AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Cell CycleCyclin D1Cyclin ACyclin ECyclin BCell Cycle ProteinsCyclin B1Cyclin D3Cyclin D2Cyclin A1CyclinsCyclin DCyclin A2Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2Cyclin-Dependent KinasesG1 PhaseCyclin-Dependent Kinase 4CDC2-CDC28 KinasesS PhaseCell Cycle CheckpointsCDC2 Protein KinaseCyclin GCyclin G1MitosisCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27Cyclin CCell DivisionCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21G2 PhaseRetinoblastoma ProteinCyclin B2Protein-Serine-Threonine KinasesPhosphorylationCyclin HCyclin TCyclin-Dependent Kinase 6Cell ProliferationCyclin G2ApoptosisCyclin-Dependent Kinase 5Cell Line, TumorTumor Suppressor ProteinsG0 PhaseTumor Suppressor Protein p53Menstrual CycleMolecular Sequence DataCell Linecdc25 PhosphatasesG2 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsNuclear ProteinsDNA-Binding ProteinsDNA ReplicationE2F Transcription FactorsCell NucleusG1 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsSignal TransductionTumor Cells, CulturedHeLa CellsTranscription FactorsRNA, MessengerMutationCells, CulturedFlow CytometryProto-Oncogene ProteinsInterphaseOncogene ProteinsDNA DamageGenes, cdcMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16Protein BindingGene Expression RegulationTranscription, GeneticBlotting, WesternAmino Acid SequenceE2F1 Transcription FactorCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor ProteinsBase SequenceProtein KinasesTime FactorsDown-RegulationTransfectionModels, BiologicalProliferating Cell Nuclear AntigenCyclin ICyclin-Dependent Kinase 9Gene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticCell DifferentiationTranscription Factor DP1Enzyme InhibitorsDNAPromoter Regions, GeneticSaccharomyces cerevisiaeFibroblastsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsGenes, bcl-1RNA, Small InterferingRetinoblastoma-Binding Protein 1BromodeoxyuridineUbiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes
KinasesCDK2ApoptosisCDKsSubstratesProliferationTranscriptionPathwaysInhibitory phosphorylationMitosisPhosphorylateCDC2ReplicationEvolutionarily conservedEukaryotesInhibitionKinase inhibitorMitotic entryMitogen ActivaInducesRecombinant ProteinGeneSerineBindsWee1ActivationCentrosomeTranscriptionalRegulatesSubstrate specificityModulated by phosphorylationRetinoblastomaInactivationCDK7Complexes regulateArrestPhosphorylatesRegulationAntibodyEnzymesGenesThreonineDegradationNuclearFreeze-thaw cyclesWestern BlotRegulatoryCheckpointRestoring cell cycle progressionInteractionsMRNAEukaryoticCdc25CTumour suppressorCatalyticSAMHD1ComplexPAKTControlDifferentiation
Kinases18
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the families of protein kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) are evolutionarily conserved proteins that are essential for cell-cycle control in eukaryotes. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Malumbres, M. Cyclin-dependent kinases. (nature.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) play central roles in regulating the production, activation, inactivation and destruction of these EPs. (nih.gov)
  • Functions through the formation of specific serine/threonine protein kinase holoenzyme complexes with the cyclin-dependent protein kinases CDK1 or CDK2. (wuxibiortus.com)
  • Cyclins function as regulators of CDK kinases. (novusbio.com)
  • The kinase complex is able to phosphorylate CDK2 and CDC2 kinases, thus functions as a CDK-activating kinase (CAK). (novusbio.com)
  • Reciprocal activation by cyclin-dependent kinases 2 and 7 is directed by substrate specificity determinants outside the T loop. (proteopedia.org)
  • among others, CDK1, CDK2 and CDK4, as the key kinases that control the biological processes in HPV-positive cervical cancers. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Serine/Threonine Kinases (STKs), Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase 1 (CDK1) subfamily, catalytic (c) domain. (umbc.edu)
  • The CDK1 subfamily is part of a larger superfamily that includes the catalytic domains of other protein STKs, protein tyrosine kinases, RIO kinases, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, choline kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (umbc.edu)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are members of the serine-threonine protein kinase family and are responsible for taking control of cell cycle regulation in eukaryotic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinases, Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase 2 and 3. (umbc.edu)
  • During the cell cycle, SAMHD1 is regulated through phosphorylation by different cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Drugs given to stop kinases can slow the proliferation of malignant cells and angiogenesis (growth of blood vessels). (callaix.com)
  • Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are a family of tyrosine protein kinases. (callaix.com)
  • Mammalian aurora-A belongs to a multigenic family of mitotic serine/threonine kinases comprising two other members: aurora-B and aurora-C. In this review we will focus on aurora-A that starts to localize to centrosomes only in S phase as soon as centrioles have been duplicated, the protein is then degraded in early G1. (lookformedical.com)
  • Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)
CDK221
  • The structure of human Cdk2 revealed that CDKs have a modified ATP-binding site that can be regulated by cyclin binding. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main cyclin-cdks complexes formed in vertebrate cells are cyclin D-cdk4 (G0/G1), cyclin E-cdk2 (G1/S), cyclin A-cdk2 (S) and cyclin B1-cdk1 (G2/M). These complexes are regulated by activating and inhibitory phosphorylation events, as well as by interactions with small regulatory proteins including p21 and p27Kip1. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Cyclin A is involved in both S-phase and G2/M transitions of the cell cycle through its association with cdk2 and cdk1, respectively. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Fig. 2: p38γ compensates for the loss of CDK1 or CDK2. (nature.com)
  • CDK2/Cyclin A2-H00A-Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co. Ltd. (wuxibiortus.com)
  • Cyclin E/CDK2 prevents oxidative stress-mediated Ras-induced senescence by phosphorylating MYC. (wuxibiortus.com)
  • NPM1 phosphorylation by cyclin E/CDK2 promotes its dissociates from unduplicated centrosomes, thus initiating centrosome duplication. (wuxibiortus.com)
  • Cyclin E/CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of NPAT at G1-S transition and until prophase stimulates the NPAT-mediated activation of histone gene transcription during S phase. (wuxibiortus.com)
  • The cyclin subunit confers the substrate specificity of these complexes and differentially interacts with and activates CDK1 and CDK2 throughout the cell cycle. (wuxibiortus.com)
  • Zhao J, Kennedy BK, Lawrence BD, Barbie DA, Matera AG, Fletcher JA, Harlow E. NPAT links cyclin E-Cdk2 to the regulation of replication-dependent histone gene transcription. (proteopedia.org)
  • Cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation of p220(NPAT) by cyclin E/Cdk2 in Cajal bodies promotes histone gene transcription. (proteopedia.org)
  • The encoded protein binds to and prevents the activation of cyclin E-CDK2 or cyclin D-CDK4 complexes, and thus controls the cell cycle progression at G1. (affbiotech.cn)
  • Inhibits the kinase activity of CDK2 bound to cyclin A, but has little inhibitory activity on CDK2 bound to SPDYA. (affbiotech.cn)
  • Potent inhibitor of cyclin E- and cyclin A-CDK2 complexes. (affbiotech.cn)
  • CDK2 is regulated by cyclin E or cyclin A. Upon activation by cyclin E, it phosphorylates the retinoblastoma (pRb) protein which activates E2F mediated transcription and allows cells to move into S phase. (umbc.edu)
  • The CDK2/cyclin A complex plays a role in regulating DNA replication. (umbc.edu)
  • CDK2, together with CDK4, also regulates embryonic cell proliferation. (umbc.edu)
  • A ) Quantitative PCR analysis of CDK1, cyclin A2, CDK2, cyclin E2 and CYP1B1 mRNA levels in macrophages treated with carrier (DMSO), AhR agonist or AhR antagonist. (elifesciences.org)
  • B ) Western blot analysis of HSP90 (loading control) CDK1, cyclin A2, CDK2, cyclin E2 protein levels in macrophages treated with carrier (DMSO), AhR agonist or antagonist. (elifesciences.org)
  • A ) Levels of SAMHD1, phosphorylated SAMHD1, CDK1 and CDK2 proteins in activated or unsimulated, unfractionated PBMCs treated with carrier, AhR agonist or antagonist. (elifesciences.org)
  • B ) Levels of SAMHD1, phosphorylated SAMHD1, CDK1 and CDK2 proteins in activated or unstimulated purified CD4+ T cells treated with carrier, AhR agonist or antagonist. (elifesciences.org)
Apoptosis25
  • Hoechst 33258 staining was performed to determine if VALD-3 induced apoptosis of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and Annexin V/PI staining was performed to quantify the percentages of apoptosis. (researchsquare.com)
  • Flow cytometry analysis showed that VALD-3 triggered cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • This study is the first to show that VALD-3 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling, indicating that it could be a potential drug for the treatment of breast cancer. (researchsquare.com)
  • Resveratrol could play a toxic role through inducing apoptosis of the cancer cell in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. (mdpi.com)
  • In breast cancer cells, HER2 can mediate apoptosis by inactivating CDK1. (umbc.edu)
  • Activation of CDK1 may contribute to HIV-1 induced apoptosis and neuronal apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases. (umbc.edu)
  • New anticancer therapy strategies refer to the inhibition of CDK-cyclin complexes as an important target to prevent uncontrolled proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The current study demonstrated that PD markedly inhibited PAC cell proliferation and triggered their apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • β-peltatin initially arrested PAC cells at G2/M phase, followed by apoptosis induction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results demonstrate that Pulsatillae chinensis and particularly its bioactive ingredient β-peltatin suppress PAC by triggering cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Taken together LCH inhibits the growth of Ox-sensitive and Ox-resistant CRC cells by targeting EGFR and AKT, and inducing ROS generation and ER stress-mediated apoptosis. (biomolther.org)
  • In SW480 cells, Cuc B induced G2 arrest and apoptosis by means of a STAT3-independent but ROS-dependent mechanism [14]. (achrinhibitor.com)
  • The Rb protein regulates differentiation, apoptosis, and cell cycle control by coordinating the cell cycle at G1-S with transcriptional machinery. (affbiotech.com)
  • To investigate the mechanism of EESR-mediated cytotoxicity, HT29 cells were treated with various concentrations of EESR and the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and Western blot analysis. (jcpjournal.org)
  • EESR-induced apoptosis was associated with the upregulation of p53, a death receptor Fas, and a pro-apoptotic protein Bax and the activation of caspase 3, 8, and 9, resulting in the degradation of PARP. (jcpjournal.org)
  • EESR possessing antioxidant activity efficiently inhibits proliferation of HT29 cells by inducing both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (jcpjournal.org)
  • Cancer cells can grow unusually via limitless number of cell division and can avoid apoptosis. (jcpjournal.org)
  • 6 , 7 Therefore, the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis is being an important preventive strategy against cancer. (jcpjournal.org)
  • The in vitro cellular uptake profile confirmed the absorption of VD3 in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with apparent apoptosis. (referencecitationanalysis.com)
  • There is a growing body of evidence which demonstrates that following ACS, microRNAs might inhibit fibroblast proliferation and scarring, as well as harmful apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, and stimulate fibroblast reprogramming into induced cardiac progenitor cells. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
  • induced apoptosis by activating death receptor and mitochondria dependent apoptotic signaling pathways in COLO 205 cells. (1library.net)
  • The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage, and caspase 3 activity were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the expression profiles of different anti- and pro-apoptotic as well as epigenetic signals were studied by immunoblotting. (molcells.org)
  • NQ induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells by activating p53-ROS crosstalk and induces epigenetic modifications leading to inhibited proliferation and cell cycle arrest. (molcells.org)
  • Low PDCD4 level was associated with reduced proliferation but not apoptosis or phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase caused by pulsatile shear stress to help maintain the homeostasis of endothelial cells. (plos.org)
CDKs7
  • CDKs are relatively small proteins, with molecular weights ranging from 34 to 40 kDa, and contain little more than the kinase domain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclins (regulatory subunits) bind to cdks (catalytic subunits) to form complexes that regulate the progression of the cell cycle. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Here we demonstrate that p38 MAPK gamma (p38γ) acts as a CDK-like kinase and thus cooperates with CDKs, regulating entry into the cell cycle. (nature.com)
  • The N-terminal phosphorylation of RB by p38 bypasses its inactivation by CDKs and prevents proliferation in cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • CDKs belong to a large family of STKs that are regulated by their cognate cyclins. (umbc.edu)
  • CDKs show their action by interacting with cyclins and different CDK-cyclin complexes regulate the cell cycle in the G1, S and G2/M phases ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The activity of CDKs is controlled by their binding to coactivator subunits termed Cyclins, as well as by CDK inhibitory proteins termed CKIs. (intechopen.com)
Substrates6
  • Cyclin-CDK complexes phosphorylate substrates appropriate for the particular cell cycle phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, cyclin binding determines the specificity of the cyclin-CDK complex for particular substrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specific substrates for cdk-cyclin complexes include nuclear lamins, histones, oncogenes (e.g., c-abl and SV40 large T-Ag), tumor suppressor genes (e.g., retinoblastoma protein, Rb), nucleolin and others. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. (umbc.edu)
  • During G2 and early mitosis, CDC25A/B/C-mediated dephosphorylation activates CDK1/cyclin complexes which phosphorylate several substrates that trigger at least centrosome separation, Golgi dynamics, nuclear envelope breakdown and chromosome condensation. (arigobio.cn)
  • Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation. (intechopen.com)
Proliferation18
  • In mouse hepatocytes, p38γ induces proliferation after partial hepatectomy by promoting the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma tumour suppressor protein at known CDK target residues. (nature.com)
  • Crucial role in orchestrating a fine balance between cellular proliferation, cell death, and DNA repair in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (wuxibiortus.com)
  • Using computational predictions, we revealed that HPV-positive cervical cancers are regulated by transcription factors including, SOX2, E2F, NANOG, OCT4, and MYC, which control various processes such as the renewal of cancer stem cells, and the proliferation and differentiation of tumour cells. (fortuneonline.org)
  • 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-test was used to observe the proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells induced on VALD-3. (researchsquare.com)
  • Natural polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, play essential roles in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Pulmonary LAM is a disorder resulting from abnormal proliferation of smooth muscle cells within the lungs. (medscape.com)
  • Related to its effect on other reported cancer cells, Cuc B could considerably inhibit A549 cells proliferation and development inside a dose- and time- dependent manner. (achrinhibitor.com)
  • Although low concentrations of Cuc B showed no important impact on A549 cell proliferation right after 24 h therapy, prolonged treatment significantly inhibited cancer cells proliferation and colony formation clearly demonstrating that Cuc B is often a potent cytotoxic compound. (achrinhibitor.com)
  • Inhibitory effect of EESR on cancer cell growth and proliferation was determined by water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay. (jcpjournal.org)
  • Signal transduction pathways such as the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade responds to wide range of external stimuli to trigger growth, cell-division and proliferation[ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NQ interacted with HepG2 cell DNA and reduced histone deacetylases to control cell proliferation and arrest the cell cycle at the sub-G stage. (molcells.org)
  • Suppressing cell cycle and proliferation rates depends on different parameters, such as DNA structural changes and inhibiting the activities of histone deacetylases (HDACs). (molcells.org)
  • Moreover, we found that knockdown of Annexin A2 significantly suppressed cell proliferation and invasion of NSCLCs cells. (jcancer.org)
  • Knockdown of Annexin A2 significantly suppressed cell proliferation and invasion of NSCLCs cells, and the biological effect of Annexin A2 on proliferation and invasion was mediated by the inhibition of p53, which in turn, promoted cell cycle progression and EMT. (jcancer.org)
  • During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
  • Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. (intechopen.com)
  • Combined treatment with selumetinib and a dose of palbociclib sufficient to reinforce G1 arrest in selumetinib-sensitive cells, but not to impair proliferation of resistant cells, delays the emergence of resistant colonies, meaning that escape from G1 arrest is critical in the formation of resistant clones. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Ample evidence shows that pro-atherosclerotic disturbed flow induces sustained activation of atherogenic genes in endothelial cells to promote their oxidation, inflammation, cell cycle progression and proliferation, whereas pulsatile shear stress tends to maintain endothelial cells in a quiescent and less proliferative state with a low level of oxidation and inflammation [16] , [17] . (plos.org)
Transcription15
  • They are also involved in regulating transcription, mRNA processing, and the differentiation of nerve cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cao L, Faha B, Dembski M, Tsai LH, Harlow E, Dyson N. Independent binding of the retinoblastoma protein and p107 to the transcription factor E2F. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • From genome-scale data sets of budding yeast, we identify 126 EPs that are regulated by Cdk1 both through direct phosphorylation of the EP and through phosphorylation of the transcription factors that control expression of the EP, so that each of these EPs is regulated by a feed-forward loop (FFL) from Cdk1. (nih.gov)
  • They participate in two different transcriptional regulation processes, suggesting an important link between basal transcription control and the cell cycle machinery. (novusbio.com)
  • Together, they are involved in the control of cell-cycle progression, transcription, and neuronal function. (umbc.edu)
  • CDK1 transcription is stable throughout the cell cycle but is modulated in some pathological conditions. (umbc.edu)
  • inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α), PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Activated and released IRE1α acts as an RNase to initiate transcription of XBP1 mRNA and it becomes a transcriptional activator for unfolded protein response (UPR) gene targets, such as BiP and calreticulin ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In proliferating cells, CDK1-mediated FOXO1 phosphorylation at the G2-M phase represses FOXO1 interaction with 14-3-3 proteins and thereby promotes FOXO1 nuclear accumulation and transcription factor activity, leading to cell death of postmitotic neurons. (arigobio.cn)
  • STAT3, one of the seven members on the STAT transcription issue protein loved ones, has been implicated as a potential target for cancer therapy. (achrinhibitor.com)
  • When the C-terminal zinc fingers of Tzfp were fused to the transactivation domain of VP16, the chimera activated transcription of a reporter construct containing multiple copies of the tbs. (lookformedical.com)
  • Promotes G0-G1 transition when phosphorylated by CDK3/cyclin-C. Acts as a transcription repressor of E2F1 target genes. (abcam.cn)
  • The primary microRNA (Pri-miRNA) is produced in the cell nucleus through the transcription of a DNA strand mediated by RNA polymerase II [ 2 ]. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
  • The accumulation of both Cyclin and CKI proteins is tightly regulated at the level of transcription. (intechopen.com)
  • Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is an important tumor suppressor in the development of various human cancers [1] and inhibits translation rather than transcription. (plos.org)
Pathways10
  • CAK activity is not regulated by known cell-cycle pathways and cyclin binding is the limiting step for CDK activation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The objective of this work is to identify dysregulated genes and pathways of ccRCC temporally according to systematic tracking of the dysregulated modules of reweighted Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, a PPI network can be modeled as an undirected graph, where vertices represent proteins and edges represent interactions between proteins, to prioritize disease associated genes or pathways and to understand the modus operandi of disease mechanisms [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Taken together, we uncover a landscape of the key regulatory pathways and proteins in HPV-positive cervical cancers, all of which may provide attractive drug targets for future therapeutics. (fortuneonline.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Functional and pathway enrichment analysis showed that up-regulated genes were significantly involved in cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, DNA replication and p53 signaling pathway, while down-regulated genes were enriched in Huntington's disease,metabolic pathways. (oncotarget.com)
  • Furthermore, Module analysis revealed that the ten hub genes except TOP2A were belonged to module 1, indicating the upregulation of these hub genes associated molecular pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma might activate nasopharyngeal carcinoma pathogenesis. (oncotarget.com)
  • Inducing cell cycle arrest by cucurbitacins has been B7-2/CD86 Inhibitors targets properly Methyl-PEG3-Ald custom synthesis established while the detailed mechanisms and pathways are largely to become clear. (achrinhibitor.com)
  • As oncology drugs, kinase inhibitors were created out of modern genetics- the understanding of DNA, the cell cycle, and molecular signaling pathways- and thus represent a change from general to molecular methods of cancer treatment. (callaix.com)
  • Maintaining genomic integrity is of utmost importance to eukaryotic cells, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure speed, accuracy, and an adequate pool of nucleotide and replication factors as well as high-fidelity repair pathways to correct errors occurring during DNA replication. (bmj.com)
Inhibitory phosphorylation6
Mitosis14
  • controls the timing of entry into mitosis/meiosis by controlling the subsequent activation of cyclin B/CDK1 by phosphorylation, and coordinates the activation of cyclin B/CDK1 at the centrosome and in the nucleus. (wuxibiortus.com)
  • activated by interaction with cyclin E during the early stages of DNA synthesis to permit G1-S transition, and subsequently activated by cyclin A2 (cyclin A1 in germ cells) during the late stages of DNA replication to drive the transition from S phase to mitosis, the G2 phase. (wuxibiortus.com)
  • regulates homologous recombination-dependent repair by phosphorylating BRCA2, this phosphorylation is low in S phase when recombination is active, but increases as cells progress towards mitosis. (wuxibiortus.com)
  • We applied functional pathway analysis to show that HPV-positive cancers are characterised by perturbations of numerous cellular processes, predominantly in those linked to the cell cycle, mitosis, cytokine and immune cell signalling. (fortuneonline.org)
  • It induces mitosis by activating nuclear enzymes that regulate chromatin condensation, nuclear membrane degradation, mitosis-specific microtubule and cytoskeletal reorganization. (umbc.edu)
  • Separase can alternatively be inhibited by association with Cdk1-cyclin B1 but the corresponding complex is scarce in early mitosis and cannot explain why vertebrate securin is dispensable. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • 5) Formation of the Cdk1-cyclin B1-separase complex is counter-acted by phosphorylation of cyclin B1 in early mitosis. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • Dephosphorylation results in a second peak of Cdk1-cyclin B1-separase complex formation in late mitosis when most cyclin B1 has already been degraded. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • Simultaneous activity of both enzymes only occurs when cells rush through mitosis due to pathological loss of the SAC. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • MPF down-regulation required Ca(++)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activities at meiosis and mitosis exit, respectively. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Required in higher cells for entry into S-phase and mitosis. (arigobio.cn)
  • During G1, cyclin D-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation of Rb at Ser-795 marks the conversion of Rb from a transcriptionally repressive, hypophosphorylated state to an inactive, phosphorylated state, which may be sustained through mitosis by differential phosphorylation of up to 16 putative serine or threonine residues. (affbiotech.com)
  • Aurora kinase C is a chromosomal passenger protein that interacts with aurora kinase B in the regulation of MITOSIS. (lookformedical.com)
  • An aurora kinase that is a component of the chromosomal passenger protein complex and is involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. (lookformedical.com)
Phosphorylate1
  • RNA enzymes may observe from also translocated proteins, they may phosphorylate suggested in proteins with delayed strategies, or they may outline known in membranes of factor factors. (evakoch.com)
CDC23
  • CDK1 is also called Cell division control protein 2 (Cdc2) or p34 protein kinase, and is regulated by cyclins A, B, and E. The CDK1/cyclin A complex controls G2 phase entry and progression. (umbc.edu)
  • This may be due to compensation provided by CDK1 (also called Cdc2), which can also bind cyclin E and drive the G1 to S phase transition. (umbc.edu)
  • CDK1/CDC2-cyclin-B controls pronuclear union in interphase fertilized eggs. (arigobio.cn)
Replication14
  • Concurrent deletion of cyclin E1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 in hepatocytes inhibits DNA replication and liver regeneration in mice. (nature.com)
  • Altogether, we found that the amino acid at residue 592 has a strong effect on tetramer formation and, although this is not a simple "on/off" switch, this does correlate with the ability of SAMHD1 to restrict HIV-1 replication in differentiated cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nonetheless, lowering the affinity of HIV-1 RT for dNTPs, showed that restriction is mediated by dNTP levels and we were able to observe for the first time that SAMHD1 is active and capable of inhibiting HIV-1 replication in cycling cells, if the affinity of RT for dNTPs is reduced. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cdk1 also contributes to the control of DNA replication. (arigobio.cn)
  • Inactivated by PKR/EIF2AK2- and WEE1-mediated phosphorylation upon DNA damage to stop cell cycle and genome replication at the G2 checkpoint thus facilitating DNA repair. (arigobio.cn)
  • A and B ) HIV-1 NLYU2 replication in CD4+ T cells ( A ) or macrophages ( B ) treated with AhR agonist or antagonist. (elifesciences.org)
  • F ) HIV-1 NLYU2 replication in a PMA-differentiated monocytic cell line (U937 CD4/R5) transduced with a lentiviral vectors (CSIB) expressing the indicated genes that were upregulated in response to the AhR agonist (from panel ( E )). Representative example of 2 independent experiments. (elifesciences.org)
  • A-H ) HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells ( A ) PBMCs ( B-D ) or macrophages ( E-H ), using strain HIV-1 NLYU2 or HIV-1 89.6 , as indicated. (elifesciences.org)
  • As part of the heterotrimeric replication protein A complex (RPA/RP-A), binds and stabilizes single-stranded DNA intermediates, that form during DNA replication or upon DNA stress. (affbiotech.com)
  • The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)
  • Each origin is initiated by a combination of regulatory proteins that prepare the chromatin for replication before synthesis (S)-phase entry. (bmj.com)
  • In the presence of errors or damage during DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoint nodes and repair machinery work in concert to retard cell cycle progression until sufficient repair has been achieved. (bmj.com)
  • Any obstacles encountered by cells in this process can lead to 'replicative stress' ( Figure 1 ), 1 which may be overcome by replicative stress response proteins, but deficiencies in this response result in accumulated errors in DNA replication and loss of genomic integrity, which lead to cell death. (bmj.com)
  • Selumetinib causes long-term G1 arrest accompanied by reduced expression of DNA replication and repair genes, but cells stochastically re-enter the cell cycle during treatment despite continued repression of pERK1/2. (babraham.ac.uk)
Evolutionarily conserved2
  • They are present in all known eukaryotes, and their regulatory function in the cell cycle has been evolutionarily conserved. (wikipedia.org)
  • The evolutionarily conserved structure of the three layer MAPK cascade consists of the MAPKKK (henceforth referred as M3K), MAPKK (henceforth referred as M2K) and MAPK (henceforth referred as MK) from yeast to human, which processes the incoming signal through a series of covalent modification cycles[ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Eukaryotes3
  • Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Cyclin-Dependent protein Kinase 1 from higher eukaryotes-like. (umbc.edu)
  • This subfamily is composed of CDK1 from higher eukaryotes. (umbc.edu)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle responsible for protein synthesis, folding, post-translational modification of proteins and protein trafficking in eukaryotes ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Inhibition4
  • Various physiological and pathological conditions such as glucose starvation, inhibition of protein glycosylation and oxidative stress may cause an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 4) Pin1 catalyzed trans-to-cis isomerization of separase is essential for Cdk1-cyclin B1-dependent inhibition and explains why the kinase and securin bind separase in a mutually exclusive manner. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • Treatment of M-phase extracts with a mutant cyclin B1-cdk1AF complex, refractory to inhibition by phosphorylation, impaired binding of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) to its co-activator Cdc20 and altered M-phase exit. (ox.ac.uk)
  • ERKi treatment of cells drives the poly-ubiquitylation and proteasome-dependent turnover of ERK2 and pharmacological or genetic inhibition of Cullin-RING E3 ligases prevents this. (babraham.ac.uk)
Kinase inhibitor2
  • Purvalanol, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is referred to as a strong apoptotic inducer which causes cell cycle arrest in various cancer cells such as prostate, breast and colon cancer cell lines. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This gene encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, which shares a limited similarity with CDK inhibitor CDKN1A/p21. (affbiotech.cn)
Mitotic entry1
  • Cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1), also known as p34Cdc2 (cell division control protein kinase 2) depends on cyclin A and B and is triggered by a positive feedback loop at the end of G2 phase, which is the key event that initiates mitotic entry. (arigobio.cn)
Mitogen Activa1
  • Feedback loops, both positive and negative are embedded in the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade. (biomedcentral.com)
Induces1
  • It has been shown before that LH induces CREB phospho rylation and that e pression of a dominant nega tive CREB variant was enough to block androgen biosynthesis in rat TIC cells. (sodiumchannel-signal.com)
Recombinant Protein3
  • Quality control test: Antibody Reactive Against Recombinant Protein. (novusbio.com)
  • CCNH (AAH05280, 1 a.a. ~ 110 a.a) partial recombinant protein with GST tag. (novusbio.com)
  • Antibody reactivity against cell lysate and recombinant protein for WB. (novusbio.com)
Gene11
  • In fact, yeast cells can proliferate normally when their CDK gene has been replaced with the homologous human gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance through the cell cycle. (novusbio.com)
  • Alteration of gene expression in CD4+ T cells upon DCA treatment was determined by RNA-sequencing and qRT-PCR. (bvsalud.org)
  • HCT 116 colon cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol, which activated ER stress via upregulation of PERK, IRE1α gene expression, eIF-2α phosphorylation and ATF-6 cleavage at early time-points in the HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Effect of AhR activation on STAT1, cell-cycle and gene expression in macrophages. (elifesciences.org)
  • These mitochondrial responses are governed by general principles of regulatory biology exemplified by changes in gene expression, protein translation, protein complex formation, transmembrane transport, enzymatic activities and metabolite levels. (nature.com)
  • In this report, we describe a testis zinc finger protein (Tzfp) that binds to the upstream flanking sequence of the Aie1 gene. (lookformedical.com)
  • In contrast, the same chimera did not activate the reporter gene when an essential nucleotide fifth C was mutated to A at the tbs. (lookformedical.com)
  • 14) strand proteins in gene-internal of FGFR3 and capable sunshine amyloid or proteotoxic cell increasing( Otsuki, 1999). (evakoch.com)
  • Our findings demonstrate that acquisition of MEK inhibitor resistance often occurs through gene amplification and can be suppressed by impeding cell cycle entry in drug. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Specifically, the PDCD4 protein combines directly with the mRNA coding region of the target gene ( MYB/c-MYB ) to block translation [2] . (plos.org)
Serine3
Binds4
  • By definition, a CDK binds a regulatory protein called a cyclin. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is considerable specificity in which cyclin binds with CDK. (wikipedia.org)
  • Purvalanol is a purine-derived CDKI that binds with a high selectivity and competitively to the ATP binding side of CDK1/2 and leads to G2/M cell cycle arrest ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) also binds separase but the physiological role of this interaction remains enigmatic. (uni-bayreuth.de)
Wee12
  • Once chromosomes are condensed and aligned at the metaphase plate, CDK1 activity is switched off by WEE1- and PKMYT1-mediated phosphorylation to allow sister chromatid separation, chromosome decondensation, reformation of the nuclear envelope and cytokinesis. (arigobio.cn)
  • Small molecule inhibitors designed to target the DNA damage sensors, such as inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATR, CHK1 and WEE1, impair smooth cell cycle modulation and disrupt efficient DNA repair, or a combination of the above, have demonstrated interesting monotherapy and combinatorial activity, including the potential to reverse drug resistance and have entered developmental pipelines. (bmj.com)
Activation9
  • Without cyclin, a flexible loop called the activation loop or T-loop blocks the cleft, and the position of several key amino acid residues is not optimal for ATP-binding. (wikipedia.org)
  • VALD-3 also regulated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in breast cancer cells, inhibiting the activation of downstream molecules. (researchsquare.com)
  • Forms a complex with cyclin type D-CDK4 complexes and is involved in the assembly, stability, and modulation of CCND1-CDK4 complex activation. (affbiotech.cn)
  • Reduced CDK/cyclin, phospho-SAMHD1 and dTNP levels in macrophages following activation of AhR. (elifesciences.org)
  • Effects of AhR activation in PBMC and purified CD4+ T cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • Activation of STAT3 signaling could up-regulate Cyclin B1, c-Myc, Bcl-x and regulating cell growth and survival.Chk1 knockdown reversed Cuc B induced G2/M phase arrestTo dissect the downstream effector in Cuc B mediated G2/M phase arrest, the part of Chk1 was examined with Chk1 siRNA. (achrinhibitor.com)
  • 12 The activation of cyclin/CDK complex accelerates cell cycle progression, which are regulated by phosphorylation. (jcpjournal.org)
  • The Sustainable Building Design and Construction threonine has an Mitogen-activated, alveolar step that contains effects at the conversion of the activation of a phosphorylated specific residue. (evakoch.com)
  • However, recent studies have suggested that BRAFi/MEKi and ERK1/2i resistance can arise through activation of a parallel signalling pathway leading to activation of ERK5, an unusual protein kinase that contains both a kinase domain and a transcriptional transactivation domain. (babraham.ac.uk)
Centrosome2
Transcriptional2
  • Phosphorylates FOXP3 and negatively regulates its transcriptional activity and protein stability (By similarity). (wuxibiortus.com)
  • Cdk1 can be ihibited by several transcriptional targets of p53, such as p21WAF. (arigobio.cn)
Regulates2
  • promotes G2-M transition, and regulates G1 progress and G1-S transition via association with multiple interphase cyclins. (arigobio.cn)
  • Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) regulates cell growth and development. (callaix.com)
Substrate specificity1
  • Substrate specificity of S cyclins is imparted by the hydrophobic batch (centered on the MRAIL sequence), which has affinity for substrate proteins that contain a hydrophobic RXL (or Cy) motif. (wikipedia.org)
Modulated by phosphorylation1
Retinoblastoma1
  • Lundberg, A. S. & Weinberg, R. A. Functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein requires sequential modification by at least two distinct cyclin-cdk complexes. (nature.com)
Inactivation2
  • Destruction of cyclin B during metaphase results in inactivation of Cdk1, allowing mitotic exit and cell division. (arigobio.cn)
  • 13 The expression of CDK inhibitor p21 is upregulated by activated p53, resulting in the suppression of G2/M transition by the inactivation of cyclin/CDK complex. (jcpjournal.org)
CDK72
  • Another one, CDK7, is involved indirectly as the CDK-activating kinase. (wikipedia.org)
  • This cyclin forms a complex with CDK7 kinase and ring finger protein MAT1. (novusbio.com)
Complexes regulate1
Arrest9
  • O additional establish the role of ATM in Cuc B-mediated G2/M phase arrest, transiently transfect A549 cells with ATM siRNA was performed. (achrinhibitor.com)
  • Cuc B, one of many extensively investigated cucurbitacins, lead to diverse phase cell cycle arrest in diverse cancer cells. (achrinhibitor.com)
  • Previous data suggested that Cuc B triggered cell cycle arrest by blocking the STAT3 signaling pathway, which resulted in reduced expression of downstream targets, like Cyclin B1, Cyclin A [402]. (achrinhibitor.com)
  • Within this study, we showed that Cuc B induced G2/M arrest inside a ROS dependent manner without having affecting STAT3 in A549 cells: Cuc B induced ROSmediated DNA harm, which activated G2/M phase checkpoint through ATM-activated Chk1-Cdc25C-Cdk1 and -p53-14-3-3-s cascades. (achrinhibitor.com)
  • Comparable to that of ATM siRNA, Cuc B- induced G2/M arrest in A549 cells was substantially decreased by Chk1 siRNA therapy (Fig. 5A, 5B). (achrinhibitor.com)
  • EESR induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in a dose-dependent manner by modulating cyclin B, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), and CDK inhibitor p21 expression. (jcpjournal.org)
  • Whereas damage signals of cells activate p53 via CHK2 to repair damaged DNA, leading to cell cycle arrest. (jcpjournal.org)
  • G2/M arrest in COLO 205 cells. (1library.net)
  • Mechanistically, our studies showed that knockdown of Annexin A2 increased the expression of p53, which in turn, induced cell cycle G2 arrest and inhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). (jcancer.org)
Phosphorylates2
  • CDK3 is regulated by cyclin C and it phosphorylates pRB specifically during the G0/G1 transition. (umbc.edu)
  • We found that CDK1 phosphorylates Ser343 of ERK1c, thereby allowing the binding of phosphorylated ERK1c to a complex that consists of PI4KIIIβ (also known as PI4KB) and the 14-3-3γ dimer (encoded by YWHAB ). (biologists.com)
Regulation5
  • cyclin L CDK levels remain relatively constant throughout the cell cycle and most regulation is post-translational. (wikipedia.org)
  • 7) Human shugoshin 2 (Sgo2), a protector of meiotic cohesin with hitherto unknown function in somatic cells, represents a crucial second branch of anaphase regulation. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • Thus, the process of purinergic regulation demonstrated here might be involved in main taining the proper balance between the rate of cell divi sion and death in the ovary, and in essential physiological actions such as steroidogenesis, functioning as a local, fine tuning modulator to complement the systemic con trol e erted by hormones and nervous system afferents. (sodiumchannel-signal.com)
  • Growth factors are involved in the initialization and regulation of cell cycles. (callaix.com)
  • Philipp was trained as a hard-core biochemist and in his own lab uses extensively genetically modified mice to study cell cycle regulation and human disease. (lu.se)
Antibody6
  • ATCC CCL-243) were probed with the mouse anti-human cyclin A antibody at concentration of 2.0 µg/mL (lane 1), 1.0 µg/mL (lane 2), and 0.5 µg/mL (lane 3). (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Both methods yield antibody in solution that is free of most other soluble proteins, lipids, etc. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence: Cyclin H Antibody (1B8) [H00000902-M01] - Analysis of monoclonal antibody to CCNH on HeLa cell. (novusbio.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Cyclin H Antibody (1B8) [H00000902-M01] - Analysis of monoclonal antibody to CCNH on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human testis. (novusbio.com)
  • Western Blot: Cyclin H Antibody (1B8) [H00000902-M01] - CCNH monoclonal antibody (M01), clone 1B8 Analysis of CCNH expression in HeLa. (novusbio.com)
  • Sandwich ELISA: Cyclin H Antibody (1B8) [H00000902-M01] - Detection limit for recombinant GST tagged CCNH is approximately 1ng/ml as a capture antibody. (novusbio.com)
Enzymes3
  • Protein enzymes are chains of amino acids and when a phosphoryl group, PO32−, is covalently attached to one of the amino acids, it changes the three-dimensional configuration and function of the protein. (callaix.com)
  • These enzymes promote transfer of a gamma phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine residue on a protein. (callaix.com)
  • It is estimated that microRNAs regulate production of approximately 60% of all human proteins and enzymes that are responsible for major physiological processes. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
Genes6
  • The protein-protein interaction (PPI) of differentially expressed genes was drawn by the STRING website, and the results were imported into Cytoscape for visualization. (hindawi.com)
  • The results of GO analysis showed that the downregulated genes were significantly enriched in matrix adhesion and angiogenesis and upregulated differential genes were significantly enriched in cell adhesion and vascular development. (hindawi.com)
  • The CDKN2A/B locus contains genes encoding cell cycle inhibitors, including p16 Ink4a , which have not yet been implicated in the control of hepatic glucose homeostasis. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • This domain occurred 376 times on human genes ( 869 proteins). (umbc.edu)
  • This domain occurred 379 times on human genes ( 874 proteins). (umbc.edu)
  • Mutations of RTKs often lead to oncogenes , which are genes that help turn a healthy cell into a cancerous cell. (callaix.com)
Threonine1
Degradation3
  • p38γ and δ promote heart hypertrophy by targeting the mTOR-inhibitory protein DEPTOR for degradation. (nature.com)
  • Different cyclins exhibit distinct expression and degradation patterns which contribute to the temporal coordination of each mitotic event. (novusbio.com)
  • In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. (intechopen.com)
Nuclear1
  • A beta-hairpin comprising the nuclear localization sequence sustains the self-associated states of nucleosome assembly protein 1. (colorado.edu)
Freeze-thaw cycles2
  • Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. (wuxibiortus.com)
  • Shipped at 4°C. Upon delivery aliquot and store at -20°C. Avoid freeze / thaw cycles. (abcam.cn)
Western Blot3
  • Western blot analysis revealed that VALD-3 upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins (Bad and Bax), downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, survivin and XIAP) and increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, Cyto-c and cleaved PARP. (researchsquare.com)
  • B ) Western blot analysis of STAT1 and phosphorylated STAT1 protein levels in macrophages treated with AhR agonist or antagonist and IFN-γ. (elifesciences.org)
  • WB: For western blot detection of denatured protein samples. (affbiotech.com)
Regulatory5
  • By mathematical modelling, we show that such FFLs can activate EPs at different phases of the cell cycle depending of the effective signs (+ or -) of the regulatory steps of the FFL. (nih.gov)
  • The C-terminal regulatory domain of p53 contains a functional docking site for cyclin A. J Mol Biol. (proteopedia.org)
  • HPV-infection imparts specific changes in the regulatory network of infected cancer cells that are of diagnostic, prognostic and importance. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Here, we conducted a systems-level analysis of the regulatory network changes, and the associated regulatory proteins thereof, in HPV-positive cervical cancer. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Failure to execute these regulatory responses causes cell damage and inflammation or senescence, compromising cell survival and the ability to adapt to energetically demanding conditions. (nature.com)
Checkpoint2
  • Silencing of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) in metaphase enables the ubiquitin ligase APC/C to mediate the proteasomal destruction of securin (and cyclin B1), thereby activating separase. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • Strategies that increase replicative stress while lowering cell cycle checkpoint thresholds may allow unrepaired DNA damage to be inappropriately carried forward in replicating cells, leading to mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (bmj.com)
Restoring cell cycle progression1
  • Reactivated after successful DNA repair through WIP1-dependent signaling leading to CDC25A/B/C-mediated dephosphorylation and restoring cell cycle progression. (arigobio.cn)
Interactions3
  • Cdk phosphorylation triggers sequential intramolecular interactions that progressively block Rb functions as cells move through G1. (proteopedia.org)
  • Many computational approaches have been proposed to assess the reliability of protein interactions data. (hindawi.com)
  • To test the effect of ATM siRNA on Cuc B induced Cdk1 and Cyclin B1 interactions, IP was performed. (achrinhibitor.com)
MRNA1
  • Application of unidirectional pulsatile shear stress to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) decreased PDCD4 protein but not mRNA level. (plos.org)
Eukaryotic1
  • The eukaryotic cell cycle requires precise temporal coordination of the activities of hundreds of 'executor' proteins (EPs) involved in cell growth and division. (nih.gov)
Cdc25C2
  • The ATM activated Chk1-Cdc25C-Cdk1 pathway was additional investigated. (achrinhibitor.com)
  • Additionally, Cuc B brought on phosphorylation of your Chk1 downstream effector Cdc25C on Ser-216 and Cdk1 on Tyr15 had been also inhibited (Fig. 5C).Cuc B induced ROS generation and didn't influence STAT3 phosphorylationRecent research have shown that Cuc B induced intracellular ROS formation in HeLa, SW480, and B16F10 cells [14,15,39]. (achrinhibitor.com)
Tumour suppressor1
  • Recently, efforts have revealed that HPV virus oncogenes inactivate the tumour suppressor proteins p53 and pRB, leading to increased genomic instability, and among other cancer hallmarks, and in some cases, integration of HPV into the host genome [6, 7]. (fortuneonline.org)
Catalytic1
  • This has led to the development of a range of ERK1/2 inhibitors (ERKi) that either inhibit kinase catalytic activity (catERKi) or additionally prevent the activating pT-E-pY dual phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by MEK1/2 (dual-mechanism or dmERKi). (babraham.ac.uk)
SAMHD15
  • HIV-1 is not restricted in cycling cells and it has been proposed that this is due to phosphorylation of SAMHD1 at T592 in these cells inactivating the enzymatic activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To distinguish between theories for how SAMHD1 restricts HIV-1 in differentiated but not cycling cells, we analysed the effects of substitutions at T592 on restriction and dNTP levels in both cycling and differentiated cells as well as tetramer stability and enzymatic activity in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Compellingly however, HIV-1 RT mutants with reduced affinity for dNTPs were significantly restricted by wild-type and T592 mutant SAMHD1 in both cycling U937 cells and Jurkat T-cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, preventing phosphorylation of SAMHD1 and/or lowering dNTP levels by adding hydroxyurea was not enough to restore restriction in cycling cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This suggests that the very high affinity of HIV-1 RT for dNTPs prevents HIV-1 restriction by SAMHD1 in cycling cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Complex6
  • Phosphorylation by CDK-activating kinase (CAK) at Thr 161 on the T-loop increases the complex activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclin A may also form a complex with the adenovirus oncoprotein E1A which has DNA binding activity. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The cell cycle is a tightly regulated process that is controlled by the conserved cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-cyclin protein complex 1 . (nature.com)
  • But it has been noticed that PPI data are often associated with high false positive and false negative rates due to the limitations of the associated experimental techniques and the dynamic nature of protein interaction maps, which may have a negative impact on the performance of complex discovery algorithms [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The CDK1/cyclin B complex is critical for G2 to M phase transition. (umbc.edu)
  • Golgi fragmentation is a highly regulated process that allows division of the Golgi complex between the two daughter cells. (biologists.com)
PAKT1
  • We found that LCH decreased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and AKT kinase activities and related activating signaling proteins including pEGFR and pAKT. (biomolther.org)
Control1
  • We determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy that NQ effectively caused conformational changes in DNA and modulated different proteins related to epigenetic modifications and c ell cycle control. (molcells.org)
Differentiation5
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of DCA in the triggering of inflammation via affecting CD4+ T cell differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • RESULTS: Murine CD4+T cells were cultured under Th1, Th2 or Th17-polarizing conditions treated with or without different dosage of DCA, and flowcytometry was conducted to detect the effect of DCA on CD4+ T cell differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bioinformatic analysis, cholesterol metabolic profiling, ChIP assay and immuno-fluorescent staining were further applied to explore the DCA-regulated pathway that involved in CD4+T cell differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results showed that DCA could dose-dependently promote the differentiation of CD4+ T cell into Th17 linage with pathogenic signature. (bvsalud.org)
  • Epidermal growth factors (EGF) help regulate cell growth and differentiation. (callaix.com)