EpiduralDEPTH OF ANESTHESIASedationConductionSpinalDosesInfiltrationIntravenousAnalgesiaProcedurePrecautionsRespiratoryVolatilePeripheralDurationNervesNeuromuscularSympathomimeticProducesEpinephrineNerveCardiovascularDoseSedativesConsciousnessPatientsOnsetAbsorptionGeneralSurgicalSterileChemicallyTissuesDegreeEffectsDrugsLiverDegreesPainProcessSolutionQualityProceduresLossReduce
Epidural6
- [8] Clonidine is now an acceptable adjuvant to local anaesthetic for epidural route nevertheless clinical trial provide evidence that less clonidine is needed intrathecaly than epidural to produce same analgesic effect with fewer side effects. (ispub.com)
- Bupivacaine hydrochloride injection USP is available in sterile isotonic solution for injection via local infiltration, peripheral nerve block, and caudal and lumbar epidural blocks. (nih.gov)
- Neuraxial blockade, mainly epidural and spinal anesthesia, can be performed in the region of the central nervous system itself, suppressing all incoming sensation from nerves supplying the area of the block. (wikipedia.org)
- CARBOCAINE is indicated for production of local or regional analgesia and anesthesia by local infiltration, peripheral nerve block techniques, and central neural techniques including epidural and caudal blocks. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
- Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space. (lookformedical.com)
- A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth. (lookformedical.com)
DEPTH OF ANESTHESIA2
- The dose of any local anesthetic administered varies with the anesthetic procedure, the area to be anesthetized, the vascularity of the tissues, the number of neuronal segments to be blocked, the depth of anesthesia and degree of muscle relaxation required, the duration of anesthesia desired, individual tolerance and the physical condition of the patient. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
- Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. (lookformedical.com)
Sedation3
- Adding clonidine is providing early onset of sensory block, adequate sedation and prolonged postoperative analgesia. (ispub.com)
- Depending on the situation, this may be used either on its own (in which case the individual remains fully conscious), or in combination with general anesthesia or sedation. (wikipedia.org)
- Given the improvements in reptile sedation and anesthesia, even manageable reptiles may be preferentially sedated or anesthetized for procedures that would otherwise take longer to accomplish and cause unnecessary stress or discomfort. (merckvetmanual.com)
Conduction5
- The rationale behind intrathecal administration of clonidine is to achieve a high drug concentration in the vicinity of α-2 adrenoreceptors in spinal cord by blocking pain conduction of C and A-delta fibres. (ispub.com)
- Local anesthetics block the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. (nih.gov)
- In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination, and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers. (nih.gov)
- However, toxic blood concentrations depress cardiac conduction and excitability, which may lead to atrioventricular block, ventricular arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest, sometimes resulting in fatalities. (nih.gov)
- A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent. (lookformedical.com)
Spinal5
- The first report on paediatric spinal anesthesia was published by AUGUST BIER in 1899, when the technique was performed with cocaine in an 11 year old boy for ischium abscess drainage. (ispub.com)
- Spinal anaesthesia is advantageous in that it uses small dose of anesthetic, is easy to perform and offers a rapid onset, reliable surgical analgesia and good muscle relaxation. (ispub.com)
- Spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine hydrochloride is popular for longer procedure due to its prolonged duration but there is need to intensify and increased duration of sensory blocked without increasing the intensity and duration of motor blocked and thus prolong the duration of post operative analgesia. (ispub.com)
- After approval from local ethical committee of institute and written valid informed consent from parents/guardians of all the patients with grade ASA 1 of physical status weight 5-30 kg and age 3-10 years and surgeries below T8 were enrolled for the study except those patients with known sensitivity to the drugs, gross spinal deformity and peripheral neuropathy. (ispub.com)
- Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord. (lookformedical.com)
Doses5
- Premedication's facilitate clean induction of anesthesia and decrease required anesthetic doses. (yourzdoctor.com)
- 246 Each anesthetic produces amnesia through unique effects on memory formation at variable doses. (wikipedia.org)
- Inhalational anesthetics will reliably produce amnesia through general suppression of the nuclei at doses below those required for loss of consciousness. (wikipedia.org)
- The rapid injection of a large volume of local anesthetic solution should be avoided and fractional doses should be used when feasible. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
- The large portion of injection doses is excreted in the urine as inactivated compounds. (drugs-library.com)
Infiltration1
- Local anesthesia is simple infiltration by the clinician directly onto the region of interest (e.g. numbing a tooth for dental work). (wikipedia.org)
Intravenous6
- Potent fashionable anesthetics are added thru inhalation and/or intravenous (IV) injection. (yourzdoctor.com)
- Intravenous anesthetics include many chemically unrelated drug classes that are commonly used to rapidly induce anesthesia. (yourzdoctor.com)
- When given by rapid intravenous injection, it produces a rapid rise in blood pressure, mainly systolic, by (1) direct stimulation of cardiac muscle which increases the strength of ventricular contraction, (2) increasing the heart rate and (3) constriction of the arterioles in the skin, mucosa and splanchnic areas of the circulation. (drugs-library.com)
- When given by slow intravenous injection epinephrine usually produces only a moderate rise in systolic and a fall in diastolic pressure. (drugs-library.com)
- Intravenous injection produces an immediate and intensified response. (drugs-library.com)
- Following intravenous injection epinephrine disappears rapidly from the blood stream. (drugs-library.com)
Analgesia4
- Time of onset of sensory block, maximum level of sensory block, duration of sensory block, duration of post-op analgesia and side effects were observed. (ispub.com)
- It has also been noted that there is a period of analgesia that persists after the return of sensation, during which time the need for strong analgesics is reduced. (nih.gov)
- analgesia (lack of sensation which also blunts autonomic reflexes) muscle relaxation Different types of anesthesia affect the endpoints differently. (wikipedia.org)
- The transversus thoracis muscle plane (TTMP) block provides effective analgesia in cardiac surgery patients. (bvsalud.org)
Procedure4
- In preparing for a medical or veterinary procedure, the clinician chooses one or more drugs to achieve the types and degree of anesthesia characteristics appropriate for the type of procedure and the particular patient. (wikipedia.org)
- The risks of complications during or after anesthesia are often difficult to separate from those of the procedure for which anesthesia is being given, but in the main they are related to three factors: the health of the individual, the complexity and stress of the procedure itself, and the anaesthetic technique. (wikipedia.org)
- The goal of anesthesia is to achieve the endpoints required for the given surgical procedure with the least risk to the subject. (wikipedia.org)
- 249 Nevertheless, a person can have dreams during anesthetic or have consciousness of the procedure despite having no indication of it under anesthetic. (wikipedia.org)
Precautions1
- Special precautions ought to be determined whilst anesthetics and adjunctive sellers are administered all through pregnancy. (yourzdoctor.com)
Respiratory3
- Respiratory characteristic should be taken into consideration for all anesthetics. (yourzdoctor.com)
- Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract. (lookformedical.com)
- Epinephrine is used to relieve respiratory distress due to bronchospasm, to provide rapid relief of hypersensitivity reactions to drugs and other allergens, and to prolong the action of anesthetics. (drugs-library.com)
Volatile1
- With the exception of nitrous oxide, inhalation anesthetics are volatile halogenated hydrocarbons. (yourzdoctor.com)
Peripheral1
- Peripheral nerve blocks use drugs targeted at peripheral nerves to anesthetize an isolated part of the body, such as an entire limb. (wikipedia.org)
Duration1
- The duration of anesthesia is significantly longer with bupivacaine than with any other commonly used local anesthetic. (nih.gov)
Nerves1
- Injection of an anesthetic into the nerves to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body. (lookformedical.com)
Neuromuscular1
- The presence of neurologic disorders (for example, epilepsy, myasthenia gravis, neuromuscular disease, compromised cerebral circulation) impacts the choice of anesthetic. (yourzdoctor.com)
Sympathomimetic1
- Some anesthetics, including halothane, sensitize the coronary heart to arrhythmogenic consequences of sympathomimetic sellers. (yourzdoctor.com)
Produces1
- Systemic absorption of local anesthetics produces effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems (CNS). (nih.gov)
Epinephrine4
- The rate of systemic absorption of local anesthetics is dependent upon the total dose and concentration of drug administered, the route of administration, the vascularity of the administration site, and the presence or absence of epinephrine in the anesthetic solution. (nih.gov)
- Epinephrine Injection, USP 1:1000 is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution. (drugs-library.com)
- Epinephrine Injection can be utilized to prolong the action of anesthetics used in local and regional anesthesia. (drugs-library.com)
- Addition of epinephrine to local anesthetics for injection of certain areas (e.g., fingers, toes, ears, etc.) is contraindicated because of danger that vasoconstriction may result in sloughing of tissue. (drugs-library.com)
Nerve2
- Aδ fibres are myelinated afferent sensory nerve fibres which conduct pain, cold temperature and touch sensation, and C fibres are nonmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibres which conduct pain, warm temperature and touch sensation. (ispub.com)
- Regional and local anesthesia, which blocks transmission of nerve impulses from a specific part of the body. (wikipedia.org)
Cardiovascular2
- Recent clinical reports and animal research suggest that these cardiovascular changes are more likely to occur after unintended intravascular injection of bupivacaine. (nih.gov)
- Anesthetic sellers suppress cardiovascular feature to various degrees. (yourzdoctor.com)
Dose1
- Pudendal block: one half of total dose injected each side. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
Sedatives1
- It is possible that sedatives and anesthetics may affect clinical pathologic results, especially hematology. (merckvetmanual.com)
Consciousness1
- The period of emergence from general anesthesia , where different elements of consciousness return at different rates. (lookformedical.com)
Patients6
- Preanesthetic assist calm patients, relieve pain, and save you facet consequences of in the end administered anesthetics or the method itself. (yourzdoctor.com)
- Patients might also additionally take medicines for underlying illnesses or abuse capsules that modify reaction to anesthetics. (yourzdoctor.com)
- There have been adverse event reports of chondrolysis in patients receiving intra-articular infusions of local anesthetics following arthroscopic and other surgical procedures. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
- Pediatric patients tolerate the local anesthetic as well as adults. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
- The aim of this study was to assess whether bilateral TTMP blocks can reduce the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement. (bvsalud.org)
- In summary, bilateral TTMP blocks could improve postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement. (bvsalud.org)
Onset1
- The onset of action with bupivacaine is rapid and anesthesia is long lasting. (nih.gov)
Absorption1
- Usually this vasodilator effect of the drug on the circulation predominates so that the modest rise in systolic pressure which follows slow injection or absorption is mainly the result of direct cardiac stimulation and increase in cardiac output. (drugs-library.com)
General3
- General anesthesia is a reversible nation of valuable fearful system (CNS) depression, inflicting lack of reaction to and belief of stimuli. (yourzdoctor.com)
- Three broad categories of anesthesia exist: General anesthesia suppresses central nervous system activity and results in unconsciousness and total lack of sensation, using either injected or inhaled drugs. (wikipedia.org)
- and general anesthetics can affect all of the endpoints. (wikipedia.org)
Surgical1
- For sufferers present process surgical or scientific procedures, anesthesia presents 5 essential benefits. (yourzdoctor.com)
Sterile1
- Bupivacaine hydrochloride injection USP - Sterile isotonic solution containing sodium chloride and 1 mg methylparaben as antiseptic preservative. (nih.gov)
Chemically1
- Bupivacaine is related chemically and pharmacologically to the aminoacyl local anesthetics. (nih.gov)
Tissues1
- Hypotension might also additionally expand at some point of anesthesia, ensuing in decreased perfusion strain and ischemic harm to tissues. (yourzdoctor.com)
Degree1
- Fetal/maternal ratios of local anesthetics appear to be inversely related to the degree of plasma protein binding, because only the free, unbound drug is available for placental transfer. (nih.gov)
Effects1
- An individual under the effects of anesthetic drugs is referred to as being anesthetized. (wikipedia.org)
Drugs4
- Drugs are selected to offer secure and green anesthesia primarily based totally at the sort of system and affected person traits including organ function, clinical conditions, and concurrent medications. (yourzdoctor.com)
- Some conditions, like local anesthetic toxicity, airway trauma or malignant hyperthermia, can be more directly attributed to specific anesthetic drugs and techniques. (wikipedia.org)
- To achieve the goals of anesthesia, drugs act on different but interconnected parts of the nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
- Drugs like midazolam produce amnesia through different pathways by blocking the formation of long-term memories. (wikipedia.org)
Liver1
- For example, alcoholics have an expanded spectrum of liver enzymes that metabolize anesthetics, and drug addicts may be tolerant to opioids. (yourzdoctor.com)
Degrees1
- Local anesthetics are bound to plasma proteins in varying degrees. (nih.gov)
Pain1
- Pediatric pain management is challenging and one of the frontiers of modern anesthesia. (ispub.com)
Process1
- Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream. (lookformedical.com)
Solution2
- Solution of bupivacaine hydrochloride injection USP may be autoclaved. (nih.gov)
- An equivalent amount of a 0.5% solution (prepared by diluting the 1% solution with Sodium Chloride Injection, USP) may be used for large areas. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
Quality1
- Unfortunately, the quality of the blockade blocks, and intra- or periarticular anesthetic infltrations appears to be hugely variable. (ieduca.com)
Procedures1
- Anesthesia enables the painless performance of procedures that would otherwise require physical restraint in a non-anesthetized individual, or would otherwise be technically unfeasible. (wikipedia.org)
Loss2
- Anesthesia or anaesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical or veterinary purposes. (wikipedia.org)
- A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. (lookformedical.com)
Reduce1
- Gauntlets severely reduce the clinician's tactile sensation but may be required when dealing with large lizards or small to medium-sized aggressive crocodilians. (merckvetmanual.com)