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Cavernous SinusCranial Fossa, MiddleCranial Fossa, AnteriorCranial Fossa, PosteriorCavernous Sinus ThrombosisSkull BaseSphenoid SinusCentral Nervous System Vascular MalformationsDura MaterCranial Nerve NeoplasmsTrigeminal Nerve DiseasesSphenoid BoneSkull Base NeoplasmsCerebral VeinsCranial SinusesCraniotomyArachnoid CystsOtologic Surgical ProceduresAbducens Nerve DiseasesCarotid-Cavernous Sinus FistulaParanasal Sinus NeoplasmsArteriovenous FistulaCranial NervesOphthalmoplegiaPetrous BoneFrontal SinusEthmoid SinusSinus Thrombosis, IntracranialTomography, X-Ray ComputedNeurosurgical ProceduresTemporal BoneMagnetic Resonance ImagingSella TurcicaMaxillary SinusCerebral AngiographyFacial Nerve DiseasesOculomotor Nerve DiseasesEthmoid BoneEar, MiddleOrbital DiseasesMeningeal NeoplasmsParanasal SinusesEar DiseasesCerebellopontine AngleNeurilemmomaArnold-Chiari MalformationSkull NeoplasmsOsteomaSinus of ValsalvaMucoceleEmbolization, TherapeuticMastoidCarotid SinusPituitary NeoplasmsZygomaHematoma, SubduralParanasal Sinus DiseasesOrbital NeoplasmsInfratentorial NeoplasmsChondromatosis, SynovialCranial Nerve DiseasesOccipital BoneCarotid Artery, InternalHematoma, Subdural, IntracranialMaxillary Sinus NeoplasmsExophthalmosMeningeal ArteriesArachnoidTrochlear NerveSubdural EffusionHemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous SystemCoronary SinusOrbitHemangioma, CavernousFacial ParalysisMeningiomaCentral Nervous System CystsHematoma, Epidural, CranialHorner SyndromeSphenoid SinusitisPterygopalatine FossaMicrosurgeryDiplopiaImaging, Three-DimensionalAbducens NerveSick Sinus SyndromeOculomotor NerveTolosa-Hunt SyndromeSkullEndoscopyIntracranial Arteriovenous MalformationsStreptococcus constellatusVascular NeoplasmsNeuronavigationIntracranial AneurysmPolyvinylsAdenomaTreatment OutcomeOtorhinolaryngologic Surgical ProceduresMaxillary Nerve
Posterior fossaTrigeminal nerveDura materNervesInfratemporal fossaAnteriorSphenoidPterygopalatine fossaDural venousPituitary fossaMaxillaryLateral wallMeningealOrbitGanglionApexSkull basePterygoidPterygo-palatine FossaTransverse sinusEthmoidFrontalInferior PetroParanasalEntersAbducensCavityLesionsAnatomicSensorySigmoidMandibularSpinalResectionAbducent nerveInternalAnatomy and ApproachesNeuroanatomyHemorrhageAnteriorlySuperior alveolar nerveInnervation
Posterior fossa6
  • [ 1 ] MRI more accurately evaluates en plaque and posterior fossa meningiomas, which may be missed on CT scanning. (medscape.com)
  • Results The FTOZ TCA represented a wide access to the anterior, middle, and posterior fossa. (thieme-connect.de)
  • The Xray and CT scan showed the presence of an air-gun pellet to the posterior fossa [Figure - 1]a, b, c. (edu.au)
  • It passed into the middle cranial fossa and lodged in the posterior fossa. (edu.au)
  • The dura on the right half of the floor of the posterior fossa has been removed while preserving the CNs. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • CNs V through XII pierce the posterior fossa dura. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
Trigeminal nerve7
  • The dura mater of the middle cranial fossa has been stripped away to reveal the trigeminal nerve and ganglion, the cavernous sinus, and associated nerves. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • It is the medium-sized branch of the trigeminal nerve in the middle of the smaller ophthalmic division as well as the biggest mandibular division. (earthslab.com)
  • Innervation of the sphenoid sinus comes from branches of the first and second divisions of the trigeminal nerve. (medscape.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve and its primary role is relaying sensory information from the face and head, although it does provide motor control to the muscles of mastication . (pacs.de)
  • The trigeminal nerve exits at the mid pons anteriorly, courses through the prepontine cistern (cisternal portion), and crosses the porus trigeminus to enter a prolongation of dura at the apex of the petrous temporal bone known as the Meckel cave (cavernous portion) where its fibers form the trigeminal ganglion, which is also known as the Gasserian or semilunar ganglion. (pacs.de)
  • Several mechanisms responsible for the headache have been suggested and they include irritation of the meninges and the superior division of the trigeminal nerve within the cavernous sinus , compression of the dura mater and sellar wall enlargement. (symptoma.com)
  • The following structures pass through foramen ovale: mandibular nerve, motor root of the trigeminal nerve, accessory meningeal artery, lesser petrosal nerve, a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, emissary vein connecting the cavernous sinus with the pterygoid plexus of veins and occasionally the anterior trunk of the middle meningeal vein. (passmed.uk)
Dura mater3
  • It issues minute branches to the tentorium cerebelli, and the dura mater in the middle cranial fossa. (wikipedia.org)
  • Meningeal branch supplies the dura mater of the middle cranial fossa. (earthslab.com)
  • It passes upwards, on the medial side of the external pterygoid muscle, enters the middle fossa of the skull through the foramen ovale, supplies the semilunar ganglion and the dura mater, and terminates by anastomosing with branches of the middle meningeal and internal carotid arteries. (co.ma)
Nerves27
  • There are several important structures that reside in the vicinity of the ganglion: the cavernous sinus, the optic and trochlear nerves medially, the inferior surface of the temporal lobe of the brain superiorly, and the brain stem posteriorly. (asra.com)
  • The sensory and motor innervation to the structures in the head and neck region of the body is exclusively provided by the cranial nerves. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • Cranial nerves are so named because they originate directly from the brain. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • Most of the cranial nerves originate from the brain stem. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • It also interacts with the third and fourth cranial nerves, oculomotor and trochlear, respectively, as well as with the eighth cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve) to perform conjugate eye movements (discussed later). (brainmadesimple.com)
  • The nuclei of the cranial nerves are the collection of cell bodies of axons forming that cranial nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • The oculomotor (CNIII) nerves leave the ventral midbrain, pass through the interpeduncular fossa, and penetrate the dura between the anterior and posterior petroclinoid ligaments lateral to and in front of the posterior clinoid processes. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • Both nerves are located in the superior portion of the lateral sinus wall before passing to the orbit through the superior orbital fissure. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • In the transsphenoidal approach, tumors invading the CS through its medial wall are approached inferomedially following the direction of tumor growth, which spares the cranial nerves. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • It is both large and complicated and has multiple brainstem nuclei (sensory and motor) as well as many interconnections with other cranial nerves. (pacs.de)
  • It is probable that most of the cranial nerves were once associated with a pattern of head segmentation, not unlike dorsal and ventral segmental spinal nerves. (veteriankey.com)
  • In fish and amphibians there are only 10 pairs of cranial nerves, because the succeeding nerves are not enclosed by the skull and hence are considered as spinal nerves. (veteriankey.com)
  • Not until reptiles evolved did the development of the skull envelop the first and second spinal nerves, making them cranial nerves XI (accessory nerve) and XII (hypoglossal nerve). (veteriankey.com)
  • The 12 cranial nerves of the dog emerge from or enter the brain through foramina of the skull to innervate structures of the head and body. (veteriankey.com)
  • Some of the primarily motor cranial nerves probably have general proprioceptive sensory neurons as well. (veteriankey.com)
  • Reptiles, birds, and mammals all have 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which by convention are numbered with Roman numerals I to XII. (veteriankey.com)
  • The cranial nerves were named according to early functional interpretations in humans. (veteriankey.com)
  • For other overall considerations of the cranial nerves and adnexa of the dog, the reader is referred to Jenkins (1972), McClure (1979) , Meyer (1979) , and de Lahunta and Glass (2009) . (veteriankey.com)
  • The cranial nerves are listed in Box 19-1 . (veteriankey.com)
  • Sometimes patients before hemorrhage are concerned about limited pain in the fronto-orbital region, paresis of cranial nerves is observed. (med-blog.com)
  • With a rupture of basal aneurysms, cranial nerves are affected, most often oculomotor. (med-blog.com)
  • Relations of The Gasserian Ganglia - The Cavernous sinus, Internal carotid artery, trochlear and optic nerves lies medial to the ganglia. (samobathi.com)
  • In addition, other cranial nerves that course through the cavernous sinus can also be affected, in particular, cranial nerves III, IV, and VI with resulting diplopia . (symptoma.com)
  • This is generally the result of sudden hemorrhage and necrosis in the lateral pituitary fossa, leading to the displacement of the oculomotor nerves. (symptoma.com)
  • The anterior superior alveolar nerves, branches of the infraorbital nerve (from CN V2), run in canals in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and innervate the upper incisors, canines, premolars, and often part of the first molar. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The upper clivus and middle clivus are separated at the axial plane of the dural pori of the abducens nerve formed where the abducens nerves penetrate the dura. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • The middle clivus and lower clivus are separated by the axial plane of the dural glossopharyngeal meati, through which the glossopharyngeal nerves pass to enter the jugular foramen. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
Infratemporal fossa4
Anterior21
  • The variant venous sinus was approximately 8 mm in width at its anterior and posterior extremes but was dilated to 1.2 cm as it crossed over the petrous part of the temporal bone. (acbjournal.org)
  • In the early embryo at the 5 to 8 mm stage, the brain is covered by a continuous plexus which drains both laterally and ventrally through three stems, the anterior, the middle, and the posterior. (acbjournal.org)
  • The left olfactory bulb and tract are shown on the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
  • It arises from the convex anterior border of the trigeminal ganglion, pierces the trigeminal cave of dura in order to attach to the lower part of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. (earthslab.com)
  • Sinuses, anterior and sectioned views. (medscape.com)
  • The anterior maxillary sinus wall houses the infraorbital nerve, which runs through the infraorbital canal along the roof of the sinus and sends branches to the soft tissues of the cheek. (medscape.com)
  • The thinnest portion of the anterior wall is above the canine tooth, called the canine fossa, which is an ideal entry site for addressing various disease processes of the maxillary sinus. (medscape.com)
  • The posterior wall of the frontal sinus, which separates the sinus from the anterior cranial fossa, is much thinner than its anterior wall. (medscape.com)
  • Due to the vertical limitation of the ETOA, some lesions of the anterior cranial fossa are difficult to access. (thejns.org)
  • The anterior and posterior branches of the middle meningeal arteries and their ramifications are separated from the bone by corresponding veins. (co.ma)
  • The internal surface of the cranial base can be divided into 3 cranial fossae, the anterior, middle, and posterior. (medchrome.com)
  • The anterior and middle fossae are separated by the lesser wing of sphenoid bone, and the middle and posterior fossae are separated by petrous part of temporal bone. (medchrome.com)
  • Just before exiting the skull it runs along the floor of the middle cranial fossa and gives off the middle meningeal nerve which ascends to supply the anterior dura of the middle cranial fossa. (pacs.de)
  • Especially often, aneurysms are localized on the anterior connecting artery, near the discharge of the posterior connecting artery or in the area of ​​the branches of the middle cerebral artery. (med-blog.com)
  • Surrounding the nasal cavities are air-containing mucosal lined sinuses, which include the frontal sinuses (superior anterior), ethmoid sinuses (superior), paired maxillary sinuses (lateral), and sphenoid sinuses (posterior). (nih.gov)
  • Surgical Anatomy and Approaches of the Anterior Cranial Fossa from a Transcranial and Endonasal Perspective. (nih.gov)
  • Digastric fossa: for anterior belly of digastric 3. (slideshare.net)
  • The nasal cavity is related to the anterior and middle cranial fossae, orbit, and paranasal sinuses and is separated from the oral cavity by the hard palate. (dartmouth.edu)
  • Most anterior ethmoidal cells open on an elevation (ethmoidal bulla, fig. 52-3 B). A curved slit (hiatus semilunaris) inferior to the bulla receives the opening of the maxillary sinus. (dartmouth.edu)
  • The frontal sinus and some anterior ethmoidal cells open either into an extension (ethmoidal infundibulum) of the hiatus or directly into the anterior part (frontal recess) of the middle meatus. (dartmouth.edu)
  • The anterior part of the left temporal lobe has been removed to display the initial course of the middle cerebral artery within the lateral fissure. (clinicalgate.com)
Sphenoid15
Pterygopalatine fossa3
Dural venous2
  • Because these venous channels are valveless, compression of the thorax, abdomen, or pelvis, as occurs during heavy coughing and straining, may force venous blood from these regions into the internal vertebral venous system and from it into the dural venous sinuses. (gov.gy)
  • The superior petrosal sinus is one of the dural venous sinuses and drains the cavernous sinus . (radiopaedia.org)
Pituitary fossa2
  • This shows the typical bubbly high T2 signal and involves the right side of the pituitary fossa , the Rt cavernous sinus and extends into the Rt middle cranial fossa. (endotext.org)
  • The sinus is bordered anteriorly by the ethmoidal air cells, posteriorly by the clivus, laterally by the CS, superiorly by the pituitary fossa and planum sphenoidale, and inferiorly by the choana. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
Maxillary13
  • 7 Furthermore, the ganglion has a somatotropic distribution: thus the mandibular portion lies in the rostral and lateral part, the maxillary division does in the middle portion, and the ophthalmic division does in the cephalad and medial region. (asra.com)
  • The maxillary division exits the middle cranial fossa from foramen rotundum and enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure. (asra.com)
  • Posterior superior alveolar nerve supplies the mucus membrane of the maxillary air sinus. (earthslab.com)
  • 1. Along the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus Middle superior alveolar nerve stimulates the premolar teeth. (earthslab.com)
  • The maxillary sinus is the largest paranasal sinus and lies inferior to the eyes in the maxillary bone. (medscape.com)
  • The natural ostium of the maxillary sinus is located in the superior portion of the medial wall. (medscape.com)
  • The roof of the maxillary sinus is the floor of the orbit. (medscape.com)
  • The maxillary sinus is supplied by branches of the internal maxillary artery, which include the infraorbital, alveolar, greater palatine, and sphenopalatine arteries. (medscape.com)
  • d) An accessory meningeal branch may arise either directly from the first part of the internal maxillary or from its middle meningeal branch. (co.ma)
  • alveolares superiores anteriores) and to the maxillary sinus. (co.ma)
  • Three-hundred and sixty degrees of surgical approaches to the maxillary sinus. (nih.gov)
  • 6 Cranial and facial Bones  Inferior nasal concha: surrounded anteriorly by maxillary bone  Lacrimal bone: visible between maxilla anteriorly and ethmoid posteriorly  Palatine bone 1. (slideshare.net)
  • The middle meatus, under cover of the middle concha, receives the openings of the maxillary and frontal sinuses. (dartmouth.edu)
Lateral wall5
Meningeal3
  • Note the middle meningeal veins and artery (MM), superior petrosal sinus (SPS), draining vein (DV), optic nerve (CNII), and internal carotid artery (ICA) for reference. (acbjournal.org)
  • They ascend, in the temporal fossa, between the temporal muscle and the squamous portion of the temporal bone, supplying the muscle and anastomosing with the temporal and lacrimal arteries, and, through the substance of the temporal bone, with the middle meningeal artery. (co.ma)
  • Blood from torn branches of a middle meningeal artery collects between the external periosteal layer of the dura and the calvaria. (gov.gy)
Orbit5
  • Abducens nerve leaves the cranial cavity and enters into the cavity of bony orbit via the superior orbital fissure. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • 3] In other previous reports the pellet could not penetrate farther than the cavernous sinus when entering through the orbit, probably due to resistance in the trajectory of the pellet. (edu.au)
  • What structure within the middle cranial fossa may be damaged if the symptoms are limited to the region of the orbit? (humangrossanatomy.us)
  • An early procedure to limit spread of a facial infection into the cavernous sinus was to ligate (suture closed) facial vein communications into the orbit (e.g. supratrochlear, supraorbital, and other veins entering the orbit from the face). (humangrossanatomy.us)
  • It runs in the subarachnoid space and the cavernous sinus inside the skull, enters the back of the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, and innervates the lateral rectus muscle. (unboundmedicine.com)
Ganglion7
  • citation needed] Medially to the trigeminal ganglion are the internal carotid artery, and the posterior part of the cavernous sinus. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, trigeminal ganglion interventions have also been used to palliate cancer pain involving cranial or base of the skull structures. (asra.com)
  • Its sensory ganglion (the gasserian ganglion) resides in Meckel's cave, which is in the floor of the middle cranial fossa. (asra.com)
  • The ganglion lies in the middle cranial fossa near the apex of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. (bookdome.com)
  • It is important to note the chief relations of the ganglion, namely the cavernous sinus on the medial side, and the internal carotid artery, which is first inferior then medial. (bookdome.com)
  • Gasserian Ganglion is situated within the cranium, in an area called the Meckel's cave at the posteromedial part of middle cranial fossa, which is close to the apex of petrous part of the temporal bone. (samobathi.com)
  • The components of the eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) carrying axons that convey information regarding sound and balance between the spiral ganglion in the inner ear and the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. (unboundmedicine.com)
Apex4
  • Conclusion Despite its technical difficulty, the FTOZ TCA should be considered for the surgical management of basilar apex aneurysms and tumors surrounding the cavernous sinus, sellar/parasellar, retrochiasmatic, and petroclival region. (thieme-connect.de)
  • The shape of the sinus is a pyramid, with the base along the nasal wall and the apex pointing laterally toward the zygoma. (medscape.com)
  • Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of Orbital Apex Cavernous Hemangioma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video. (nih.gov)
  • F, The demarcation between the upper and middle clivus corresponds to the level 3.4 mm below the upper edge of the petrous apex. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
Skull base2
  • The dural venous sinus of Kelch is a rare venous sinus of the skull base and one which has been infrequently reported. (acbjournal.org)
  • Some meningiomas are found along the dural lining in the venous sinuses of the brain and skull base - locations where arachnoid cap cells are most abundant. (aans.org)
Pterygoid1
  • Because of these connections, an infection of the face may spread to the cavernous sinus and pterygoid venous plexus. (gov.gy)
Pterygo-palatine Fossa2
  • b) An infra-orbital branch commences in the pterygo-palatine fossa. (co.ma)
  • c) The descending palatine runs downwards, through the pterygo-palatine fossa, enters the pterygo-palatine canal, and becomes the great palatine artery, which supplies the mucous membrane of the roof of the mouth. (co.ma)
Transverse sinus5
  • During the routine dissection of a male cadaver aged 75-year-old at death, a venous sinus ( Fig. 1 ) was identified traveling from the superior orbital fissure anteriorly, over the floor of the middle cranial fossa, over the petrous part of the temporal bone, to drain into the transverse sinus. (acbjournal.org)
  • Schematic drawing of the bilateral venous sinuses of Kelch (asterisk) joining veins of the superior orbital fissure to the transverse sinus. (acbjournal.org)
  • It effectively unites the veins of the superior orbital fissure to the transverse sinus. (acbjournal.org)
  • T, transverse sinus. (gov.gy)
  • It courses posterolaterally to drain into the sigmoid sinus at the continuation of the transverse sinus . (radiopaedia.org)
Ethmoid2
Frontal3
  • The frontal sinus is housed in the frontal bone superior to the eyes in the forehead. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] The frontal sinuses are funnel-shaped structures with their ostia located in the most dependent portion of the cavities. (medscape.com)
  • The frontal sinus is supplied by the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries of the ophthalmic artery. (medscape.com)
Inferior Petro1
  • The inferior petrosal sinus courses along the intracranial surface of the petroclival fissure. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
Paranasal3
Enters2
  • It moves forward in the middle cranial fossa and enters into the cavernous sinus along with the internal carotid artery. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • The petrous part of the internal carotid artery ascends in the carotid canal, curves anteromedially and then superomedially above the cartilage that fills the foramen lacerum, and enters the cranial cavity. (clinicalgate.com)
Abducens2
  • Abducens nerve emerges from the brain stem in the posterior cranial fossa from a groove at the junction of the pons and medulla oblongata medial to the facial nerve exit. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • After piercing the dura, the abducens nerve courses beneath Gruber's ligament and through a large venous confluence at the junction of the cavernous, basilar, and the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
Cavity5
  • This development places the floor of the sinus well below the floor of the nasal cavity. (medscape.com)
  • Its pneumatization provides a dilating natural cavity through which the wide areas of the cranial base may be accessed. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • It was fusiform in shape and located within the cranial cavity on the ventrolateral surface of the olfactory bulb. (veteriankey.com)
  • The secretions from these sinuses drain into the nasal cavity via the thin-walled ostia. (nih.gov)
  • Like the nasal cavity, the wall lining of the sinuses also secretes mucus. (nih.gov)
Lesions1
  • 2 Hakuba A, Tanaka K, Suzuki T, Nishimura S. A combined orbitozygomatic infratemporal epidural and subdural approach for lesions involving the entire cavernous sinus. (thieme-connect.de)
Anatomic2
  • The SS, a highly variable anatomic structure, is located in the center of the cranial base, surrounded by numerous neurovascular structures. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Although the falciform ligament is often thought to divide the liver into a right and left lobe, the true "anatomic" or "surgical" right and left lobes of the liver are defined by the course of the middle hepatic vein that runs through the main scissura of the liver. (ferozo.com)
Sensory2
  • Sensory endings are more numerous in the dura along each side of the superior sagittal sinus and in the tentorium cerebelli than they are in the floor of the cranium. (gov.gy)
  • A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) It passes through the parotid gland en route to the ear, where it innervates skin of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)
Sigmoid4
  • A posterior condylar emissary vein may also be present, passing through the condylar canal, connecting the sigmoid sinus with the suboccipital venous plexus. (gov.gy)
  • Internal Jugular vein (IJV) - Sigmoid sinus junction b. (medchrome.com)
  • Emissary vein (Sigmoid sinus to occipital vein) c. (medchrome.com)
  • It does however transmit the sigmoid sinus and inf petrosal sinus. (medchrome.com)
Mandibular1
Spinal1
  • The Neurosurgical Atlas collection presents the nuances of technique for complex cranial and spinal cord operations. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
Resection1
  • INTERVENTION: Several modes of treatment were undertaken, including radical resection of the cranial base lesion and excision of the cavernous sinus after a cervical internal carotid artery-to-middle cerebral artery vein bypass graft. (elsevierpure.com)
Abducent nerve2
  • For the internal strabismus, the defect sometimes is due to any damage to the abducent nerve, the sixth cranial nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • The abducent or abducent nerve is the sixth cranial nerve (CN VI). (brainmadesimple.com)
Internal2
  • The blood does not collect within a preexisting space, but rather creates a space at the Fractures of Cranial Base In fractures of the cranial base, the internal carotid artery may be torn, producing an arteriovenous fistula within the cavernous sinus. (gov.gy)
  • The internal auditory meatus is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear. (passmed.uk)
Anatomy and Approaches1
Neuroanatomy1
  • Methods Microsurgical dissection was performed in four freshly injected cadaver heads at the Cranial Base Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Cleveland Clinic Florida. (thieme-connect.de)
Hemorrhage2
  • Compared to the cervical or cavernous ICA, the ICA adjacent to the clivus (paraclival ICA) can be anatomically safely and easily exposed using an endoscopic endonasal approach because there is no need to consider cerebrospinal fluid leakage or hemorrhage from the cavernous sinus. (bvsalud.org)
  • CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 16-year-old girl with an osteosarcoma of the temporal fossa presented with an intracerebral hemorrhage. (elsevierpure.com)
Anteriorly1
Superior alveolar nerve1
  • Sometimes there is a middle superior alveolar nerve that innervates the premolars and first molar. (unboundmedicine.com)
Innervation1
  • The cranial nerve innervation of some ventral neck muscles and the trapezius muscle to the scapula can be understood only in the context of their phylogenetic history beginning as the gill arch levator muscles of fish ( Romer & Parsons, 1986 ). (veteriankey.com)