• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND) is an attack of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occurs at night. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dyspnea can come in many forms, but it is commonly known as shortness of breath or having difficulty breathing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paroxysmal' means 'sudden attacks that recur,' 'nocturnal' means 'occurring at night' and 'dyspnea' means 'difficulty breathing' or 'shortness of breath. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Learn more about risks for dyspnea/shortness of breath. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • What are the causes of dyspnea/shortness of breath? (brighamandwomens.org)
  • For example, if dyspnea is caused by pleural effusion , draining fluid from inside the chest can reduce shortness of breath. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • What medication is used to treat dyspnea/shortness of breath? (brighamandwomens.org)
  • How can patients manage dyspnea/shortness of breath? (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Can relaxation exercises help with dyspnea/shortness of breath? (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Shortness of breath, or dyspnea is a condition of the cardio-pulmonary system which may be caused by, for example, a heart or lung disease, or physical load. (ieee.org)
  • Dyspnoea, also known as shortness of breath or breathlessness, is a subjective awareness of the sensation of uncomfortable breathing. (samj.org.za)
  • Introduction: The nursing care plan for dyspnea, commonly known as shortness of breath, is a comprehensive and patient-centered approach aimed at managing the distressing symptom of difficulty in breathing. (madeformedical.com)
  • Dyspnea - Difficulty BREATHING or shortness of breath. (beltina.org)
  • Also called "shortness of breath," dyspnea can be a temporary condition due to intense exercise or physical exertion, or it can be a symptom of another-perhaps more serious-medical condition. (pregistry.com)
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is a common symptom of several heart conditions such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, in addition to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and sleep apnea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dyspnoea can be due to obstruction to the flow of air into and out of the lungs (as in bronchitis and asthma), various diseases affecting the tissue of the lung, or heart disease . (encyclopedia.com)
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is also sometimes called cardiac asthma because its signs and symptoms mimic those of asthma. (howstuffworks.com)
  • While asthma is a chronic condition caused by inflammation of the airways, which can lead to breathing difficulties, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is a sign of heart failure. (howstuffworks.com)
  • We present the case of a child with asthma who continued to have marked exercise induced dyspnea despite appropriate treatment, and in the face of adequate control of all other asthma symptoms. (nih.gov)
  • Neurophysiological model / Mahler -- Neuroimaging / Evans -- Gender/aging / Guenette -- Pregnancy/obesity / Jensen -- Dyspnea in COPD / O'Donnell -- Dyspnea in asthma and restrictive lung disease / Laveneziana -- Domains of dyspnea measurement / Parshall -- Longitudinal changes in dyspnea / Oga -- The measurement of dyspnea in clinical trials / Hareendran -- Anxiety, depression, and panic / von Leupoldt -- Chronic dyspnea / Gifford -- Bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids / O'Donnell -- Oxygen / Goldstein -- Pulmonary rehabilitation / Lareau -- Other treatments / Mahler -- Palliative care / Abernethy. (who.int)
  • With the high prevalence of chronic pulmonary diseases, such as asthma, COPD, and interstitial lung disease, it is important to understand the mechanisms, measurement, and management of dyspnea, which is the patien*t's primary complaint. (who.int)
  • Receptors in the chest wall and central airways, as well receptors in the respiratory center of the central nervous system, produce an increased requirement for ventilation which is not matched by respiratory output, resulting in the conscious recognition of dyspnea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Respiratory muscles and vagal afferent neural pathways relay information from the chest wall/airways to the central nervous system, facilitating the presentation of dyspnea. (wikipedia.org)
  • People presenting with dyspnea usually show signs of rapid and shallow breathing, use of their respiratory accessory muscles, and may have underlying conditions causing the dyspnea, such as cardiac or pulmonary diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Respiratory involvement is the principal cause of death, and dyspnoea is a major source of discomfort. (ersjournals.com)
  • The detailed neurological and respiratory evaluation (clinical examination, pulmonary function tests, static pressures, mouth twitch pressures (Pm,t), electromyographic responses to phrenic nerve stimulation and cortical magnetic stimulation were analysed after stratification according to dyspnoea. (ersjournals.com)
  • Postural relief of dyspnoea in severe chronic airflow limitation: relationship to respiratory muscle strength. (bmj.com)
  • The pathophysiology of dyspnoea is complex, and involves the activation of several pathways that lead to increased work of breathing, stimulation of the receptors of the upper or lower airway, lung parenchyma, or chest wall, and excessive stimulation of the respiratory centre by central and peripheral chemoreceptors. (samj.org.za)
  • Withdrawal of blood for arterial blood gases analysis (ABGA) has formed the mainstay of treatment in patients with dyspnoea and suspected acute respiratory failure for the past 50 years [1]. (efim.org)
  • The prodromal phase is followed by an abrupt progression to the cardiopulmonary phase, which is characterized by productive cough with nonpurulent secretions and dyspnea with severe respiratory distress. (nejm.org)
  • As a subjective symptom self-reported by people, dyspnea is difficult to characterize since its severity cannot be measured. (wikipedia.org)
  • Relaxation, meditation and other techniques to manage your emotions may help decrease the severity of dyspnea. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • The objective of this study was to develop an instrument that measures overall dyspnoea severity using descriptors that reflect its different aspects. (bmj.com)
  • It provides a global score of breathlessness severity that incorporates both "physical" and "affective" aspects, and can measure dyspnoea in a variety of diseases. (bmj.com)
  • Table I. - Clinical signs of severity in the presence of dyspnea. (medicinus.net)
  • Severity can be determined by assessing the activity level required to cause dyspnea (eg, dyspnea at rest is more severe than dyspnea only when climbing stairs). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is a serious medical symptom that can develop into worsening conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dyspnea affects about 25% of people in the ambulatory care setting and is a common symptom of many underlying conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dyspnea is a subjective symptom, meaning it can only be expressed by the person experiencing it, and it is imperative in diagnosis to distinguish it from other breathing problems. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dyspnoea is a debilitating and distressing symptom that is reflected in different verbal descriptors. (bmj.com)
  • Physicians need to recognize the cause of dyspnea and know how to treat it, ensuring that patients can cope effectively with this distressing symptom. (who.int)
  • With three sections spanning the mechanisms of dyspnea, measurement and assessment strategies, and management techniques, this book provides the vital information needed to understand this complex symptom and will be invaluable to pulmonologists and all healthcare professionals who care for patients with this distressing and disabling problem. (who.int)
  • Studies were selected if they were randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trials of any opioid to alleviate breathlessness in patients with dyspnoea caused by any disease. (bmj.com)
  • Breathlessness was assessed using Dyspnoea-12 (D-12) and Multidimensional Dyspnoea Profile (MDP), and QoL using the Short Form 12 physical and mental scores. (lu.se)
  • While I'm sympathetic to these findings, and appreciate all reminders of the complicated, pleomorphic nature of dyspnea, this conclusion needs to be taken with a grain of salt. (pallimed.org)
  • Dyspnea: Mechanisms, Measurement and Management, Third Edition, has been completely updated and revised to help pulmonologists and all those interested in lung disease understand the complex nature of dyspnea. (who.int)
  • The perception of dyspnea is theorized to be a complicated connection between peripheral receptors, neural pathways, and the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike those for other types of noxious stimuli, there are no specialized dyspnea receptors (although MRI studies have identified a few specific areas in the midbrain that may mediate perception of dyspnea). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The experience of dyspnea likely results from a complex interaction between chemoreceptor stimulation, mechanical abnormalities in breathing, and the perception of those abnormalities by the central nervous system. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The clinical evaluation and approach to the management of dyspnoea are directed by the clinical presentation and underlying cause. (samj.org.za)
  • The pathophysiology, aetiology, clinical presentation and management of dyspnoea are reviewed. (samj.org.za)
  • A systematic review of the use of opioids in the management of dyspnoea. (bmj.com)
  • Despite having a similar history of vasoocclusive crisis events, women had more severe anemia, dyspnea, decreases in Dlco (corrected for the degree of anemia), and a higher capillary blood volume (corrected for alveolar volume) than men. (nih.gov)
  • Dyspnea can range from mild to severe. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Low absolute lymphocyte count and dyspnea were parameters associated with a severe course of infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Dyspnea is a common condition and most episodes of breathing difficulty are brief. (childrensmn.org)
  • A type of breathing difficulty while lying down is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When these symptoms accompany PND, it is typically a red flag that something more serious is causing the dyspnea presentation and should be evaluated further. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because episodes of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea strongly suggest heart failure, a serious illness that can be treated, it's very important that patients experiencing these symptoms discuss them with their doctors . (howstuffworks.com)
  • If dyspnea is caused by another condition, treat that condition to improve your breathing symptoms. (pregistry.com)
  • In congestive heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction will also increase pulmonary congestion, so further congestion caused by the redistribution of blood volume upon laying down will worsen any dyspnea. (wikipedia.org)
  • 81 dyspnoea descriptors were administered to 123 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 129 with interstitial lung disease and 106 with chronic heart failure. (bmj.com)
  • at first, the patient attributed her dyspnea to heart failure and age. (medscape.com)
  • CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) and HEART FAILURE are the two most common causes of dyspnea. (beltina.org)
  • Cost-effectiveness of B-type natriuretic peptide testing in patients with acute dyspnea. (bmj.com)
  • Q In patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with acute dyspnoea, is a diagnostic strategy based on rapid measurement of B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations more cost effective than conventional diagnosis? (bmj.com)
  • 452 patients (mean age 71 y, 58% men) who presented to the ED with acute dyspnoea. (bmj.com)
  • Hospitalist attitudes toward the assessment and management of dyspnea in patients with acute cardiopulmonary diseases. (umassmed.edu)
  • A 75-year-old White woman in the United States presents with worsening dyspnea and significant edema in both ankles. (medscape.com)
  • The patient was a 68-year-old woman presenting with dyspnea and edema. (medscape.com)
  • This letter was sent to the authors of "Chronic Dyspnea: Diagnosis and Evaluation," who declined to reply. (aafp.org)
  • Dyspnea has many causes, which can make it difficult to find a diagnosis. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • In those patients who have unexplained dyspnea, the most accurate way to make a diagnosis is through advanced cardiopulmonary exercise testing. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Dyspnoea is characterised as "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity [and] vary in their unpleasantness and in their emotional and behavioral significance" [ 1 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Dyspnoea is a perceptual experience that is complex and highly subjective. (bmj.com)
  • The seated leaning-forward position was the optimum posture for the patients to generate maximum inspiratory pressures and to obtain greatest subjective relief of dyspnoea. (bmj.com)
  • The Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile (MDP) assesses overall breathing discomfort, sensory qualities, and emotional responses in laboratory and clinical settings. (ersjournals.com)
  • This complexity is not evaluated adequately by current measurement methods for the assessment of dyspnoea, and it is often difficult to compare results between laboratory and clinical studies because they typically use different dyspnoea instruments. (ersjournals.com)
  • Therefore, we developed the Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile (MDP), an instrument that can be used in both laboratory and clinical research settings. (ersjournals.com)
  • Avoiding misdiagnosis in patients with dyspnea and wheezing : a case report illustrating the clinical implications of fixation error / F. Di Marco, G.F. Sferrazza Papa, D. Radovanovic, P. Santus. (unimi.it)
  • Doctors assess clinical dyspnea according to the degree to which it interferes with normal activities. (beltina.org)
  • Data were extracted by 2 independent reviewers on disease causing dyspnoea, intervention (opioid used and dosage), study methodology, and results. (bmj.com)
  • Oxygen therapy should perhaps be considered following a trial of opioid or anxiolytic agent to control dyspnoea. (copdx.org.au)
  • She also reports increasing dyspnea with even mild exertion, including walking around her yard. (medscape.com)
  • There is little evidence to support the use of oxygen therapy in patients with dyspnoea and mild hypoxaemia ( Abernethy 2010 ) [evidence level II]. (copdx.org.au)
  • Cause and evaluation of chronic dyspnea in a pulmonary disease clinic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Dyspnea associated with cardiovascular or pulmonary disease may lessen slightly with pulmonary rehabilitation and improved physical conditioning but typically does not improve substantially unless the underlying disease condition improves. (beltina.org)
  • The causes of dyspnoea are manifold, and include a spectrum of disorders, from benign to serious and life-threatening entities. (samj.org.za)
  • There are numerous causes of dyspnea, most of which relate to cardiovascular or pulmonary disorders. (beltina.org)
  • Dyspnea occurs when the body does not receive enough oxygen. (beltina.org)
  • CASE PRESENTATION: The 56-year-old female patient, a former smoker, was referred to our outpatient clinic for exertional dyspnea and persistent wheezing. (unimi.it)
  • The aim of this prospective study was to determine the cardiorespiratory factors associated with dyspnea in patients with sickle cell SS-hemoglobin disease, with a specific interest in lung vascular involvement. (nih.gov)
  • Patients with cardiorespiratory disease use a variety of terms to describe the experience of being breathless, and it has been proposed that dyspnoea descriptors may provide a direct route for its quantification. (bmj.com)
  • In paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, increasing amounts of fluid enter the lungs during sleep and fill the small, air-filled sacs in the lungs where oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Contains new chapters on dyspnea based on gender, with the aged, in pregnancy and obesity, and in palliative care settings providing guidance for these challenging special populations. (who.int)
  • What if I have dyspnea during pregnancy? (pregistry.com)
  • If poor fitness or obesity are contributing to dyspnea, weight loss and increased activity should improve your episodes of dyspnea. (pregistry.com)
  • There is growing awareness that dyspnoea, like pain, is a multidimensional experience, but measurement instruments have not kept pace. (ersjournals.com)
  • Dyspnoea-12 fulfills modern psychometric requirements for measurement. (bmj.com)
  • Offers the insight of international experts and key opinion leaders who provide trusted, authoritative information Includes key guidelines on the multi-dimensional measurement, assessment, and management of dyspnea to ensure best practice. (who.int)
  • In addition to the redistribution of blood in the body, most cases of dyspnea are accompanied by an increase in the overall work of breathing, often caused by abnormal pulmonary mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The MDP assesses dyspnoea during a specific time or a particular activity (focus period) and is designed to examine individual items that are theoretically aligned with separate mechanisms. (ersjournals.com)
  • There is increasing recognition that dyspnoea is a multidimensional experience, and that at least some of the dimensional variation results from different afferent mechanisms [ 2 - 4 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • 11 12 Studies have explored the semantics of dyspnoea, principally from a diagnostic perspective, or to understand mechanisms. (bmj.com)
  • QUESTION: Are opioids effective in the treatment of dyspnoea? (bmj.com)
  • Dyspnea may occur as a result of intense physical activity, such as exercise, in which case it generally diminishes with improved AEROBIC FITNESS . (beltina.org)
  • men, 31 +/- 11 years) underwent direct evaluations (Borg scale evaluation during a 6-min walk test) and indirect evaluations (modified Medical Research Council [MRC]score) of their dyspnea, pulmonary function tests (PFTs) [spirometry, volumes, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (Dlco), diffusing capacity of the alveolar-capillary membrane, and pulmonary capillary blood volume measurements], echocardiography, and biological evaluation. (nih.gov)
  • First is a randomized trial of oxygen for dyspnea in advanced cancer patients. (pallimed.org)
  • The authors conclude that supplemental oxygen does not per se improve dyspnea in these patients. (pallimed.org)
  • This study however highlights how much more is going on with dyspnea than simply a lack of supplemental oxygen. (pallimed.org)