Bacteroides genomes. (frontiersin.org)
Our scientists pursue every aspect of cancer research-from exploring the biology of genes and cells, to developing immune-based treatments, uncovering the causes of metastasis, and more. (mskcc.org)
We found that inhalation of GMA-SS welding fume was associated with activation of complement (C2, C3, C1QA-C, C4B), type 1 interferon pathways and increased expression of monocyte and lymphocyte chemotactic genes such as CCL2, CCL7 and CCL8. (cdc.gov)

If a T cell receives signal 1 without signal 2, it may undergo apoptosis or become altered so that it can no longer be activated, even if it later receives both signals ( Figure 24-62 ). (nih.gov)
4-Methoxyphenyl)(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone inhibits tubulin polymerization, induces G2/M arrest, and triggers apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells. (fiocruz.br)
It works through the process of apoptosis or programmed cell death. (differencebetween.net)

In cohorts two and three, in which patients received RGX-104 dosing five consecutive days out of seven (at either 80mg or 100mg BID) and a reduced dose of docetaxel (28mg/m 2 ), no dose-limiting toxicity was observed, and sustained pharmacodynamic activity (ApoE activation and MDSC depletion) was achieved. (biospace.com)
The TME, however, can be metabolically hostile due to insufficient vascular exchange and cancer cell metabolism that leads to hypoxia, depletion of nutrients, and accumulation of waste products. (elifesciences.org)
Risk of subsequent manifestations-related to immunodeficiency-is proportional to the level of CD4+ lymphocyte depletion. (msdmanuals.com)

Comparison of tumor biopsies before and after treatment reveals an increase of activated, conventional CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in most patients and higher clonality by TCRβ sequencing. (bepress.com)
Analysis of tumor -infiltrating immune cells showed that augmentation of lymphocyte cytotoxicity by UMCD6 is due to effects of this antibody on NK, NKT and CD8+ T cells . (bvsalud.org)
To suppress this antiapoptotic function of NF- κ B might be a promising strategy to increase susceptibility of tumor cells to stress-induced cell death. (nature.com)
We have recently shown that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α induces caspase-dependent and -independent JNK activation and ROS accumulation in cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-Flip) −/− murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). (nature.com)
To apply this observation to tumor therapy, we knocked down c-FLIP by RNA interference in various tumor cells. (nature.com)
Consistent with the results using c-Flip −/− MEFs, we found that TNF α stimulation induced caspase-dependent prolonged JNK activation and ROS accumulation, followed by apoptotic and necrotic cell death in various tumor cells. (nature.com)
The heterogeneity of glioblastoma can suppress immune cell function and lead to immune evasion, which presents a challenge in developing effective molecular therapies for tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by significant genetic heterogeneity among tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
This heterogeneity is referred to as 'polymorphism', as tumor cells rapidly undergo mitosis, resulting in the formation of numerous subclones and uncertainty regarding the state of the genome. (spandidos-publications.com)
In addition, intrinsic differences in subclonal tumor cells that arise from random mutations can create distinct niches within limited lesions. (spandidos-publications.com)
However, rather than actively modifying the environment, multiple mechanisms guide the evolution of tumor cells through the selection of subclones with the most adaptive phenotype by environmental factors ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Multiregional whole-exome or genome sequencing has revealed that there is significant variation in the genetic makeup of tumor cells across different anatomical locations and within the same tumor over time ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Consequently, the heterogeneity of tumor cells is constantly evolving. (spandidos-publications.com)
High-throughput sequencing methods are utilized to analyze the mutational spectrum and evolutionary trajectories of tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Tumor persistence leads to sustained exposure of T cells to neoantigens-this results in repeated cycles of activation which culminate in a state of severe T-cell dysfunction or exhaustion, characterized by distinct epigenetic and transcriptional profiles ( 1-3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
This review will discuss the metabolic changes that drive T cells into different stages of their development and how the TME imposes barriers to the metabolism and activity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. (elifesciences.org)
We will then examine how tumor cells create a toxic milieu for T cells that enter the TME. (elifesciences.org)
These may be different molecules within the cells like proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleoproteins and may also be the whole cell, like a tumor cell or organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or agents containing genetic material such as nucleic acids or lipids. (medscape.com)

Neutrophils eliminate cell fragments and perform reorganization processes via reactive oxygen species. (hindawi.com)

We also consider how innate immune responses determine the nature of adaptive responses by stimulating helper T cells to differentiate into either T H 1 or T H 2 effector cells. (nih.gov)
The combined actions of signal 1 and signal 2 stimulate the T cell to proliferate and begin to differentiate into an effector cell by a curiously indirect mechanism. (nih.gov)
Different pathways regulate different immune cells to help the body differentiate the bodies own healthy cells from disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancerous cells, and many more. (medscape.com)

Mature lymphocytes are constantly recirculating in the blood and can traffic to secondary lymphoid tissue as well as target tissue including mucosal tissues of the lamina propria, inflammation, and other extralymphoid immune effector sites. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, α4β1 with the ligand vascular adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1) function in lymphocyte trafficking and inflammation. (wikipedia.org)

These cells expand in the periphery, causing tissue infiltration and damage due to breakdown of both central (e.g., autoimmune regulator, AIRE protein dysfunction) and peripheral (FOXP3 + deficiency) tolerance mechanisms [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF- κ B) inhibits cell death through suppression of the caspase cascade, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. (nature.com)

F ) Activation of immune response leads to differentiating CD8 + T lymphocytes into CTLs, capable of destroying virus-infected cells. (news-medical.net)

L&H cells from lymphocyte predominant HL cases and centroblasts from lymphadenites were micromanipulated and analysed for AID expression by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. (bmj.com)
Recently, altered NK cell frequency polymerase chain reaction (Stratagene has been suggested to contribute to the Mx3000P). (who.int)

PMA + ionomycin-stimulated (six hours) human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stained with CD69 (clone FN50) Brilliant Violet 711™ (filled histogram) or mouse IgG1, κ ™ isotype control (open histogram). (biolegend.com)

Free lymphocytes constantly recirculate in blood after their re-entry from lymphoid tissue, via lymphatic and thoracic ducts. (wikipedia.org)
B lymphocytes migrate better to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (Peyer's patches), and T lymphocytes preferentially to the peripheral lymph nodes. (wikipedia.org)
While attached to the vessel, lymphocytes test target tissue for chemokines and pro-adhesive factors that then prompt "arrest. (wikipedia.org)
We discovered that, in mouse models, activated B-lymphocytes infiltrate infarcted tissue in the weeks after stroke. (jneurosci.org)
This continuously evolving system sometimes reacts against the bodies own cells, identifying it as foreign, which leads to healthy tissue destruction and causes autoimmune diseases and cancers. (medscape.com)

Meanwhile, the two types of W.B.C.'s under agranulocytes are monocytes which consume bacteria and lymphocytes which was elaborated above. (differencebetween.net)

High endothelial venules (HEVs) are cells found in secondary lymphoid organs that express large quantities of cell adhesion molecules, enabling undifferentiated lymphocytes to bind. (wikipedia.org)
MHC-II molecules drive the development, activation, and homeostasis of CD4 + T-helper cells. (hindawi.com)
Moreover, while the mainstay of the diagnosis of MHC-II deficiency is the absence of constitutive and inducible expression of MHC-II molecules on all cell types, other tests for T-cell function are less informative in such patients. (hindawi.com)
The immune system is an inherent self-defense system consisting of cells that helps the body distinguish between self and non-self molecules. (medscape.com)

Mast cells in lamina propria were counted by immunohistochemistry with CD117 ( c-kit ). (bmj.com)

Here we describe the results from a phase Ib clinical trial (NCT02274155) in which 17 patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) received a murine anti-human OX40 agonist antibody (MEDI6469) prior to definitive surgical resection. (bepress.com)
Unresectable recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) has a very poor prognosis. (mdpi.com)

Lymph node biopsies of six patients with lymphocyte predominant HL and three with non-specific lymphadenitis were analysed. (bmj.com)
Naive lymphocytes are able to circulate into secondary lymphoid tissues, Peyer's patches, lymph nodes, and the spleen. (wikipedia.org)
CD69 is constitutively expressed by a subset of medullary mature thymocytes, platelets, mantle B cells, and certain CD4 + T cells in germinal centers of normal lymph nodes. (biolegend.com)
Immunophenotyping was performed on BAL cells and lung-associated lymph node cells. (cdc.gov)
Lymphokine production was measured using lymph node cells treated with or without concanavalin A stimulation. (cdc.gov)
Zymosan-treated rats also had a smaller PMN infiltration in the lung compared to control, however, a greater number of lymphocytes was present in lymph nodes of the rats. (cdc.gov)

Expanded understanding of the basic biology of T cell activation has enabled immunotherapy to combat cancer, and T cell metabolism now offers the opportunity to optimize and improve these therapeutic strategies. (elifesciences.org)
Finally, we will provide an overview of how utilizing an understanding of T cell metabolism may inform strategies to alter the TME or enhance T cell metabolism to strengthen the immunotherapy arsenal. (elifesciences.org)

Together with the discovery of circadian clocks in non-photosynthetic gut bacteria and circadian rhythms in anucleated cells, these findings have indicated the possibility that. (researchgate.net)
A ) Probiotic bacteria can hinder the adsorption process via directly binding to the virus and inhibiting entry into epithelial cells. (news-medical.net)

Merging computational and simple cell assays, this work establishes a role of nucleotides in T cells found to contain this TCR subtype. (scirp.org)

Figure 2: Pathways involved in nutrient signaling in some lymphocytes. (nature.com)

L-selectin is able to mediate vessel adhesion whereas α4 integrins, α4β1 or α4β7, can perform primary or secondary adhesion through a stronger tethering and even contribute to transendothelial migration of lymphocytes. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to α4 integrins, LFA-1 and Mac-1 mediate the prevention of lymphocyte transendothelial migration into target tissues. (wikipedia.org)
The elimination or persistence (NKRs) and mediate functions of both cells and CD56+NT cells was charac- of the infection depends on a balance T cells and NK cells [13]. (who.int)

2013) The molecular basis for Mucosal-Associated Invariant T cell recognition of MR1 proteins. (scirp.org)

Two of the primary immunotherapies are immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and adoptive cell transfer (ACT). (elifesciences.org)

Virus release was evaluated in a murine cell line (L929). (karger.com)

We studied a) mitogen lectin (PHA) evoked changes of Na+/K+-ATPase activity in functionally different lymphocytes or brain cor. (nel.edu)
While all cells are functionally deficient, resulting in high susceptibility to infections, only some of these cells are causing autoimmune symptoms. (hindawi.com)

HHV-6B was isolated as previously described (2) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) on day 5 irus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (VAHS) is a after admission (Figure 2), suggesting VAHS induced by V fulminant disorder associated with systemic viral infec- HHV-6. (cdc.gov)

Flow cytometry and data analysis were performed using a BD LSRFortessa™X-20 Cell Analyzer System and FlowJo™ software. (bdbiosciences.com)

CD6, expressed by T-lymphocytes and human NK cells , engages in cell - cell interactions by binding to its ligands CD166 ( ALCAM ) and CD318 (CDCP1). (bvsalud.org)
Cultured peripheral human lymphocytes were used as test system. (europa.eu)
Peripheral human lymphocytes are recommended in international guidelines (OECD, EC). (europa.eu)
1997 revised guidelines for performing CD4+ T-cell determinations in persons infected with human immunode- ficiency virus [HIV]. (cdc.gov)
Single-platform technology (SPT) is designed to enable de- system and managing the health care of persons infected with terminations of both absolute and percentage lymphocyte sub- human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ( 1-4 ). (cdc.gov)

This happens so that the full repertoire of antigenic specificities of lymphocytes is continuously represented throughout the body. (wikipedia.org)

Immature B cells from normal mouse bone marrow were not responsive to the suppressive effect of androgens unless they were cocultured with marrow stromal cells or with supernatants from androgen-treated stromal cells, suggesting that the androgen effects are exerted through marrow stromal elements by production of a diffusible mediator. (jci.org)
Further experiments revealed that bone marrow stromal cells produced TGF-β in response to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and neutralization of TGF-β in the DHT-treated stromal cells reversed the suppressive effects. (jci.org)
Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that gonadal steroids exert effects on the development of B cells in bone marrow. (jci.org)
Androgens also exert effects on B cell development in bone marrow. (jci.org)
These cells originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus, where only a small number survive the process of maturation. (modianolab.org)
In mammals, immature B-cells are formed in the bone marrow, where its name is derived from. (differencebetween.net)

Helper T cells themselves, however, can only function when activated to become effector cells. (nih.gov)

In order to study the possible role over Ficoll-Hypaque (density 1.077 production, and are the key players in that NK cells might play in the patho- g/L) (Amersham Biosciences) and immune responses to viruses [7]. (who.int)

Lymphocyte homing refers to adhesion of the circulating lymphocytes in blood to specialized endothelial cells within lymphoid organs. (wikipedia.org)
Hayday, A.C. γδ T cells and the lymphoid stress-surveillance response. (nature.com)
Chronic lymphoid leukaemia and hairy cell leukaemia due to chronic exposure to benzene: Report of three cases. (cdc.gov)

Increased numbers of mast cells and mast cell activation in distal gut segments are associated with symptom onset and severity in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). (bmj.com)
A lot of the testing we do is the differential diagnosis, and we're looking for comorbid conditions, treatment targets, and subgroups, like people with [small intestinal bacterial overgrowth] or mast cell activation. (medscape.com)

Anatomy41

Organisms13

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs119

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes47

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Receptors26

Subsets10

Antigen23

Cytotoxic T lymphocyt1

Proliferation12

Dendritic cells6

Immunology1

Antigens2

Macrophages6

Antibodies7

Receptor27

Differentiation6

Vitro6

Intraepithelial lymphocytes2

Microenvironment9

Immunity10

Regulation6

Vivo2

Clonal3

Mice4

Tumors3

Humans1

Genes4

Apoptosis3

Depletion3

Tumor18

Neutrophils1

Differentiate3

Inflammation2

Mechanisms1

Inhibits1

CTLs1

Polymerase chain re2

Isotype1

Tissue5

Monocytes1

Molecules4

Lamina propria1

Squamous cell carc2

Lymph6

Metabolism2

Bacteria2

Assays1

Pathways1

Mediate3

Mucosal1

Adoptive1

Murine1

Functionally2

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells1

Flow Cytometry1

Human5

Antigenic1

Bone marrow6

Effector cells1

Immune responses1

Lymphoid3

Mast cell activation2