• The telencephalon develops into the cerebrum , the largest part of the human brain, which consists of the cerebral cortex and several elements below it such as the hippocampus, the basal ganglia (or, more correctly but less historical, basal nuclei) and the olfactory bulb. (natural-universe.net)
  • The telencephalon consists of the cortex, the subcortical fibers, and the basal nuclei. (medscape.com)
  • It is in fact a collection of different systems and depends on the amygdala (emotional responses), the cerebellum (motor control) or the striatum , a part of the " reward system " and input to the basal ganglia (procedural memory). (natural-universe.net)
  • Large nuclei at the base of the cerebral hemispheres. (rahulgladwin.com)
  • The hypoglossal nucleus receives corticonuclear fibers , from the precentral gyrus and adjoining areas from both the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebral hemispheres, however primarily from the latter 1 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The nuclei contain large motor neurons and myelinated fibers of the hypoglossal nerve, innervating the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles , excluding palatoglossus 1,2 which is innervated by the vagus nerve . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The hypoglossal nuclei , exist as paired nuclei within the medulla oblongata that provide motor innervation to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (excluding palatoglossus) via the hypoglossal nerve . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Fibers pass anteriorly between the inferior olivary nucleus and pyramid and exit the medulla as the hypoglossal nerve between the pyramid and olive. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Each part contains groups of nuclei that function as relay centers for sensory Sensory Neurons which conduct nerve impulses to the central nervous system. (lecturio.com)
  • The cranial nerve nuclei are a series of bilateral grey matter motor and sensory nuclei located in the midbrain , pons and medulla that are the collections of afferent and efferent cell bodies for many of the cranial nerves . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Several motor and sensory nuclei form longitudinal columns in the brainstem, leading to some authors describing them as single discontinuous longitudinal nuclear columns rather than the more numerous individual separate nuclei. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Extensive interconnections exist between many of these nuclei, as well as with other brainstem nuclei and white matter tracts, such as the medial lemniscus and medial longitudinal fasciculus . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The hypoglossal nuclei are located within the tegmentum of upper medulla close to the midline, lying deep to the hypoglossal trigone , or hypoglossal triangle, which is the medial eminence of the floor of the fourth ventricle , inferior to the stria medullaris 1 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • They lie ventral and medial to the dorsal vagal nucleus . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Functionally, the nuclei can be divided dorsally and ventrally, and into medial and lateral components to achieve a musculotopic organization of the motor neurons within. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The amygdala is a collection of nuclei that lies within the uncus. (medscape.com)
  • From the hippocampus, signals are relayed via the fornix to the mammillary bodies and via the mammillothalamic tract to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus. (medscape.com)
  • Each nucleus is approximately 2 cm in length, extending beyond the limits of the hypoglossal trigone into the region of the closed medulla. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Some nuclei are small and contribute to a single cranial nerve, such as some of the motor nuclei. (radiopaedia.org)
  • thin sheet of grey matter between lentiform nucleus and insula. (rahulgladwin.com)
  • We now know that the individual nuclei are more highly interconnected than the classic diagram shows. (academickids.com)
  • Functionally, basal ganglia also contain substantia nigra, red nucleus and subthalamus. (earthslab.com)
  • The striatum gets fibres primarily from the cerebral cortex, thalamus and substantia nigra. (earthslab.com)
  • It's situated in the tegmentum, ventral to the 3rd nerve nucleus and dorsomedial to the substantia nigra. (earthslab.com)
  • Using in-situ hybridization, we found strong expression of MHC class I transcripts in neocortex, hippocampal formation, substantia nigra and nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • In-situ hybridization with emulsion autoradiography demonstrated MHC class I mRNA in distinct pyramidal neurons of cortex and hippocampus, in granule neurons of the dentate gyrus, in dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra and in motor neurons of nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • Interestingly, in marmoset monkeys that were immunosuppressed with FK506 (tacrolimus), expression of neuronal MHC class I proteins, which could be detected with MRC-Ox18, was either very low (neocortex, nucleus Ruber , substantia nigra) or absent (hippocampus). (brainmaps.org)
  • The correct anatomic position of the electrode tip could be indirectly assessed thanks to the topographic relationship of the STN with the hyperechogenic substantia nigra and the nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • We report on a patient presenting features of VP associated with an intracerebral lesion not ascribed to VP to date, namely an isolated ischaemic focal lesion located in the left cerebral peduncle between the substantia nigra and nucleus Ruber as evidenced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (brainmaps.org)
  • To our knowledge, this is the first case of clinically manifest VP to be described with a single lesion in the contralateral cerebral peduncle between the substantia nigra and nucleus Ruber , and suggests alternative intracerebral patterns for the distribution of disease-causing lesions in VP, and possibly new pathophysiological explanations for the nature of this disease. (brainmaps.org)
  • After tracer injections into the inferior olive, labeled somata were observed bilaterally in the pretectum, nucleus Ruber , principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, descending trigeminal nucleus, inferior reticular formation, and cerebellar valvula. (brainmaps.org)
  • Topographically, it is just about entirely split into the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus by a band of nerve fibres, the internal capsule. (earthslab.com)
  • Lentiform nucleus is a large lens-shaped (biconvex) mass of grey matter underneath the insula forming the lateral boundary of the internal capsule. (earthslab.com)
  • The spinal nucleus lies ventral to the vestibular and cochlear nuclei and medial to the inferior cerebellar peduncles . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Dopamine (DA) release in the dorsal and ventral striatum plays key roles in action selection and motivation, and is dysregulated in diverse disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD) and addictions. (nature.com)
  • It is located ventral to the SEPTAL NUCLEI, and caudal to the median PREOPTIC NUCLEUS. (nih.gov)
  • The basal nuclei (or ganglia) are situated inside the white matter in the basal part of the cerebral hemisphere and large subcortical masses of grey matter. (earthslab.com)
  • The basal nuclei are important in arranging and coordinating motor movements. (earthslab.com)
  • The major function of the basal nuclei is to reduce muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity. (earthslab.com)
  • Developmentally it is related to the basal nuclei but functionally it's included in the limbic system and therefore, shares its functions. (earthslab.com)
  • The telencephalon consists of the cortex, the subcortical fibers, and the basal nuclei. (medscape.com)
  • Caudate nucleus is a large comma-shaped mass of grey matter, which encircles the thalamus and is itself encircled by the lateral ventricle. (earthslab.com)
  • The larger lateral part, the putamen is composed of densely packed small cells and is structurally similar to the caudate nucleus. (earthslab.com)
  • Quantitative analysis of the corticorubral fibers distribution was performed after point electrolytic destruction of lateral and medial borders of posterior sigmoid gyrus, which are the motor representations of the forelimb and hindlimb areas in the nucleus Ruber of the cat. (brainmaps.org)
  • In putamen, we estimated the total number and volume of medium spiny neurons labeled with dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa (DARPP-32). (nih.gov)
  • Here, we report that the motor depressant effect produced by the cannabinoid receptor agonist (-)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]trans-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol (CP55,940) is attenuated by genetic inactivation of the dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32), which is abundantly expressed in the medium spiny neurons of the striatum. (jneurosci.org)
  • The pontine nucleus raphe interpositus and deep pontine nuclei are also affected. (medscape.com)
  • It was shown that the cortical representation area of the forelimbs projected to the whole rostro - caudal extension of the nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • Number of efferent fibers terminating in rostral border of nucleus Ruber , was almost two times grater than that in the caudal third. (brainmaps.org)
  • The efferent fibers of the hindlimb area were found not to project to the rostral two thirds of nucleus Ruber , and were found to terminate only in its caudal third. (brainmaps.org)
  • The quantity of these projecting corticorubral fibers is equal to that projecting from cortical representation of the forelimbs to caudal third of nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • However, across the anterior limb of the internal capsule, the anteroinferior ends of these nuclei remain linked by a number of bands of grey matter. (earthslab.com)
  • In the striatum, the major component of the basal ganglia, CB1 receptors regulate neurotransmission in various manners. (jneurosci.org)
  • [ 16 ] The cerebellar dentate nucleus may show degeneration. (medscape.com)
  • We conducted neuropathological and stereologic assessments of neurons in putamen and subthalamic nuclei in HD patients and age-matched controls. (nih.gov)
  • In subthalamic nuclei, we estimated the total number of neurons on hematoxylin & eosin/luxol fast blue stains. (nih.gov)
  • Terminals in the nucleus Ruber appear to come from tectal neurons in the SFGS labeled by isthmic injections. (brainmaps.org)
  • From the hippocampus, signals are relayed via the fornix to the mammillary bodies and via the mammillothalamic tract to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus. (medscape.com)
  • The 68-year-old presymptomatic L315R carrier (FTLD-CDR = 0) had limited tau burden morphologically similar to L315R end-stage carriers in middle frontal, antero-inferior temporal, amygdala, (para-)hippocampus and striatum, along with age-related Alzheimer's disease neuropathological change. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is one of three major nuclei that make up the trigeminal sensory nerve nuclear complex along with the main sensory nucleus and the mesencephalic nucleus 1-2 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is a paired structure and is an inferior continuation of the main sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Neuroanatomy, Nucleus Trigeminal. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Principal sensory trigeminal and valvular afferents exhibited a clear contralateral preponderance, while afferents from the nucleus Ruber were predominantly ipsilateral. (brainmaps.org)
  • The fibres, which follow the inner curve of the caudate nucleus and terminate into septal area, anterior perforated substance and anterior hypothalamic nuclei, originate from amygdaloid body form stria terminalis. (earthslab.com)
  • The spinal nucleus receives afferent impulses from the ipsilateral face which convey information about pain, temperature and crude touch. (radiopaedia.org)
  • In addition, the present study revealed a previously unknown afferent from the nucleus Ruber to the percomorph nucleus isthmi. (brainmaps.org)
  • Here we reveal firstly that GAT-1 and GAT-3 strongly regulate striatal DA release in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) but not in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), by limiting tonic inhibition arising from striatal ambient GABA. (nature.com)
  • Injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) or biocytin to the carp nucleus isthmi labeled cells in the ipsilateral optic tectum and nucleus Ruber of Goldstein [ 1905]. (brainmaps.org)
  • Labeled terminals were seen in the ipsilateral nucleus pretectalis superficialis pars parvocellularis (PSp), optic tectum, and bilateral nucleus Ruber . (brainmaps.org)
  • Thus the nucleus isthmi has reciprocal fiber connections with the ipsilateral optic tectum, receives projections from the ipsilateral nucleus Ruber , and projects to the ipsilateral PSp. (brainmaps.org)
  • Atrophy of the striatum is the neuropathological hallmark of HD, and previous studies have suggested that striatal atrophy correlates more closely with motor impairment than with chorea. (nih.gov)
  • Further experiments should reveal additional mechanisms for astrocyte-neuron interactions in the striatum and potentially reveal insights into the functions of astrocytes in neural circuits more generally. (nih.gov)
  • We reveal that DA release in mouse dorsolateral striatum, but not nucleus accumbens core, is governed by GAT-1 and GAT-3. (nature.com)
  • These data define previously unappreciated and important roles for GATs and astrocytes in supporting DA release in striatum, and reveal a maladaptive plasticity in early parkinsonism that impairs DA output in vulnerable striatal regions. (nature.com)
  • Early pathology is evident primarily in the pedunculopontine nuclei, perhaps explaining the early postural instability and falls. (medscape.com)
  • These GATs are partly localized to astrocytes, and are enriched in dorsolateral striatum compared to accumbens core. (nature.com)
  • SUMMARY: Hemichorea-hemiballismus is the most commonly associated movement disorder in DS, and the putamen is the most frequently affected anatomical region. (bvsalud.org)