Cell activating receptors. Medical search. Frequent questions

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is one of the isotypes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, which are a group of closely related nuclear receptors. (jci.org)
Together with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPAR-alpha is part of the subfamily of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear receptors that regulate gene transcription, particularly those affecting energy substrate metabolism and inflammation ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Hypoxia modulation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) in human glioblastoma stem cells. (growkudos.com)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors and commonly play an important role in the regulation of lipid homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) controls adipogenesis and glucose metabolism. (jci.org)
In contrast to T cells, which did not exhibit a significant difference, B cells from PPARγ +/- showed an enhanced proliferative response to stimulation by either lipopolysaccharide or cross-linking of antigen receptors. (jci.org)
Dysregulation of the NF-κB pathway in B cells from PPARγ +/- was indicated by spontaneous NF-κB activation, as well as increased IκBα phosphorylation and gel-shift activity following LPS stimulation. (jci.org)
These findings indicate that PPARγ plays a critical role in the control of B cell response and imply a role in diseases in which B cell hyperreactivity is involved, such as arthritis and autoimmunity. (jci.org)
In our previous study, we demonstrated that an agonist of the perioxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation, stimulates osteoblastic differentiation of cultured human periosteum-derived cells. (medsci.org)
In this study, we used dorsomorphin, a selective small molecule inhibitor of BMP signaling, to investigate whether BMP signaling is involved in the positive effects of PPARγ agonists on osteogenic phenotypes of cultured human periosteum-derived cells. (medsci.org)
Both histochemical detection and bioactivity of ALP were clearly increased in the periosteum-derived cells treated with the PPARγ agonist at day 10 of culture. (medsci.org)
In contrast, dorsomorphin markedly decreased ALP activity, alizarin red S staining and calcium content in both the cells treated with PPARγ agonist and the cells cultured in osteogenic induction media without PPARγ agonist during the culture period. (medsci.org)
In addition, the PPARγ agonist clearly increased osteogenic differentiation medium-induced BMP-2 upregulation in the periosteum-derived osteoblastic cells at 2 weeks of culture as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoblotting, and immunocytochemical analyses. (medsci.org)
Although further study will be needed to clarify the mechanisms of PPARγ-regulated osteogenesis, our results suggest that the positive effects of a PPARγ agonist on the osteogenic phenotypes of cultured human periosteum-derived cells seem to be dependent on BMP signaling. (medsci.org)
We previously showed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ in β-cells regulates pdx-1 transcription through a functional PPAR response element (PPRE). (diabetesjournals.org)
In vitro studies of INS-1 cells confirmed that PPAR-γ binds to the putative PPRE sequence and regulates GIP-R transcription. (diabetesjournals.org)
In vivo verification was shown by a 70% reduction in GIP-R protein expression in islets from PANC PPARγ −/− mice and a twofold increase in islets of 14-day post-60% Px Sprague-Dawley rats that hyperexpress β-cell PPARγ. (diabetesjournals.org)
Our studies have shown physiologic and pharmacologic regulation of GIP-R expression in β-cells by PPARγ signaling. (diabetesjournals.org)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), also known as NR1C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 1), is a nuclear receptor protein functioning as a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the PPARA gene. (wikipedia.org)
It was the first member of the PPAR family to be cloned in 1990 by Stephen Green and has been identified as the nuclear receptor for a diverse class of rodent hepatocarcinogens that causes proliferation of peroxisomes. (wikipedia.org)
PPAR-α is primarily activated through ligand binding. (wikipedia.org)
PPAR-alpha is activated under conditions of energy deprivation and is necessary for the process of ketogenesis, a key adaptive response to prolonged fasting. (wikipedia.org)
In macrophages, PPAR-α inhibits the uptake of glycated low-density lipoprotein (LDL cholesterol), inhibits foam cell (atherosclerosis) formation, and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines. (wikipedia.org)
Leptin and adiponectin can augment the oxidation of fatty acid in liver by activating the nuclear receptor super-family of transcription factors, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α. (wjgnet.com)
Integrated discovery approaches revealed B2D tempered fasting activation of target genes for the nuclear receptor PPARα, including those required for gluconeogenesis. (biorxiv.org)
Treatment with the PPARα agonist fenofibrate activated the integrated stress response and refilled amino acid substrates to rescue fasting glucose availability and overcome B2D phenotypes. (biorxiv.org)
We previously demonstrated that chronic pretreatment with a thiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ activator, troglitazone, improves recovery of left ventricular (LV) function and substrate metabolism after ischemia and reperfusion, without causing arrhythmias. (diabetesjournals.org)
Thiazolidinedione drugs activate PPAR-γ and are used clinically to treat patients with type 2 diabetes ( 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
This reduction in the amount of newborn and immature neurons provides often been correlated with hippocampal-dependent cognitive impairment (13 14 Additionally prior studies claim that elevated microglial activation could be associated with reduced hippocampal neurogenesis and reduced cognitive function (12 13 15 The peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is certainly a nuclear receptor owned by the PPAR category of ligand-activated transcription elements (16). (ecologicalsgardens.com)
The putative PFOA receptors (PPARα, β, γ) present in both cell lines were not affected by PFOA (0.01-100. (edu.hk)
The PPARα antagonist MK886 restored the β-catenin and E-cadherin expression levels in Jeg-3 cells and reversed the suppression of the spheroid attachment caused by PFOA. (edu.hk)
To identify human PPARs-responsive genes, we established tetracycline-regulated human hepatoblastoma cell lines that can be induced to express each human PPAR and investigated the gene expression profiles of these cells. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that the expression of each PPAR subtype was tightly controlled by the concentration of doxycycline in these established cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
DNA microarray analyses using these cell lines were performed with or without adding each subtype ligand and provided much important information on the PPAR target genes involved in lipid metabolism, transport, storage and other activities. (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, it was noted that while ligand-activated PPARδ induced target gene expression, unliganded PPARδ repressed these genes. (biomedcentral.com)
PPARα activates fatty acid catabolism, stimulates gluconeogenesis and ketone body synthesis and is involved in the control of lipoprotein assembly [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
deficient macrophage-differentiated embryonic stem cells confirming a role of PPAR? (edu.au)

These effects required the activation of the Akt and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways as well as IGF-I-induced Akt- and MAPK-dependent phosphorylation of paxillin, which relocated at dynamic focal adhesions and was necessary for promoting motility in bladder cancer cells. (unimib.it)

NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
NK cells express both activating and inhibitory receptors on their cell surface. (grantome.com)
It is believed that a balance of signaling from both activating and inhibitory receptors regulates the NK cell. (grantome.com)
Association of inhibitory NKG2A and activating NKG2D natural killer cell receptor genes with resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection in a western Indian population. (bvsalud.org)
This phenomenon could be offset by a dual-CAR system incorporating both an activating CAR against the cognate tumor antigen and an NK self-recognizing inhibitory CAR that transferred a 'don't kill me' signal to NK cells upon engagement with their TROG + siblings. (nature.com)
These inhibitory receptors recognize MHC class I alleles , which could explain why NK cells kill cells possessing low levels of MHC class I molecules. (wikidoc.org)
It is believed that NK cells, in turn, evolved as an evolutionary response to this adaption, as the loss of the MHC would deprive these cells of the inhibitory effect of MHC and render these cells vulnerable to NK-cell mediated lysis. (wikidoc.org)

A growing body of literature implicates the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors (PPARs) in the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD. (wjgnet.com)
The results suggest that these cell lines are important tools used to identify the human PPARs-responsive genes. (biomedcentral.com)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is capable of coactivating several nuclear receptors and transcription factors that participate in the regulation of multiple metabolic processes, including gluconeogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and adaptive thermogenesis. (aspetjournals.org)

13-15 Tryptase is known to be a potent activator of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2). (asahq.org)
This study aims to investigate the role of protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in regulation the apoptosis process in glioma cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2 is a member of the large family of 7-transmembrane receptors that couple to guanosine-nucleotide-binding proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Results: Dust extracts contained trypsin and elastase activities, and activated protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 and -2. (cdc.gov)
Results In vitro, PR3 promoted monocyte-derived MGC formation using cells from patients with GPA but not from patients with MPA, and this was dependent on soluble interleukin 6 (IL-6), as well as monocyte MAC-1 and protease-activated receptor-2, found to be overexpressed in the cells of patients with GPA. (bmj.com)

The neural retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses and is supported by an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
Proteases and oxidant stress control organic dust induction of inflammatory gene expression in lung epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)
We studied the mechanisms by which protease activities in poultry dust extracts and intracellular oxidant stress induce inflammatory gene expression in A549 and Beas2B lung epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)
Conclusions: Our studies demonstrate that proteases and intracellular oxidants control organic dust induction of inflammatory gene expression in lung epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)

However, as tumors progress, cancerous cells develop immunosuppressive mechanisms that circumvent NK cell-mediated killing, allowing for tumor escape and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
Its best-known actions in β-cells are to augment meal-related insulin secretion and over the long-term to increase proinsulin synthesis and β-cell proliferation and survival ( 3 , 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Lymphocyte function should be assessed by measuring responses to phytohemagglutinin, a nonspecific stimulant of T-cell proliferation, concanavalin A directed at T-cell proliferation, and pokeweed mitogen directed at T-cell and B-cell proliferation. (medscape.com)
The resulting increase in cell proliferation leads to the formation of an adenoma involving one or more parathyroid glands. (medlineplus.gov)
Parafibromin is likely involved in regulating the activity of other genes (gene transcription) and in cell proliferation. (medlineplus.gov)
The latter findings point to the participation of Nogo-A/NgR1 signaling in the regulation of other aspects of growth, such as tissue expansion or turnover by cell proliferation. (jneurosci.org)
Cell proliferation involves the replication of all cellular contents with the required energy for this to happen. (hindawi.com)
To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)
This activation is necessary for both cell proliferation as well as glucose uptake and use. (hindawi.com)
These molecular defects interfere with lymphocyte development and function, blocking the differentiation and proliferation of T cells and, in some types, of B cells and NK cells. (medscape.com)
In X-linked SCID, loss of IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) function leads to the loss of a lymphocyte proliferation signal. (medscape.com)

Stimulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells by glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists is known to be glucose-dependent. (nih.gov)
Our data illustrate the usefulness of the HEK cell assay for evaluating the PAR 1 /PAR 2 selectivity of PAR-activating agonists. (aspetjournals.org)
To this end, we developed a calcium-signaling assay, employing cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) in which the action of PAR 1 and PAR 2 agonists and antagonists could be evaluated simultaneously. (aspetjournals.org)

However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
We now report that inverse agonism of the S1P1 receptor with SB649146 reduced the endocytosis of the PDGFβ receptor-S1P1 receptor complex and the stimulation of p42/p44 MAPK and cell migration in response to PDGF. (strath.ac.uk)
In the absence of """"""""licensing"""""""", the NK cell fails to carry out a robust.immune responses upon stimulation by a target cell. (grantome.com)
The transferred B1-receptors induced calcium influx after B1-receptor agonist stimulation: a response abrogated by a specific B1-receptor antagonist. (lu.se)
Microvesicles derived from neutrophils also transferred B1-receptors to wild-type human embryonic kidney cells and induced calcium influx after stimulation. (lu.se)
The experiments consist of kinetic (time- kinetic data is typically not sufficient to constrain the course) measurements after TGF-b stimulation under differ- parameter values to a single optimal solution, and multiple ent conditions: untreated cells and three cases in which parameter sets can explain the available data. (lu.se)
We observed that direct stimulation with LT D4, induced intestinal epithelial cell migration, through activation of the CysLT1 receptor, phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase, Vav2 and Rac localisation to membrane ruffles. (lu.se)
Indirect stimulation, by activating COX-2 expression in a ?2?1 integrin dependent manner was able to elicit a migratory response. (lu.se)

The recent FDA approvals of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-targeted checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab mark the latest successes in the rapidly expanding field of cancer immunotherapies. (frontiersin.org)
The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells towards an osteoblastic fate depends on numerous signaling pathways, including activation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling components. (medsci.org)
We have previously shown that excretory-secretory product-62 (ES-62), a homologue of phosphorylcholine-containing molecules that are secreted by human parasites and which is active in rodent models of filarial infection, is able to polyclonally activate certain protein tyrosine kinase and mitogen-activating protein kinase signal transduction elements in B lymphocytes. (eurekamag.com)
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a 42-amino acid incretin hormone that binds to a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GIP-R) that is expressed in numerous tissues including islet β-cells and α-cells ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
The complex permits the utilization of active G-protein subunits (made available by constitutively active S1P1 receptor) by the PDGFβ receptor kinase to transmit signals to p42/p44 MAPK in response to PDGF. (strath.ac.uk)
Therefore, an inverse agonist of the S1P1 receptor is predicted to reduce signal transduction from PDGFβ receptor tyrosine kinase by blocking the constitutive activity of the G-protein coupled receptor. (strath.ac.uk)
18 PAR-2 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed in the peripheral terminals of sensory neurons and seems to play an important role in inflammatory pain. (asahq.org)
Functional recombinant FRβ protein was produced in insect cells and used as antigen to isolate a mAb, m909, from a human naïve Fab phage display library. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, the ligand for this receptor has been identified as the MCMV-encoded protein m157. (grantome.com)
The studies in Aim 1 will determine if the expression of m157, a viral-encoded protein, will alter the development of NK cells in the absence of Ly49H. (grantome.com)
We demonstrate that targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to CD40 (αCD40.RBD) induces significant levels of specific T and B cells, with long-term memory phenotypes, in a humanized mouse model. (nature.com)
Exposure of MM6 cells, which do not express CD36 or other scavenger receptors, to such enzymatically modified LDL (enzLDL) resulted in upregulation of CD36 surface protein and mRNA expression. (edu.au)
In familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, MEN1 gene mutations result in an altered menin protein that is no longer able to control cell growth and division. (medlineplus.gov)
The CASR gene provides instructions for producing a protein called the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), which helps regulate the amount of calcium in the body, in part by controlling the production of parathyroid hormone. (medlineplus.gov)
When calcium binds to the CaSR protein in cells of the parathyroid gland, the activated receptor sends signals that block the production and release of parathyroid hormone. (medlineplus.gov)
Protease inhibitors and antioxidants suppressed protein kinase C and NF-kappaB activation and induction of IL-8 promoter activity in cells exposed to dust extract. (cdc.gov)
Image analysis of the matched maps identified 7 proteins that were either over- or down-expressed: activated protein kinase c receptor (LACK), alpha tubulin (×2), prostaglandin f2-alpha synthase, protein disulfide isomerase, vesicular transport protein and a hypothetical protein. (who.int)
protein patterns of subjects with leish- Cell culture maniasis [17]. (who.int)
The binding makes the protein-drug complex immunogenic, stimulating antidrug antibody production, T-cell responses against the drug, or both. (msdmanuals.com)

We hypothesized that dietary administration from the peroxisomal proliferator-activated AZD-2461 receptor α agonist fenofibrate to young adult male rats would avoid the fractionated whole-brain irradiation (fWBI)-induced decrease in cognitive function and neurogenesis and stop the fWBI-induced upsurge in the total amount of activated microglia. (ecologicalsgardens.com)

This review aims to discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms by which GLP-1R signalling promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells via a glucose-dependent process. (nih.gov)
These nuclear hormone receptors impact on hepatic triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance. (wjgnet.com)
The insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR) plays an essential role in transformation by promoting cell growth and protecting cancer cells from apoptosis. (unimib.it)
Daneshpajooh M, Bacos K, Bysani M, Bagge A, Ottosson Laakso E, Vikman P, Eliasson L, Mulder H, Ling C. HDAC7 is overexpressed in human diabetic islets and impairs insulin secretion in rat islets and clonal beta cells. (lu.se)

We developed a calcium signaling-based assay, using cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK), that evaluates simultaneously, the activation/desensitization or blockade of the proteinase-activated receptors, PAR 1 and PAR 2 . (aspetjournals.org)

Microvesicles derived from B1-receptor-transfected human embryonic kidney cells transferred B1-receptors to wild-type human embryonic kidney cells, lacking the receptor, and to glomerular endothelial cells. (lu.se)

Cytokines, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfers, and especially checkpoint inhibitors constitute valuable elements in the immunotherapeutic armamentarium. (frontiersin.org)
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that destroy abnormal cells (virus infected or malignant cells) through the release of cytolytic granules or immune stimulatory cytokines. (grantome.com)
The suspended leucocytes had been circulated with a peristaltic pump through the … Mediators The next mediators had been looked into either on the foundation that these were feasible applicant mediators of endothelial activation at sites where EHV1 endothelial cell an infection sometimes appears [5C7], or because they're set up mitogens that activate adhesion molecule appearance, or, as detrimental controls, cytokines which were improbable to activate adhesion substances. (tam-receptor.com)
The endotoxin-induced myocardial dysfunction probably depends on the toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-induced cytokines release as a delay in onset of myocardial depression after endotoxin administration ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
The cytokines Interferon play a crucial role in NK-cell activation. (wikidoc.org)
NK cells are activated in response to interferons or macrophage -derived cytokines . (wikidoc.org)

16 , 17 Tryptase works by cleaving a specific site on the extracellular N-terminal domain of the receptor and releases a new N-terminal domain for the receptor, which acts as a tethered ligand by binding to the second extracellular loop of the receptor to induce intracellular signaling. (asahq.org)
PAR2 can be activated by proteolytic cleavage of its extracellular amino terminus. (biomedcentral.com)
Toll-like receptors are transmembrane glycoproteins, which recognize many PAMPs with extracellular domains and aggravate the exaggerated inflammatory response to bacterial infection through activating nuclear factor (NF)-κB ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)

Several downstream signaling pathways from the β-cell GIP-R have been characterized. (diabetesjournals.org)
The proper differentiation and survival of human peripheral immature B cells relies on two critical signaling pathways: B cell receptor (BCR) signaling and the B cell activating factor (BAFF)/BAFF-receptor (BAFF-R) signaling axis. (ubc.ca)
Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)

NK-cells are defined as large granular lymphocytes that do not express T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) or Pan T marker CD3 or surface immunoglobulins (Ig) B cell receptor but that usually express the surface markers CD16 (FcγRIII) and CD56 in humans, and NK1.1/NK1.2 in certain strains of mice. (wikidoc.org)

We found that most of the previously described PAR 1 -targeted agents can also activate/desensitize PAR 2 , and most of these peptides can also activate a calcium signaling pathway in a target cell that possesses PAR 2 along with PAR 1 . (aspetjournals.org)
BMP signaling also has a critical role in the processes by which mesenchymal stem cells undergo commitment to the adipocyte lineage. (medsci.org)
Also disruption of this signaling pathway may account for the lowered β-cell GIP-R expression and resulting GIP resistance in type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
These findings are the first to report that a GPCR inverse-agonist reduces growth factor-induced receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, fundamentally broadening their mechanism of action. (strath.ac.uk)
DMOG activated and stabilized Hif-1 signaling in vivo. (rawveronica.com)
High levels of soluble BAFF, reduced expression of BAFF-R and BCR signaling abnormalities in B cells have been identified in a large group of clinically heterogeneous diseases including autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, allergy, viral infections and lymphoid cancers. (ubc.ca)
In order to better understand BCR signaling mechanisms, functional properties of human BAFF and factors regulating BAFF-R expression, this thesis describes: 1) the phenotypic, molecular and functional characterization of rare unknown inherited monogenic immunodeficiencies involving defects in early B cell development and the BAFF/BAFF-R pathway and, 2) the functional characterization of dysregulated BAFF/BAFF-R signaling in B cell malignancy. (ubc.ca)
The PLCγ2 mutation led to hyper-reactive BCR signaling and increased apoptosis of transitional B cells. (ubc.ca)
This system prevented trogocytic antigen-mediated fratricide, while sparing activating CAR signaling against the tumor antigen, and resulted in enhanced CAR-NK cell activity. (nature.com)
PI(4,5)P 2 interacts with various ion channels and receptors to regulate membrane signaling but its nanoscale distribution and association with these proteins remain elusive. (jneurosci.org)
Akbari MR, Malekzadeh R, Nasrollahzadeh D, activates EGFR pathway signaling in the lung. (who.int)

Activating mutations in downstream genes of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway may cause anti-EGFR resistance in patients with colorectal cancers. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
Association of B-cell activating factor receptor deficiency with the P21R polymorphism and common variable immunodeficiency. (cdc.gov)

they keep the fruit ripening genes from activating until ethylene is made. (scientificamerican.com)

Antisera to activated equine endothelial cells, which detected surface area substances of 116 kD, 97 kD, 42 kD and 38 kD, were designed to investigate the function of endothelial adhesion substances in equid herpes simplex virus 1 infection. (tam-receptor.com)
Positive settings were spot slip monolayers of EHV-1 infected equine embryo kidney cells (EEK), and cryostat sections of LPS triggered endothelial cells taken after 7 h exposure to LPS. (tam-receptor.com)
Importantly, renal biopsies from two patients with vasculitis showed leukocyte-derived microvesicles bearing B1-receptors docking on glomerular endothelial cells. (lu.se)
We present a rate equation model for the TGF-b pathway in endothelial cells together with novel measurements. (lu.se)
endothelial cells. (lu.se)

NK-cells, along with macrophages and several other cell types, express the FcR molecule, an activating biochemical receptor that binds the Fc portion of antibodies . (wikidoc.org)

A novel pathogenic mutation on the interleukin-7 receptor has been described in a newborn. (medscape.com)

Third, SB649146 blocked the S1P-induced activation of p42/p44 MAPK in airway smooth muscle cells, a response that is mediated by the S1P1 receptor. (strath.ac.uk)

Mice primed with either ovalbumin or methylated BSA also showed enhanced antigen-specific immune response of both T and B cells, an immunological abnormality that exacerbated antigen-induced arthritis. (jci.org)
In the early phases of cancer immune surveillance, NK cells directly identify and lyse cancer cells. (frontiersin.org)
instead of targeting tumor cells, the goal of immunotherapy is to augment and expand the immune system's intrinsic antitumor response. (frontiersin.org)
However, a class of important immune-modulators is conspicuously absent: agents that utilize the power of innate immune cells to eradicate tumors. (frontiersin.org)
An important class of innate immune cells that play a critical role in mediating the antitumor immune response is the natural killer (NK) cell. (frontiersin.org)
NK cells are now accepted to play an important role in both the adaptive and innate immune responses that govern infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunosurveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the immune response to viruses and tumors. (grantome.com)
Miyake, K. & Karasuyama, H. The role of trogocytosis in the modulation of immune cell functions. (nature.com)
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns released by infecting organisms not only bind immune receptors on inflammatory cells but also bind receptors on cells in the heart ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
TNF-α is produced, by cells of the immune system and by adipocytes. (lww.com)
Natural killer cells (or NK cells ) are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the Innate immune system . (wikidoc.org)
They serve to contain viral infections while the adaptive immune response is generating antigen -specific cytotoxic T cells that can clear the infection. (wikidoc.org)

The PAR 1 -selective agonist that we developed using the assay should prove useful for studying the effects of selectively activating PAR 1 in vivo. (aspetjournals.org)
Fig. 3: Impact of TROG-antigen acquisition on CAR-NK cell phenotype and function in vivo. (nature.com)
Fig. 6: AI-CAR-expressing NK cells showed superior in vivo antitumor activity. (nature.com)

Calcium molecules attach (bind) to CaSR, turning on (activating) the receptor. (medlineplus.gov)
Special receptors in plant cells bind to the ethylene. (scientificamerican.com)
These receptors bind to various ligands on target cells, both endogenous and exogenous, and have an important role in regulating the NK-cell response. (wikidoc.org)
Haptens may also bind directly to class II MHC molecules, directly activating T cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Cell surface proteins that bind somatostatin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. (bvsalud.org)

MW) chemicals interact with host cells and molecules and In our daily life, we are confronted with a plethora of natural influence biologic processes such as signal transduction. (cdc.gov)

Furthermore, we reasoned that, provided receptor cross-desensitization did not occur, it would be advantageous to assess PAR-targeted ligands in a cell that expressed both receptors. (aspetjournals.org)

CAR T cell trogocytosis and cooperative killing regulate tumour antigen escape. (nature.com)

Furthermore, we used this assay to develop a PAR 1 receptor-activating probe [Ala-parafluoroPhe-Arg-Cha-Cit-Tyr-NH 2 (Cit-NH 2 )], which displays a high degree of specificity for PAR 1 over PAR 2 , and we used the assay to quantitate the ability of trypsin to disarm the activation of PAR 1 by thrombin. (aspetjournals.org)
It is activated by trypsin. (biomedcentral.com)

Finally, the overexpression of PGC-1α sensitizes breast and colon cancer cells to growth inhibition by 5′-DFUR presumably by inducing apoptosis in tumor cells and XCT790 can inhibit the process. (aspetjournals.org)
Exposure to tryptase, or the PAR2 active peptide, increased STAT3 phosphorylation in the radiated U87 cells, reduced U87 cell apoptosis, suppressed the expression of p53 in U87 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Activation of PAR2 can reduce the radiated U87 cell apoptosis via modulating the expression of p53. (biomedcentral.com)
Apoptosis is a process of programed cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
Unlike necrosis, apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic bodies that phagocytic cells are able to engulf and quickly removed before the contents of the cell can spill out onto surrounding cells and cause damage[ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Since defective of apoptosis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cancer, we hypothesized that PAR2 might be involved in the regulation of glioma cell apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Tryptase activated PAR2 to reduce U87 cell apoptosis by suppressing STAT3 phosphorylation and regulating the levels of p53 in U87 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The cells kill by releasing small cytoplasmic granules of proteins called perforin and granzyme that cause the target cell to die by apoptosis . (wikidoc.org)
Upon release in close proximity to a cell slated for killing, perforin forms pores in the cell membrane of the target cell through which the granzymes and associated molecules can enter, inducing apoptosis . (wikidoc.org)
lysing a virus-infected cell would only release the virions , whereas apoptosis leads to destruction of the virus inside. (wikidoc.org)
A successful therapy must therefore eliminate these cells known to be highly resistant to apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
In this paper, we describe the metabolic changes as well as the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis occurring in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, underlying the connection between these two processes. (hindawi.com)
Fas-mediated apoptosis may have a role in the induction of peripheral tolerance, in the antigen-stimulated suicide of mature T-cells, or both. (lu.se)

The evolution of the ethylene pathway, from the production of the gas to end responses like cell death, still puzzle scientists. (scientificamerican.com)

Additionally, a 11-year prospective cohort study of Japanese inhabitants linked low peripheral-blood NK cell cytotoxicity with increased cancer risk ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
The close association between mast cells and nerves in peripheral tissues, and the fact that large amounts of tryptase are released upon mast cell degranulation, makes tryptase an ideal candidate to activate PAR-2 on peripheral neurons. (asahq.org)
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was evaluated with FRβ positive CHO cells as target cells and isolated peripheral blood monocytes as effector cells in an in vitro assay. (biomedcentral.com)
Methods We stimulated purified monocytes and whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with GPA, patients with MPA or healthy controls with PR3 or MPO and visualised MGC and granuloma-like structure formation using light, confocal and electron microscopy, as well as measuring the cell cytokine production. (bmj.com)

In contrast, thrombin receptor-activating peptides derived from the human PAR 1 receptor sequence (e.g. (aspetjournals.org)

Identification of NKp80, a novel triggering molecule expressed by human NK cells. (nih.gov)
The adaptor molecule FADD recruits Caspase-8 to the activated receptor. (lu.se)

For details about NK cells deficiency click here . (wikidoc.org)
Beyond this basic grouping, SCID may be categorized according to phenotypic lymphocyte profiles that include both B-cell status (B + or B - ) and NK-cell status (NK + or NK - ) in addition to T-cell status (T - , because there is always a T-cell deficiency in SCID). (medscape.com)
Isotypic analysis of antibodies against activated Factor VII in patients with Factor VII deficiency using the x-MAP technology. (cdc.gov)

This study demonstrates uridine phosphorylase as a novel target gene of PGC-1α, which induces the transcription and enzymatic activity of UPase in various cancer cells and thus augments their susceptibility to 5′-DFUR. (aspetjournals.org)
PGC-1α-induced activation of UPase expression occurs at its transcription level that is mediated by an estrogen-related receptor (ERR) binding site (−1078 to −1070 base pairs) mapped in the promoter region of UPase gene. (aspetjournals.org)
Gene Bank blast for a homologous nucleotide sequence revealed the same PPRE within the rat glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIP-R) promoter sequence. (diabetesjournals.org)
Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, siRNA, and luciferase gene transcription assay in INS-1 cells were performed. (diabetesjournals.org)

The data obtained with SB649146 also suggest that the constitutively active endogenous S1P1 receptor enhances PDGFinduced cell migration. (strath.ac.uk)

However, cancer cells overcome these controls, in particular by acquiring genetic mutations leading to the activation of oncogenes (pten, myc) or loss of tumor suppressors (p53) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
PMID:18786442 mutations and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. (who.int)

Efforts at using NK cells as antitumor agents began over two decades ago, but recent advances in elucidating NK cell biology have accelerated the development of NK cell-targeting therapeutics. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we present a new generation of subunit vaccines targeting viral antigens to CD40-expressing antigen-presenting cells. (nature.com)

The defining functional feature of NK cells remains their intrinsic ability to conduct "natural killing" of cellular targets without prior sensitization. (frontiersin.org)
Human dNK cell function is differentially regulated by extrinsic cellular engagement and intrinsic activating receptors in first and second trimester pregnancy. (nih.gov)
Phosphoinositides (PIs) are minor components on the cytoplasmic side of eukaryotic cell membranes, but they play essential roles in a wide variety of cellular functions. (jneurosci.org)
Since patients with GPA have augmented neutrophil PR3 expression, and PR3-expressing apoptotic cells frustrate macrophage phagocytosis and cellular clearance, we investigated the role of PR3 in stimulating giant cell and granuloma formation. (bmj.com)
This allows Natural Killer cells to target cells against which a humoral response has been mobilized and to lyse cells through Antibody-dependant cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) . (wikidoc.org)
In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
Thus understanding cellular mechanisms leading to cell migration may reveal novel targets and lead to new therapeutic strategies in treating IBD and CC. (lu.se)

m909 was not only able to select FRβ positive, activated macrophages from synovial fluid cells of arthritis patients as efficiently as folate, but also able to mediate ADCC in FRβ positive cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Studies have indicated that FRβ is over-expressed in activated macrophages in autoimmune diseases and some cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Not surprisingly, folic acid is required in increased amounts by rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results provide the first evidence for a role of the IGF-IR in motility and invasion of bladder cancer cells and support the hypothesis that the IGF-IR may play a critical role in the establishment of the invasive phenotype in urothelial neoplasia. (unimib.it)
In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
Metabolic adaptations of cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
Glucose and glutamine are the 2 major substrates used by cancer cells. (hindawi.com)

The mechanism by which NK cells develop their repertoire of receptors is now beginning to be understood. (grantome.com)
MHC class I molecules consist of the main mechanism by which cells display viral or tumor antigens to cytotoxic T-cells. (wikidoc.org)
Thus, we found a novel mechanism by which microvesicles transfer functional receptors and promote kinin-associated inflammation. (lu.se)

First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Specifically, assays that measure the ability of lymphocytes to respond to activating agents, such as pokeweed mitogen and phytohemagglutinin, are valuable. (medscape.com)
A complete absence of T-cell function by mitogen tests can occur in association with a normal lymphocyte count for age in some forms of SCID, including X-linked SCID (XL-SCID), in which all the lymphocytes are B cells. (medscape.com)

this response aids in defining the type of SCID but also is relevant to determining the need for immunosuppressive therapy in preparation for stem cell reconstitution. (medscape.com)
SCID is considered a pediatric emergency because survival depends on expeditious stem cell reconstitution, usually by bone marrow transplantation (BMT). (medscape.com)
Conventional care for any patient with SCID includes isolation to avoid infection and meticulous skin and mucosal hygienic care while the patient is awaiting stem cell reconstitution. (medscape.com)

heterodimers) - a C-type lectin family receptor, conserved in both rodents and primates and identifies non-classical (also non-polymorphic) MHC I molecules like HLA E . Though indirect, this is a way to survey the levels of classical (polymorphic) HLA molecules, however, because expression of HLA-E at the cell surface is dependent upon the presence of classical MHC class I leader peptides. (wikidoc.org)
However, most drugs act as haptens, binding covalently to serum or cell-bound proteins, including peptides embedded in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)

PCR was performed to detect the expression of the protease-activated receptors (PARs) in MSCs. (biomedcentral.com)

In normal cells, folates are taken in through the reduced folate carrier (RFC) or proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT), which are membrane-spanning proteins that facilitate bidirectional transportation of reduced folate across the plasma membrane and endosome membranes [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the distribution pattern of PI(4,5)P 2 and the association with these proteins on the neuronal cell membranes remain elusive. (jneurosci.org)
Cell proteins were analysed with 2-dimensional electrophoresis and differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. (who.int)

Given their strong cytolytic activity and the potential for auto-reactivity, Natural Killer cell activity is tightly regulated. (wikidoc.org)
Aside from the Fc receptor, Natural Killer cells express a variety of receptors that serve to either activate or suppress their cytolytic activity. (wikidoc.org)

two with scant tumor cells one referral case with no tumor cells on the accompanying hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) slide and one with the assay being successfully conducted in the primary tumor. (ecologicalsgardens.com)
Typically, rapidly proliferating tumor cells have glycolytic rates up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissue of origin, even in the presence of oxygen [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

Although the structure of the granulomas and multinucleated giant cells in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is known, little is established about what drove granuloma formation and why it is infrequently found in patients with myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies. (bmj.com)

an enzyme involved in the production of various eicosanoids) expression, by activating integrin collagen receptors. (lu.se)

A common evolutionary adaption to this seen in both intracellular microbes and tumours is a chronic down-regulation of these MHC I molecules, rendering the cell impervious to T-cell mediated immunity. (wikidoc.org)

Trogocytosis is an active process that transfers surface material from targeted to effector cells. (nature.com)
Fig. 2: Impact of antigen-induced self-engagement on CAR-NK effector cell phenotype and function. (nature.com)

In the mouse brain, we found that the plasticity inhibitors Nogo-A and Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) are differentially expressed in the SVZ-OB system, in which Nogo-A identifies immature neuroblasts and NgR1 germinal astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)

KLRF1, an activating homodimeric C-type lectin-like receptor (CTLR), is expressed on nearly all natural killer (NK) cells and stimulates their cytoxicity and cytokine release (Kuttruff et al. (nih.gov)

A new preclinical study reveals the drug activates a bitter taste receptor through two unique mechanisms that result in cancer cell death. (upenn.edu)
Novel mechanisms involving B cell receptor (BCR) and. (ubc.ca)
In order for NK cells to defend the body against viruses and other pathogens, they require mechanisms that enable the determination of whether a cell is infected or not. (wikidoc.org)

We sought to extend the receptor-desensitization paradigm for use with a cultured cell system, in which an intracellular calcium signal rather than a contractile response might be used as an index of receptor activation. (aspetjournals.org)

Peroxisome prolifera5

PPAR33

Mitogen-activa1

Inhibitory8

PPARs2

Nuclear receptors1

Protease-activate5

Epithelial cells4

Proliferation11

Agonists3

Stimulation8

Protein19

Peroxisomal proliferator-activated1

Insulin4

Proteinase-activated1

Human embryonic kidney cells1

Cytokines6

Extracellular3

Pathways3

Antigen receptors1

Signaling11

Factor Receptor2

Genes1

Endothelial cells5

Binds1

Interleukin-7 recept1

MAPK1

Immune12

Vivo3

Bind5

Signal transduction1

Ligands1

Regulate1

Trypsin2

Apoptosis13

Pathway1

Peripheral4

Thrombin1

Molecule2

Deficiency3

Gene4

Endogenous1

Mutations2

Targeting2

Cellular7

ADCC1

Cancer cells7

Mechanism3

Lymphocytes3

Stem cell reconstitution3

Peptides2

PARs1

Proteins3

Cytolytic2

Tumor cells2

Antibodies1

Collagen1

Regulation1

Effector2

Differentially1

Lectin1

Mechanisms3

Calcium1