• Thus, we have described a molecular link between CD46 and autophagy, which is engaged upon measles virus infection. (cfatg.org)
  • We detailed then the close relationship between this virus and autophagy, describing for the first time that several waves of autophagy can be induced in the course of an infection. (cfatg.org)
  • In some cases, measles could lead to the infection of the respiratory tract or other organs including the skin, Kidney, bladder and viscera (Koehlmoos, Uddin, & Sarma, 2011). (bestessaywriters.com)
  • Oncolytic viruses (OVs) specifically induce cancer cells death by infection of and spreading on tumor cells through different mechanisms such as direct lysis effect or adjacent cells fusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This stress condition can also lead to the attraction of immune cells, notably antigen presenting cells (APCs) (i.e. immature dendritic cells), natural killer cells (NK cells), and cytotoxic T-cells to the site of infection [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The virus was isolated in 1954 in monkey and human kidney tissue by Enders and Peebles. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • These noninvasive visualization systems provide real-time follow-up of viral progression within the cancer tissue by the ability of engineered oncolytic viruses (OVs) to encode reporter transgenes based on recombinant technology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Instead of developing your own assays, explore our kits and services to quickly quantify viral antigens! (acrobiosystems.com)
  • Measles is a viral disease that was first described by Rhazes- a Persian Physician in the 10th century. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • The measles virus genome encodes 8 proteins, 6 structural proteins and 2 are responsible for viral entry. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • These proteins are the components of the viral envelope that together they mediate integration of the virus into the cells in the upper respiratory tract. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • On the other hand, the proliferation of oncolytic viruses into target cells and subsequent recognition of viral elements by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors can positively affect the development of the innate and adaptive immune responses against tumor cells (Fig. 1 ) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • a Mechanisms by which oncolytic viruses (OVs) stimulate antitumor immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cancer immunotherapies can be divided into four major categories: - Cytokines/immunomodulation agents - Monoclonal antibodies - Cell‑based therapies - Oncolytic viruses Though monoclonal antibodies currently represent the largest class of commercialized cancer immunotherapies, cell‑based therapies are rapidly making headway. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising anti-tumor modality that utilizes oncolytic viruses (OVs) to preferentially attack cancers rather than normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • OVT has its unique advantages and prospects, because oncolytic viruses (OVs) preferentially infect and replicate in tumor cells and destroy them, while leaving healthy cells largely untouched [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The immune system must distinguish not only between self and non-self, but also between innocuous and pathological foreign antigens to prevent unnecessary or self-destructive immune responses. (nature.com)
  • In 1993, the team of Prof. Chantal Rabourdin-Combe (1952-2011) identified the first human receptor for this virus, CD46. (cfatg.org)
  • The virus CD46 molecule is the cellular receptor. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • Autophagy in immune responses to viruses. (cfatg.org)
  • Here we show that co-engagement of CD3 and the complement regulator CD46 in the presence of IL-2 induces a Tr1-specific cytokine phenotype in human CD4 + T cells. (nature.com)
  • Virus-based immunostimulatory cytokine and chemokine expression can recruit and activate T cells, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and natural killer (NK) cells, and subsequently, improve the therapeutic activity of OVs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although it is significantly managed in the USA, measles is still one of the major fatal diseases in the world. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • Originally, viruses were known as the cause of human diseases, including some cancers [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A CD4 + T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell responses and prevents colitis. (nature.com)
  • Figure 3: Characteristics of CD3/CD46-activated, sorted CD3 + CD4 + CD45RA + CD45RO + T cells. (nature.com)
  • With the understanding particularly in the characteristics of viruses and tumor cells, numerous innovative OVs have been engineered to conquer cancers, such as Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) and tasadenoturev (DNX-2401). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study highlighted the fact that common strategies could have been evolved by different viruses in order to manipulate autophagy. (cfatg.org)
  • Since numerous antigens which are presented by MHC molecules traffic via the lysosomes, autophagy is an important reservoir for the production of antigenic peptides derived from the degradation of intracellular pathogens. (cfatg.org)
  • We seek to understand the molecular connections between autophagy and antigen presentation and to measure their impact on the diversity of the presentation, especially in the context of self antigens (those of the cell), and non-self antigens (those from pathogens). (cfatg.org)
  • This is followed with RNA polymerase transcription of the Virus genome into the host mRNA. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • The first generation (G1) of engineered OVs mainly focus on manipulating within virus genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By the genetic recombination the viruses were conferred with high specificity against tumor cells without targeting normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Figure 1: CD3/CD46 stimulation induces IL-10 production in human peripheral blood CD4 + T lymphocytes. (nature.com)
  • These CD3/CD46-stimulated IL-10-producing CD4 + cells proliferate strongly, suppress activation of bystander T cells and acquire a memory phenotype. (nature.com)
  • Figure 4: Suppressive and proliferative properties of CD3/CD46-activated CD4 + T cells. (nature.com)
  • The virus then enters to the host cells where it uncoats. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • Meanwhile, these non-engineered viruses sometimes inevitably infect and spread to normal tissues, indiscriminately killed both tumor and normal cells, causing a series of unpredicted side effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The efficacy of a therapeutic antibody depends on the Fab fragment and its binding activity to the target antigen, but also depends on the Fc fragment and its interaction with key Fc receptors.Therefore, candidates must be tested against a panel of receptors during antibody engineering. (acrobiosystems.com)
  • Current vaccines are based on live attenuated viruses that control the disease but cannot differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (the so-called DIVA approach) [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, recent studies have reported changes in the H glycoprotein of the virus. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • Antigen presentation by molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an essential step to initiate an adaptive immune response to efficiently fight pathogens. (cfatg.org)
  • Forty years after the licensing of an effective vaccine, measles continues to cause severe complications and death in children in the world. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • It was not until early 1950s that the potential of viruses as anti-cancer agents had been recognized and applied [ 7 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At that time, the application of tumor treatment with the spontaneous viruses or wild type viruses which quite often being scavenged by immune system, merely induces a subtle inhibition to tumor progression in patients. (biomedcentral.com)