CD81ProteinsEndothelial cellsPathwaysEpithelialVesiclesImmunityTumorInhibitoryCD47ResponsesProcessesExosomesImmuneMonoclonal antibodyMyeloidEmbryonicTherapiesDensityKnockdownReceptorMigrationMarkersInhibitionSelf-renewalChemotherapeuticModulationImportantlyClinicalLigandsTissue cellsMembraneTissuesParticlesMETHODSInteractionsOriginateSpecificAdditionObesityCommonlyHeterogeneousCulturesMechanismDiseasesMechanismsGenetics
CD813
- Exosomal markers include microRNAs like miR-21 and miR-141, plus various proteins that belong in functional groups such as tetraspanins (CD9, CD63 and CD81), heat shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp73 and Hsp90) and membrane transporters (GTPases) ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- The AAO nanoarray was first investigated on sEVs from a cell culture medium, where sEV subpopulations could be clearly distinguished, and three traditional sEV-specific proteins (CD81, CD9, and FLOT1) could be identified by proteomic analysis. (bvsalud.org)
- In addition, CD9, CD63, and CD81 are most frequently detected and are considered asthe classic markers of exosomes, (Malla et al . (bbrc.in)
Proteins8
- In this epithelium, as well as in the more fragile single cell layer epithelium of endocervix, the cells are held together by proteins that form desmosomes, tight junctions, and adherens junctions, which decrease its permeability [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
- These vesicles are carriers of active or non-autonomous function biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNA and non-coding regulatory RNA. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Machine learning and gene ontology (GO) information analysis of the identified proteins indicate that different-sized sEV subpopulations contain unique protein cargos and have distinct cellular components and molecular functions. (bvsalud.org)
- More importantly, several proteins involved in focal adhesion and antigen processing and presentation pathways were found to be upregulated in prostate cancer patients, which may serve as potential biomarkers of prostate cancer. (bvsalud.org)
- In hematological malignancies, exosome-mediated expulsion of a number of key proteins and micro RNAs, resulting in influence of major tumor-related pathways. (bbrc.in)
- Recently, it has been reported by many workers that the potential functions of exosomes contributed to various aspects of hematological tumorigenesis, particularly with a focus on the exosome-mediated tumor progression, metastasis, drug resistance and immune escape by altering the function of receiver cells via diverse exosomal cargoes including proteins, DNA, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and microRNAs) (Whiteside and Boyiadzis, (2017). (bbrc.in)
- Other cell surface proteins, including CD326 (EpCAM), epithelial specific antigen, CD133, CD166, CD47, CD201, and ABCG2 have been reported as CSC markers for different BC subtypes and drug-resistant tumors ( 4 , 5 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
- In this review, we examine the extensive research conducted in the field of biomedicine concerning optogenetics, including the selection of light-sensitive proteins, the study of carriers and delivery devices, and the application of disease treatment. (optobase.org)
Endothelial cells4
- Loss of CD47 allows sustained proliferation of primary murine endothelial cells and enables these cells to spontaneously reprogram to form multipotent embryoid body-like clusters. (wikipedia.org)
- Expression of several stem cell markers, including c-Myc, is elevated in CD47-null endothelial cells and a human T cell line lacking CD47. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, the presence of EVs reduced inflammatory responses in Pam 3 CSK 4 -treated endothelial cells and HEK Dual reporter cells, demonstrating that TLR2-EVs can act as decoy receptors. (frontiersin.org)
- The construction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is a natural barrier for maintaining brain homeostasis, is the result of a meticulous organisation in space and time of cell-cell communication processes between the endothelial cells that carry the BBB phenotype, the brain pericytes, the glial cells (mainly the astrocytes), and the neurons. (mdpi.com)
Pathways3
- Their multi‑functional cargo have been indicated to regulate a vast number of biological pathways in target cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
- uNK cells isolated from obese women had altered expression of genes and pathways associated with extracellular matrix remodeling and growth factor signaling. (jci.org)
- Numerous studies have highlighted the role of different signaling pathways and signaling intermediates in regulating BC stem cells (BCSCs) self-renewal and maintenance of stemness properties, including the TGFβ, IL6/IL8, Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt, AXL, and the Hippo pathways ( 6 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
Epithelial3
- The upper portion of the female reproductive tract consists of the fallopian tubes, uterus body, and endocervix, which has columnar epithelial cells and is distincted from ectocervix which is part of the lower tract characterized by squamous epithelial cells [ 4 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
- ZO-2 and ZO-3 are ubiquitously expressed within epithelial tight junctions, and unlike ZO-1, which is also expressed at cell junctions of cardiac myocytes, ZO-2 is not expressed in nonepithelial tissue. (thermofisher.com)
- Multiple studies have shown that CSCs have the capacity to regenerate bulk tumors that are mostly composed of non-cancer stem cells (NCSCs) ( 8 ), whereas NCSCs can dedifferentiate and acquire a CSC phenotype upon epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) ( 9 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
Vesicles8
- Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are membranous particles released by cells into the extracellular space. (mdpi.com)
- Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles produced by all cells under physiological and pathological conditions. (nature.com)
- Both untreated and LPS/Dex-treated cells produced vesicles of various sizes and shapes, as shown by cryo-transmission electron microscopy. (frontiersin.org)
- Exosomes are small lipid bilayer-surrounded extracellular vesicles released from cells into the extracellular space or biological fluids ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have emerged as noninvasive biomarkers in liquid biopsy due to their significant function in pathology and physiology. (bvsalud.org)
- Exosomes, which are 30- to 120-nm vesicles, are released by most types of cells, including tumor cells. (bbrc.in)
- Exosomes are a kind of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which was first reported by Pan and Johnstone in 1983 as unwanted cellular components extruding from reticulocytes. (bbrc.in)
- EVs are medium-sized vesicles, ranging from 30 to 120 nm and are secreted by different cell types under both physiological and pathological conditions. (bbrc.in)
Immunity3
- Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses which can be influenced by systemic immunity. (hindawi.com)
- Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses that can be influenced by systemic immunity [ 15 ] and by hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. (hindawi.com)
- Innate immunity includes barriers such as the epithelium, mucus, pH, complement system, and cells of the immune system. (hindawi.com)
Tumor6
- CD47 is ubiquitously expressed in human cells and has been found to be overexpressed in many different tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
- CD47 ligation leads to cell death in many normal and tumor cell lines via apoptosis or autophagy. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, other cells at the interface of the innate and the adaptive immune system (e.g cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) or invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKT)) are important mediators in antitumor-, autoimmune-, and antimicrobial responses and tumor surveillance. (nature.com)
- Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are implicated in tumor initiation, metastasis and drug resistance, and considered as attractive targets for cancer therapy. (life-science-alliance.org)
- Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small fraction of cancer cells, characterized by specific cellular markers, self-renewal and tumor-initiating capacities ( 1 , 2 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
- This subpopulation of cells, also known as tumor-initiating cells (TICs), are commonly associated with drug-resistance and metastatic potential, and are considered as promising targets for therapeutic intervention. (life-science-alliance.org)
Inhibitory1
- CD47 interacts with signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), an inhibitory transmembrane receptor present on myeloid cells. (wikipedia.org)
CD4716
- However, these isoforms are highly conserved between mouse and man, suggesting an important role for the cytoplasmic domains in CD47 function. (wikipedia.org)
- CD47 is a high affinity receptor for thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a secreted glycoprotein that plays a role in vascular development and angiogenesis, and in this later capacity the TSP1-CD47 interaction inhibits nitric oxide signaling at multiple levels in vascular cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Binding of TSP-1 to CD47 influences several fundamental cellular functions including cell migration and adhesion, cell proliferation or apoptosis, and plays a role in the regulation of angiogenesis and inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
- The CD47/SIRPα interaction leads to bidirectional signaling, resulting in different cell-to-cell responses including inhibition of phagocytosis, stimulation of cell-cell fusion, and T-cell activation. (wikipedia.org)
- These interactions result in CD47/integrin complexes that affect a range of cell functions including adhesion, spreading and migration. (wikipedia.org)
- Due to the ubiquitous expression of CD47, signaling differs according to cell type. (wikipedia.org)
- It is likely that intracellular and membrane-associated partners are crucial in determining the cellular response of CD47 signaling. (wikipedia.org)
- The role of CD47 in promoting cell proliferation is heavily dependent on cell type as both activation and loss of CD47 can result in enhanced proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
- Activation of CD47 with TSP-1 increases proliferation of human U-87 MG and U373 astrocytoma cells but not normal astrocytes. (wikipedia.org)
- Additionally, CD47 blocking antibodies inhibit proliferation of unstimulated astrocytoma cells but not normal astrocytes. (wikipedia.org)
- Though the exact mechanism is unclear, it is likely that CD47 promotes proliferation via the PI3K/Akt pathway in cancerous cells but not normal cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Activation of CD47 with TSP-1 in wild-type cells inhibits proliferation and reduces expression of stem cell transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
- The activation of CD47 induces rapid apoptosis of T cells. (wikipedia.org)
- The apoptosis inducing function of CD47 appears to be dependent on activation of specific epitopes on the extracellular domain. (wikipedia.org)
- Similarly, CD47 ligation rapidly induces apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Treatment with a disulfide-linked antibody dimer induces apoptosis of CD47-positive primary B-CLL and leukemic cells (MOLT-4 and JOK-1). (wikipedia.org)
Responses2
- To mount appropriate responses, T cells integrate complex sequences of receptor stimuli perceived during transient interactions with antigen-presenting cells. (optobase.org)
- Instead, a specific subset of ISGs that includes Parp9 remains activated by the unphosphorylated form of ISGF3 that enhances nDNA damage and repair responses. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Processes2
- Cell contraction plays an important role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. (optobase.org)
- While the regulatory processes that control cell contraction in muscle cells are well understood, much less is known about cell contraction in non-muscle cells. (optobase.org)
Exosomes6
- Therefore exosomes should be included in this research topic. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Exosomes have previously been associated with a number of endocrine disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, disorders of the reproductive system and cancer. (spandidos-publications.com)
- The profound roles of exosomes in homeostasis, stress and several pathological conditions, in conjunction with their selective and cell‑specific composition/function, allude to their use as promising circulating clinical biomarkers of systemic stress and specific pathologic states, and as biocompatible vehicles of therapeutic cargo. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Exosomes, via their cargo or surface composition, are signals/mediators of systemic homeostasis and stress for specific cell-to-cell or tissue-to-tissue communication ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Then, the MVB's can either fuse with lysosomes resulting in degradation of intra-luminal contents or they can secrete their content as exosomes outside the donor cells. (bbrc.in)
- Finally, exosomes are secreted from cells by exocytosis of the MVB contents. (molcells.org)
Immune9
- Additionally, the identified relationship between expressions of host immune genes and stx2 suggests that the host animal may regulate stx2 expression in colonizing STEC through immune functions. (frontiersin.org)
- Form 2 is the most widely expressed form that is found in all circulating and immune cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Effective immune surveillance of patients with hematologic malignancies such as leukemia is mediated by cellular and noncellular arms of the innate and adaptive immune system. (nature.com)
- The innate immune system includes macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), and natural killer (NK) cells, which respond quickly to an immunological threat. (nature.com)
- Regularly, anergy of T cells or other immune cells can be regularly reverted to anti-leukemic functionality. (nature.com)
- Toll-like receptors (TLRs) enable innate immune cells, such as macrophages, to recognize a wide variety of microbial ligands, thereby promoting inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
- Moreover, these receptors are functional, as treatment of FRT tissue cells with ligands for TLR and NOD induces production of proinflammatory CXCL8 [ 13 ], and those receptors actively participate in immune response to pathogens, as Neisseria gonorrhea and HIV-1 [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
- whether or not obesity also affects immune function in the uterus has not been explored. (jci.org)
- Together, these findings establish a potentially new link between obesity and poor pregnancy outcomes, and indicate that obesity-driven changes to uterine-resident immune cells critically impair placental development. (jci.org)
Monoclonal antibody1
- Jurkat cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) incubated with the monoclonal antibody Ad22 results in apoptosis within 3 hours. (wikipedia.org)
Myeloid1
- Hematological malignancies, which include lymphoid, myeloid, histiocytic, and mast cell neoplasms, are a heterogeneous group of diseases of diverse incidence, pathogenesis and prognosis (Kornblau et al . (bbrc.in)
Embryonic1
- Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are potentially unlimited cell sources for cellular therapies due to the unique capacities of PSCs to self-renew indefinitely and differentiate into cells from all three germ lineages (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Therapies3
- Risk-adapted therapies for AML, ALL, and CLL patients consist of chemotherapy with/without stem cell transplantation (SCT), but the rate of early failures and relapses is still unsatisfying. (nature.com)
- Controlled expansion and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) using reproducible, high-throughput methods could accelerate stem cell research for clinical therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
- AXL up-regulation in several human cancers including TNBC ( 15 ) is frequently associated with resistance to different chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapies, including MEK ( 16 ), PI3K/AKT, BET, and EGFR ( 17 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
Density1
- Hydrodynamics is the study of physical properties of a fluid in motion, including velocity, pressure, density, and viscosity, as functions of space and time [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Knockdown1
- This Antibody was verified by Knockdown to ensure that the antibody binds to the antigen stated. (thermofisher.com)
Receptor3
- Breast cancer (BC)-initiating cells typically express high levels of CD44, a surface receptor for the extracellular matrix protein Hyaluronan, low levels of CD24, and exhibit high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity ( 3 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
- We had developed a system in which the interaction of a modified T cell receptor (TCR) with an engineered ligand can be controlled by light. (optobase.org)
- Here, we have engineered the Light-inducible T cell engager (LiTE) system, a recombinant optogenetics-based molecular tool targeting the T cell receptor (TCR). (optobase.org)
Migration1
- The review particularly focusses on signal networks and cytoskeletal components that together control subcellular contraction patterns to perform functions on the level of cells and tissues, such as directional migration and multicellular rearrangements during development. (optobase.org)
Markers1
- AXL, PYK2, and PKCα expression correlates with stemness signature in basal-like breast cancer patients, and their depletion in multiple mesenchymal TNBC cell lines markedly reduced the number of mammosphere-forming cells and cells harboring CSCs characteristic markers. (life-science-alliance.org)
Inhibition1
- Induction of stemness in TNBC sensitized cells to PYK2 and PKCα inhibition suggesting that targeting the AXL-PYK2-PKCα circuit could be an efficient strategy to eliminate CSCs in TNBC. (life-science-alliance.org)
Self-renewal1
- The influence of hydrodynamics on the self-renewal and differentiation of PSCs has therefore been examined in both microfluidic and bioreactor systems. (biomedcentral.com)
Chemotherapeutic1
- In cultured primary fibroblasts and cancer cells, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin causes mtDNA damage and release, which leads to cGAS STING dependent ISG activation. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Modulation1
- Microfluidic systems are geometrically defined culture platforms that enable high-throughput screening of culture parameters, including modulation of fluid flow rates, mass transfer, and shear stress. (biomedcentral.com)
Importantly1
- Importantly, EMT and BC initiating cells display very similar gene signatures and phenotypic properties ( 9 , 10 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
Clinical1
- Clinical data including age, pre-puncture TPSA, free prostate-specific antigen (FPSA), and prostate volume (PV) were collected from all patients. (bvsalud.org)
Ligands1
- Shigatoxin increased filipin staining of cholesterol, while cell pre-treatment with filipin increased binding of GSL ligands, e.g. (biomedgrid.com)
Tissue cells1
- Optogenetics is a cutting-edge technology that merges light control and genetics to achieve targeted control of tissue cells. (optobase.org)
Membrane2
- Thus, we hypothesized that the upregulated membrane-bound TLR2 might serve as a precursor for soluble TLR2 (sTLR2), known to antagonize TLR2-dependent cell actions. (frontiersin.org)
- Microvesicles have a diameter ranging from 100 nm to 1 µm and are released by cell membrane budding. (spandidos-publications.com)
Tissues1
- Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting that mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Particles1
- Moreover, the synapse Arc protein, a key to long term memory/synaptic plasticity [ 28 ], is related to the HIV retrovirus GAG capsid protein, and transports nascent RNA in virus-like exosome particles in, and between, neuronal cells [ 29 ]. (biomedgrid.com)
METHODS3
- Direct investigation of cell contraction signal networks by light-based perturbation methods. (optobase.org)
- In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that control cell contraction in space and time in non-muscle cells, and how they can be investigated by light-based methods. (optobase.org)
- Key features of light-based methods that enable highly local and fast perturbations are highlighted, and how experimental strategies can capitalize on these features to uncover causal relationships in the complex signal networks that control cell contraction. (optobase.org)
Interactions1
- Although it has been hypothesized that the dynamics of these interactions influence the outcome of T cell activation, methodological limitations have hindered its formal demonstration. (optobase.org)
Originate1
- They originate from the blebbing of dying cells ( 1 , 7 , 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Specific1
- OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of different laboratory indicators in combination with total prostate-specific antigen (TPSA) for prostate cancer (PCa). (bvsalud.org)
Addition3
- In addition, administration of the antibody prolonged survival of SCID mice implanted with JOK-1 cells. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, CD4 + cells infiltrating the epithelium can act as potential target cells to initiate transmission [ 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
- In addition, mtDNA stress in TFAM-deficient mouse melanoma cells produces tumours that are more resistant to doxorubicin in vivo. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Obesity2
- Here we investigated the effect of obesity on uterine natural killer (uNK) cells, which are essential for uterine artery remodeling and placental development. (jci.org)
- Using a cohort of obese or lean women, we found that obesity led to a significant reduction in uNK cell numbers accompanied with impaired uterine artery remodeling. (jci.org)
Commonly1
- Culture systems that employ liquid motion to modulate mass transfer and shear stress, commonly referred to as hydrodynamics, include scaled-down microfluidic systems and scaled-up bioreactor cultures. (biomedcentral.com)
Heterogeneous1
- however, hydrodynamic cultures expose PSCs to complex physical and chemical environments that include spatially and temporally modulated fluid shear stresses and heterogeneous mass transport. (biomedcentral.com)
Cultures1
- Such solutions are readily obtainable for two-dimensional adherent cell cultures, due to defined geometries with low flow rates, which enable precise characterization of fluid flow in microfluidic systems. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanism1
- They are derived by a targeted mechanism from the cell endocytic compartment and are formed and stored within the intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs). (spandidos-publications.com)
Diseases1
- Diseases associated with ZO-1 dysfunction include Celiac Disease and Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome. (thermofisher.com)
Mechanisms1
- Endocrinology, by definition, focuses on homeostatic, and cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication mechanisms. (spandidos-publications.com)
Genetics1
- Our results indicate that the abundance of Stx could be affected by cattle breed and sampling year, suggesting that host genetics and environment may influence STEC colonization of the recto-anal junction of feedlot cattle. (frontiersin.org)