AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiaeProtein Kinase CProtein KinasesSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsCDC2 Protein KinaseProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesCyclic AMP-Dependent Protein KinasesPhosphorylationCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein KinasesMitogen-Activated Protein KinasesProtein Kinase InhibitorsMolecular Sequence DataMAP Kinase Signaling Systemcdc25 PhosphatasesPhosphatidylinositol 3-Kinasesp38 Mitogen-Activated Protein KinasesEnzyme ActivationFungal Proteinscdc42 GTP-Binding ProteinAmino Acid SequenceMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1MutationCyclin-Dependent KinasesSignal TransductionMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase KinasesProtein Kinase C-alphaGene Expression Regulation, FungalProtein Kinase C-deltaMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3Base SequenceJNK Mitogen-Activated Protein KinasesCell Cycle ProteinsAMP-Activated Protein KinasesCDC2-CDC28 KinasesCdc20 ProteinsIsoenzymesKineticsProtein BindingProtein Kinase C-epsilonProtein Kinase C betasrc-Family KinasesEnzyme InhibitorsProtein-Tyrosine KinasesTetradecanoylphorbol AcetateCyclic GMP-Dependent Protein KinasesCell CycleSequence Homology, Amino AcidCell LineCloning, MolecularCyclin-Dependent Kinase 2Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5Cyclic AMPCells, CulturedMAP Kinase Kinase KinasesSubstrate SpecificityCasein Kinase IIRecombinant Fusion Proteinsp21-Activated KinasesDNA-Binding ProteinsRecombinant ProteinsBlotting, WesternTranscription, GeneticCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2RNA, MessengerBinding SitesProto-Oncogene ProteinsTransfectionMitosisCyclin-Dependent Kinase 4SerineTranscription FactorseIF-2 KinaseProtein Structure, TertiaryIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsPlasmidsPhosphoproteinsMAP Kinase Kinase 1CalciumCarrier ProteinsExtracellular Signal-Regulated MAP KinasesCell DivisionRNA, FungalRibosomal Protein S6 KinasesNuclear ProteinsCasein KinasesProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktModels, BiologicalCyclinsPhosphoprotein PhosphatasesMAP Kinase Kinase 4Cell NucleusThreoninePhosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)DiglyceridesGene DeletionPhorbol 12,13-DibutyrateGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicSchizosaccharomycesStaurosporine
HomologCdksPhosphorylationCyclinsCdc2CyclinCdk1MitosisCatalyticCdc6SubstratesDeletionResiduesTargetsRegulatorySpecificityCellularComplexFamilyCellsImportantLevelsPhaseCyclin-dependeSaccharomycesSubunitInitiation of DNA replicationEukaryoticYeastThreonineEnzymeProgressionComplexesGeneBindsActivityTransitionActivationFunctionControlSpecificExpression
Homolog2
Cdks4
Phosphorylation6
  • Prior to G1 phase, levels of Cdk4 and Cdk6 increase along with cyclin D. This allows for the partial phosphorylation of Rb, and partial activation of E2F at the beginning of G1 phase, which promotes cyclin E synthesis and increased Cdk2 activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • instead of attempting to predict individual phosphorylation sites, we search for proteins that contain high densities of strong and weak consensus matches that are closely spaced in the primary amino acid sequence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we compare the specificity of two budding yeast cyclins, the S-phase cyclin Clb5 and the M-phase cyclin Clb2, in the phosphorylation of 150 Cdk1 (Cdc28) substrates. (nature.com)
  • Although we did not identify any highly Clb2-specific substrates, we found that Clb2-Cdk1 possessed higher intrinsic kinase activity than Clb5-Cdk1, enabling efficient phosphorylation of a broad range of mitotic Cdk1 targets. (nature.com)
  • This kinase was shown to be responsible for the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma gene product (Rb). (thermofisher.com)
  • The role of phosphorylation and the CDC28 protein kinase in cell cycle-regulated nuclear import of the S. cerevisiae transcription factor SWI5. (wikidata.org)
Cyclins7
  • Cdk2 is capable of binding to many different cyclins, including cyclins A, B, E, and possibly C. Recent studies suggest Cdk2 binds preferentially to cyclins A and E, while Cdk1 prefers cyclins A and B. Cdk2 becomes active when a cyclin protein (either A or E) binds at the active site located between the N and C lobes of the kinase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to the location of the active site, partner cyclins interact with both lobes of Cdk2. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is important to note that throughout this activation process, cyclins binding to Cdk2 do not undergo any conformational change. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fisher, D. L. & Nurse, P. A single fission yeast mitotic cyclin B p34 cdc2 kinase promotes both S-phase and mitosis in the absence of G1 cyclins. (nature.com)
  • The activity of this kinase is restricted to the G1-S phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits D-type cyclins and CDK inhibitor p16(INK4a). (thermofisher.com)
  • Mutations in this gene as well as in its related proteins including D-type cyclins, p16(INK4a) and Rb were all found to be associated with tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers. (thermofisher.com)
  • D-type cyclins encode G1/S cell cycle checkpoint proteins, which play a crucial role in defining cell cycle exit and progression. (bvsalud.org)
Cdc21
  • This protein kinase is highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28, and S. pombe cdc2, also known as Cdk1 in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Cyclin13
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, also known as cell division protein kinase 2, or Cdk2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family of Ser/Thr protein kinases. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is a catalytic subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinase complex, whose activity is restricted to the G1-S phase of the cell cycle, where cells make proteins necessary for mitosis and replicate their DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • This protein associates with and is regulated by the regulatory subunits of the complex including cyclin E or A. Cyclin E binds G1 phase Cdk2, which is required for the transition from G1 to S phase while binding with Cyclin A is required to progress through the S phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 is structured in two lobes. (wikipedia.org)
  • We show that cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) consensus motifs are frequently clustered in CDK substrate proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Targets of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1. (nature.com)
  • Brown, N. R., Noble, M. E., Endicott, J. A. & Johnson, L. N. The structural basis for specificity of substrate and recruitment peptides for cyclin-dependent kinases. (nature.com)
  • Identification of a cyclin-cdk2 recognition motif present in substrates and p21-like cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. (nature.com)
  • Schulman, B. A., Lindstrom, D. L. & Harlow, E. Substrate recruitment to cyclin-dependent kinase 2 by a multipurpose docking site on cyclin A. (nature.com)
  • The clam embryo protein cyclin A induces entry into M phase and the resumption of meiosis in Xenopus oocytes. (wikidata.org)
  • Direct modulation of the non-kinase functions of cyclin and CDK-cyclin complexes poses challenges. (bvsalud.org)
  • We utilize hydrophobic tag (HyT) based small-molecule degraders induced degradation of cyclin T1 and its corresponding kinase partner CDK9. (bvsalud.org)
Cdk12
  • Cdk1 is now believed to compensate for many aspects of Cdk2 deletion, except for meiotic function. (wikipedia.org)
  • About 24% of these proteins were phosphorylated more efficiently by Clb5-Cdk1 than Clb2-Cdk1. (nature.com)
Mitosis3
  • The mitotic inducer nim1+ functions in a regulatory network of protein kinase homologs controlling the initiation of mitosis. (wikidata.org)
  • Coupling of mitosis to the completion of S phase in Xenopus occurs via modulation of the tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates p34cdc2. (wikidata.org)
  • Our screen for FLOS domain-binding partners reveals that the SETD1A FLOS domain binds mitosis-associated proteins BuGZ/BUB3. (bvsalud.org)
Catalytic2
  • The significance of this movement is that it brings the side chain of Glu 51, which belongs to a triad of catalytic site residues conserved in all eukaryotic kinases, into the catalytic site. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression. (thermofisher.com)
Cdc62
  • The Clb5-specific targets include several proteins (Sld2, Cdc6, Orc6, Mcm3 and Cdh1) involved in early S-phase events. (nature.com)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
Substrates1
  • Protein kinases are critical to cellular signalling and post-translational gene regulation, but their biological substrates are difficult to identify. (biomedcentral.com)
Deletion1
  • Original cell-culture based experiments demonstrated cell cycle arrest at the G1-S transition resulting from the deletion of Cdk2. (wikipedia.org)
Residues1
  • Putative target residues can be predicted by searching for matches to the consensus for a particular kinase. (biomedcentral.com)
Targets1
  • We also show that human CDK targets are enriched for proteins that contain clustered consensus matches and, by searching human cell cycle genes, we predict several putative CDK targets, including the human orthologs of Schizosaccharomyces pombe CDC5 (CDC5L) and S. cerevisiae Cdc20p (CDC20). (biomedcentral.com)
Regulatory2
  • Our data suggest that regulatory modules may exist in protein sequence as clusters of short sequence motifs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studying RNR2' s regulatory elements, he found those that were necessary to induce the production of higher protein levels in response to DNA damage and identified factors that bind these DNA elements to mediate the response of RNR2 to DNA damage. (the-scientist.com)
Specificity1
  • Because of the low specificity of the CDK consensus, however, databases of protein sequences are expected to contain large numbers of matches by chance. (biomedcentral.com)
Cellular1
  • Protein kinases are ubiquitous components of cellular signalling networks [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Complex1
Family1
Cells6
  • The role of this protein in G1-S transition has been recently questioned as cells lacking Cdk2 are reported to have no problem during this transition. (wikipedia.org)
  • This suggests that Cdk2 is non-essential for the cell cycle of healthy cells, but essential for meiosis and reproduction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cells in Cdk2 knockout mice likely undergo fewer divisions, contributing to the reduction in body size. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interactions between cells and extracellular matrix proteins allow new cells to be incorporated into existing tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Elledge had found that Rnr2 protein levels increased when yeast cells were grown in the presence of agents that damaged DNA. (the-scientist.com)
  • He found that RNR2 RNA levels increased dramatically, even more than the protein levels, upon exposure of cells to DNA damage and that mutations in RNR2 resulted in hypersensitivity to DNA damage. (the-scientist.com)
Important1
  • Cdk2 contains an important alpha helix located in the C lobe of the kinase, called the C-helix or the PSTAIRE-helix. (wikipedia.org)
Levels2
  • He mentioned this to David Stillman , who was at Stanford to interview for a faculty position, and who studied cell cycle regulation of proteins as a postdoc in Kim Nasmyth 's lab at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in the U.K. Stillman pointed out that ribonucleotide reductase was cell cycle regulated-rather than remaining stable, the RNA and protein levels fluctuate throughout the cell cycle. (the-scientist.com)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
Phase2
Cyclin-depende1
  • It is a catalytic subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinase complex, whose activity is restricted to the G1-S phase of the cell cycle, where cells make proteins necessary for mitosis and replicate their DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Saccharomyces3
Subunit1
  • CDK7 is the catalytic subunit of the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) complex. (nih.gov)
Initiation of DNA replication2
Eukaryotic2
  • The significance of this movement is that it brings the side chain of Glu 51, which belongs to a triad of catalytic site residues conserved in all eukaryotic kinases, into the catalytic site. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our results provide evidence that during Plasmodium male gametogony, this divergent cyclin/CDK pair fills the functional space of other eukaryotic cell-cycle kinases controlling DNA replication. (elifesciences.org)
Yeast2
  • 1999). Cyclin-dependent kinase and Cks/Suc1 interact with the proteasome in yeast to control proteolysis of M-phase targets. (sdbonline.org)
  • The Cdk-activating kinase (CAK) from budding yeast. (sdbonline.org)
Threonine1
  • Serine/threonine kinase involved in cell cycle control and in RNA polymerase II-mediated RNA transcription. (nih.gov)
Enzyme1
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, also known as cell division protein kinase 2, or Cdk2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Progression1
  • Progression through the cell cycle critically relies upon post-translational mechanisms including changes in activity of cell cycle kinases and phosphatases, and ubiquitin-mediated degradation of specific components once their function is complete. (elifesciences.org)
Complexes1
  • Here, we found that pro-IGF2(156) has the lowest ability to form its inactivating complexes with IGF-Binding Proteins and has higher proliferative properties in cells than IGF2 and other IGF prohormones. (bvsalud.org)
Gene2
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family of Ser/Thr protein kinases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Description of the protein which includes the UniProt Function and the NCBI Gene Summary. (nih.gov)
Binds1
  • This protein associates with and is regulated by the regulatory subunits of the complex including cyclin E or A. Cyclin E binds G1 phase Cdk2, which is required for the transition from G1 to S phase while binding with Cyclin A is required to progress through the S phase. (wikipedia.org)
Activity3
  • Phosphorylated CDK2 exhibits histone H1 kinase activity corresponding to approximately 0.3% of that observed with the fully activated phosphorylated CDK2-cyclin A complex. (nih.gov)
  • The majority of these states are likely to correspond to inactive conformations, but a small fraction of phosphorylated CDK2 may be in an active conformation and hence explain the basal activity observed. (nih.gov)
  • Red No. 3, beta-estradiol, and DDT increase ER site-specific DNA binding to the estrogen response element in HTB 133 cells and increase cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. (researchgate.net)
Transition2
  • The role of this protein in G1-S transition has been recently questioned as cells lacking Cdk2 are reported to have no problem during this transition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Original cell-culture based experiments demonstrated cell cycle arrest at the G1-S transition resulting from the deletion of Cdk2. (wikipedia.org)
Activation2
  • The structures are similar, with the major difference occurring in the activation segment, which is disordered in phosphorylated CDK2. (nih.gov)
  • The greater mobility of the activation segment in phosphorylated CDK2 and the absence of spontaneous crystallization suggest that phosphorylated CDK2 may adopt several different mobile states. (nih.gov)
Function1
  • D-TACC: a novel centrosomal protein required for normal spindle function in the early Drosophila embryo. (sdbonline.org)
Control1
  • Cdk2 is active during G1 and S phase of the cell cycle, and therefore acts as a G1-S phase checkpoint control. (wikipedia.org)
Specific1
  • CP60: a microtubule-associated protein that is localized to the centrosome in a cell cycle-specific manner. (sdbonline.org)
Expression1
  • Furthermore, we detected that the protein expression of Cyclin A, Cyclin B1 and Cyclin E were decreased, whereas protein of p53, Tgfß3, Gadd45ß, Gadd45γ, p21 and p27 were increased after treatment with lycorine. (bvsalud.org)