Cations cell membrane to sodium increases cell membrane permeability. Medical search. Frequent questions

They promote efflux of Mg2+ ions on their own and influx of divalent cations when expressed with the transient receptor potential ion channel subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7). (bvsalud.org)
However, other divalent cations, including xenobiotics, can accumulate in the myocardium and enter cardiomyocytes, where they can bind to proteins. (bvsalud.org)
The affinity to various divalent cations depends on certain proteins or their isoforms and can alter with amino acid substitution and post-translational modification. (bvsalud.org)
The membranes show the capability to recognize monovalent/divalent cations, achieving excellent K + /Mg 2+ selectivity of 121.2 using mixed salt solution as the feed, which outperforms other reported membranes under similar testing conditions and transcends the current upper limit. (nature.com)
Thus, reduction of cytosolic magnesium concentration stimulates influx of sodium in ruminal epithelial cells superfused with physiological NaCl Ringer with normal concentrations of divalent cations. (fu-berlin.de)
In parallel to observations in isolated epithelium of the rumen, inward current and reversal potential rose significantly when divalent cations were removed from the outside solution. (fu-berlin.de)
In the presence of divalent cations like calcium it forms stable membranes. (tu-dortmund.de)

found that the kinetics of the disturbance of cell ion and water balance caused by blocking the Na +/ K + pump when the intracellular K + /Na + ratio is highly changed and even reversed can be predicted sufficiently well by calculation with the invariant parameters ( Vereninov et al. (researchgate.net)
2016. A set of examples is presented in Figure 1 to show how changes in a single channel or transporter species (one permeability coefficient or rate constant) can alter the intracellular concentrations of all major ions, cell water content and the MP. (researchgate.net)
previous paper presented the typical dependences for the cells with high MP and high intracellular K/Na ratio, for the cells with low MP and high K/Na ratio (high potassium erythrocytes) and for the low-MP and low-K/Na-ratio cells (low-potassium erythrocytes of some carnivores and ruminants) ( Vereninov et al. (researchgate.net)
Cation diffusion facilitators (CDFs) are a large family of divalent metal transporters with broad specificities that contribute to intracellular metal homeostasis and toxicity in bacterial pathogens. (bvsalud.org)
There exists an exchange of molecules and ions in and out of the cell wall, as well as in and out of membrane-bounded intracellular compartments such as the nucleus, ER, and mitrochondria. (wikibooks.org)
Plasmalemmal Cl - -HCO3 - exchangers regulate intracellular pH and [Cl - ] and cell volume. (tcdb.org)
Because normal intracellular levels of Na + are maintained by the Na + K + ATPase, it is important to understand how metabolic energy production is linked to cation transport. (aamc.org)
An increase in intracellular Ca 2+ is well established, but there are few studies of changes in intracellular Cl - ([Cl - ] i ) after ischemia. (jneurosci.org)
Previously, we demonstrated in hippocampal slices from immature rats that OGD induced an immediate increase in intracellular Cl - ( Inglefield and Schwartz-Bloom, 1998a ). (jneurosci.org)
Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton. (neuroenlight.com)
Part of cellular calcium is sequestered in intracellular organelles, including endoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in muscle cells and in mitochondria. (abdominalkey.com)

Batrachotoxin in the PNS produces increased permeability (selective and irreversible) of the resting cell membrane to sodium ions, without changing potassium or calcium concentration. (wikipedia.org)
Human skin is permselective for the small, monovalent cations sodium and potassium but not for nickel and chromium. (cdc.gov)
It is also needed for the sodium-potassium pump that regulates cellular metabolism. (behealthyeveryday.eu)
Potassium (K), the main cation inside cells, plays roles in maintaining cellular osmolarity and acid-base equilibrium, as well as nerve stimulation transmission, and regulation of cardiac and muscle functions. (mdpi.com)
Lithium is a univalent cation of the white metal series, closely related to both sodium and potassium, but having no known role in human physiology. (medscape.com)
Lithium can substitute for sodium in several sodium channels, particularly the sodium-hydrogen exchanger in the proximal tubule (NHE3), the sodium/potassium/2chloride exchanger in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (NKCC2), and the epithelial channel of the cortical collecting tubule (ENaC). (medscape.com)
water-protein metabolism is necessary to maintain neuromuscular excitability and the function of the sodium-potassium pump, which regulates cell metabolism. (incoral.com)
In the 1870s it was shown that there is a difference in the concentration of sodium and potassium inside and outside the cell. (iupac.org)
The potassium concentration is higher in the cell than outside while for the sodium concentration the reverse is the case. (iupac.org)
If the cell contains proteins, which cannot pass through the cell membrane and there is potassium chloride, which can pass through the cell membrane, the product of potassium and chloride concentrations in the cell will be equal to the product of potassium and chloride concentrations on the outside at equilibrium. (iupac.org)
But why is sodium not distributed like potassium. (iupac.org)
Thus, an osmotic challenge with non-ionic agents stimulates influx of water into the rumen, while potassium salts lead to a compensatory stimulation of sodium absorption. (fu-berlin.de)
This observation is surprising, since the depolarization of the apical membrane by potassium should lead to a decrease in the driving force for postive cations, as is observed experimentally and clinically in the case of magnesium. (fu-berlin.de)
Results: Cells were filled with a standard solution with potassium gluconate, Ca/EGTA and a concentration of magnesium in the upper range (0.9 mM) of concentrations observed physiologically in cells of the ruminal epithelium. (fu-berlin.de)
We suggest that an elevation of the concentration of ruminal potassium leads to depolarization of the apical membrane, decrease of magnesium absorption, lowering of cytosolic magnesium, and increase in conductance for sodium. (fu-berlin.de)
5.5 mmol/L), usually resulting from decreased renal potassium excretion or abnormal movement of potassium out of cells. (msdmanuals.com)

In other words, the toxin binds to the sodium channel and keeps the membrane permeable to sodium ions in an "all or none" manner. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, the massive influx of sodium ions produces osmotic alterations in nerves and muscles, which causes structural changes. (wikipedia.org)
Identification of the pathways responsible for redistribution of ions and cell water in living cells is hampered by their strong interdependence. (researchgate.net)
Recently, we have developed software that allows, using a minimum of required experimental data, to find the characteristics of ion homeostasis and a list of all unidirectional fluxes of monovalent ions through the main pathways in the cell membrane both in a balanced state and during the transient processes. (researchgate.net)
All cells need to acquire the molecules and ions that they need from their surrounding extracellular fluid. (wikibooks.org)
Our findings provide a theoretical basis for ions transport in sub-nanochannels and an alternative strategy for design ions separation membranes. (nature.com)
Biological ion channels are protein-based pores capable of regulating ion transport in living cells in response to external stimuli, leading to the ultra-selective transmembrane move of specific ions (e.g. (nature.com)
Moreover, the transport and separation mechanisms of ions within sub-nanochannels modulated by local charge density remains elusive and an effective strategy to fabricate high-efficiency mono-/divalent ions selective membranes is yet to be developed. (nature.com)
Moreover, AA is a major reducing agent for iron and copper [Cu2+/Fe3++electron from AA→Cu+/Fe2++dehydroascorbate (DHA)] and potentially for other transition metal ions, such as Mn2+/3+, inside and, hypothetically, outside the cell. (deepdyve.com)
His studies eventually led to the problems of transport of ions across cell membranes. (iupac.org)
As the cell membrane is permeable to water, the only way to establish the equilibrium is by adding some ions on the outside to compensate for the high osmotic pressure inside the cell, and that ion is sodium. (iupac.org)
Separation performance was conducted on a dead-end filtration cell and metal ions were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry was used for sulphates. (scielo.org.za)
The rejection of cations and sulphate ions significantly improved for chitosan-modified membranes due to the creation of adsorptive and/or repulsive sites on the chitosan biopolymer as a result of amine group protonation. (scielo.org.za)
NF membranes which are intermediate membranes between ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have higher permitted flux compared to other pressure-driven membranes and can retain dissolved molecules with molecular weight greater than 200 to 300 g ∙ mol − 1 , as well as inorganic ions through electrostatic interaction between membrane charge and the ions combined with size exclusion (Carvalho et al. (scielo.org.za)
The cell membrane is selective permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. (neuroenlight.com)
So sodium ions flow into the cell, reducing the voltage across the membrane. (neuroenlight.com)
Sodium ions flood into the cell, completely depolarizing the membrane. (neuroenlight.com)
This means that there is an unequal distribution of ions (atoms with a positive or negative charge) on the two sides of the nerve cell membrane. (neuroenlight.com)
It is known that certain ions may attain a higher concentration in the cell sap of plant tissues than in the circumambient solution. (biologydiscussion.com)
The high rate of respiration in the meristematic cells and its low rate in the maturing cells indicate the involvement of energy in the diffusion of ions against the concentration gradient. (biologydiscussion.com)
The Nernst equation is possible only when ions are in flux equilibrium condition across the membranes. (biologydiscussion.com)
But this tells us nothing directly of the transport of ions across the membrane. (biologydiscussion.com)
Measurement of electric conductance of plant cell membranes can provide information on their structure and organization and the manner in which ions cross them. (biologydiscussion.com)
For the movement of solutes, particularly ions, some form of carrier molecule is envisaged which is soluble in the membrane. (biologydiscussion.com)

Whether or not glycosaminoglycan-binding proteins mediate invasion of epithelial cells is a matter of controversy. (microbiologyresearch.org)
For over 50 years, glucose has been recognised to cross the lung epithelial barrier and be transported by lung epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
In primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) with 16.6±0.4 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, ASL glucose was 2.2±0.5 mM [ 11 ]. (ersjournals.com)
It consists of a continuous monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells connected by intercellular junctional complexes which shrink the space between adjacent cells. (mdpi.com)
Conclusion: Influx of sodium into ruminal epithelial cells occurs via a non-selective cation channel that is regulated by changes in the cytosolic concentration of magnesium. (fu-berlin.de)
Classical examples of polarized cells are described below, including epithelial cells with apical-basal polarity, neurons in which signals propagate in one direction from dendrites to axons, and migrating cells. (neuroenlight.com)

In this article, we summarized the impact of these cations on myosin ATPase activity and EF-hand proteins, with special attention given to toxic cations. (bvsalud.org)
Cardiac EF-hand proteins and the myosin ATP-binding pocket are potential molecular targets for toxic cations, which could significantly alter the mechanical characteristics of the heart muscle at the molecular level. (bvsalud.org)
Sodium regulates the osmotic pressure, the metabolism of fluids and proteins and is necessary to maintain proper excitability of muscles and neural cells. (behealthyeveryday.eu)
To solve this problem, the cell membrane contains proteins that are selective for unique, water soluble molecules. (wikibooks.org)
Ankyrins link integral membrane proteins to the spectrin-based membrane skeleton. (dana-farber.org)
Hereditary defects in membrane skeleton proteins. (dana-farber.org)
This indicates that AE1 and probably other integral membrane proteins have a 'lipid-anchoring' function. (dana-farber.org)
The animal AE proteins consist of homodimeric complexes of integral membrane proteins that vary in size from about 900 amino acyl residues to about 1250 residues. (tcdb.org)
Their N-terminal hydrophilic domains may interact with cytoskeletal proteins and therefore play a cell structural role. (tcdb.org)
All AE proteins are hypothesized to share a similar topology in the cell membrane. (tcdb.org)
In particular, human organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins 1 and 2-K (hMATE1/2-K) likely mediate renal secretion of mIBG, whereas hOCT1 and hOCT3 may contribute to mIBG uptake into normal tissues such as the liver, salivary glands, and heart. (aspetjournals.org)
Norepinephrine transporter, organic cation transporters, and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins play differential roles in tumor targeting, systemic elimination, and accumulation in normal tissues. (aspetjournals.org)
Furthermore, there are the proteins in the cell, which also adds to the osmotic pressure. (iupac.org)
The membrane contains proteins. (easynotecards.com)
The membrane contains a double layer of proteins. (easynotecards.com)

Batrachotoxin not only keeps voltage-gated sodium channels open but also reduces single-channel conductance. (wikipedia.org)
The molar conductance of excised human skin (lambda(skin)) immersed in electrolyte solutions comprising four cationic (Na(+), K(+), Ni(2+), and Cr(3+)) and five anionic (Cl(-), NO3(-), SO4(2-), CrO4(2-), and Cr2O7(2-)) species was determined as a function of concentration in Franz diffusion cells. (cdc.gov)
Molar conductance decreased with increasing concentration, following the Kohlrausch law, over a 4-12-fold concentration range. (cdc.gov)
Molar conductance and cation transport values at infinite dilution were extrapolated from these data and used to estimate ionic conductances at infinite dilution. (cdc.gov)
Specific point mutations in human anion exchanger 1 (AE1) convert this electroneutral anion exchanger into a monovalent cation conductance. (tcdb.org)
Although mammalian SLC4/AE polypeptides mediate only electroneutral Cl - -anion exchange, trout erythroid AE1 also promotes osmolyte transport and increased anion conductance. (tcdb.org)
Since the conductance of the apical membrane of the rumen rises with depolarization, existence of a voltage-dependent channel as an uptake mechanism for sodium has been postulated. (fu-berlin.de)
This increased ionic conductance may result in the increase in spontaneous activity that develops in a sprouting axon. (asra.com)

When ΔG is positive the transport is active, an input of energy is needed to move a molecule up a concentration gradient, contrary to ΔG being negative the transport is passive, which means that such molecules will pass through a membrane down their own gradient, simple diffusion. (wikibooks.org)
Diffusion is the process by which molecules migrate over the cell membrane from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. (wikibooks.org)
Water will move from an area with a higher concentration of water to the other side of the membrane with a lower concentration of water. (wikibooks.org)
Cetiedil has two such effects: It causes a rise in passive Na+ movements and it inhibits a specific increase in K+ permeability secondary to a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. (unboundmedicine.com)
In particular, the examinee should understand that conducting an experiment where the level of IAA was cytotoxic to the cells (when compared to control conditions) would not be desirable for understanding the role of glycolysis in establishing ion concentration gradients, as these cells would lose membrane integrity and undergo lysis. (aamc.org)
Therefore, the experimental design should not use an IAA concentration that results in significantly increased cell lysis. (aamc.org)
In particular, the trend in the data that shows increasing concentration of IAA results in a higher ratio of the concentration of Na + to K + than observed in the control sample must be correlated with role of IAA in the disruption of glycolysis. (aamc.org)
That is why the sodium concentration must be higher outside than inside. (iupac.org)
This transporter selectively accumulates glutamate through a sodium-independent, ATP-dependent process (Naito and Ueda, 1983, Tabb and Ueda, 1991, Fykse and Fonnum, 1996), resulting in a high concentration of glutamate in each vesicle. (org.es)
Glutamate transporters maintain the concentration of glutamate within the synaptic cleft at low levels, preventing glutamate-induced cell death (Kanai et al. (org.es)
An increase in serum albumin concentration of 1 g/dL increases protein-bound calcium by 0.8 mg/dL, whereas an increase of 1 g/dL of globulin increases protein-bound calcium by 0.16 mg/dL. (abdominalkey.com)
Marked changes in serum sodium concentration also affect the protein binding of calcium. (abdominalkey.com)
Thus, serum water is forced across the membrane, and the ultrafiltrate is analyzed for calcium concentration and then corrected for total serum solids. (abdominalkey.com)
In alga Nitella for example both anions and cations accumulate in a concentration much more than the circumambient solution. (biologydiscussion.com)
This led to the understanding of the mechanism of salt accumulation in cells and tissues of plants, greater than the circumambient solution, defining diffusion against concentration gradient. (biologydiscussion.com)
Here EN is the Nernst potential (in mV) for ion species j, R the gas constant, T the absolute temperature, Zj the valency of ion, F, the Faraday constant and cj/Cj i the ratio of concentration. (biologydiscussion.com)
Loss of bicarbonate stores through diarrhea or renal tubular wasting leads to a metabolic acidosis state characterized by increased plasma chloride concentration and decreased plasma bicarbonate concentration. (medscape.com)
Primary metabolic acidoses that occur as a result of a marked increase in endogenous acid production (eg, lactic or keto acids) or progressive accumulation of endogenous acids when excretion is impaired by renal insufficiency are characterized by decreased plasma bicarbonate concentration and increased anion gap without hyperchloremia. (medscape.com)
A normal AG acidosis is characterized by a lowered bicarbonate concentration, which is counterbalanced by an equivalent increase in plasma chloride concentration. (medscape.com)

Characterization and simulations indicate that the cation recognition effect of EDTA and partial dehydration effects play critical roles in cations selective sieving and increasing the local charge density within the sub-nanochannel significantly improves cation selectivity. (nature.com)
Inward current (p = 0.03) and reversal potential (-20 +/- 3 mV, n = 15) were significantly higher than in the first group of cells (-31 +/- 2 mV, n = 66 and p = 0.01). (fu-berlin.de)
The lipid solubility and surface tensions of natural cell membranes differed significantly from those same properties of lipid bilayers. (easynotecards.com)
For many years, mercury was used in a wide variety of human activities, and now, exposure to this metal from both natural and artificial sources is significantly increasing. (hindawi.com)
In addition, the hemocompatibility assay revealed that the NPs do not significantly rupture red blood cells up to a dose of 1000 µg/mL. (biomedcentral.com)
Since the accidental discovery of penicillin, antibiotics have been used to treat infectious diseases, which has significantly increased life expectancy and reduced mortality. (biomedcentral.com)

Lipid-soluble toxins such as batrachotoxin act directly on sodium ion channels involved in action potential generation and by modifying both their ion selectivity and voltage sensitivity. (wikipedia.org)
Batrachotoxin also alters the ion selectivity of the ion channel by increasing the permeability of the channel toward larger cations. (wikipedia.org)
Membranes with high ion permeability and selectivity are of considerable interest for sustainable water treatment, resource extraction and energy storage. (nature.com)
2015). Nanofiltration (NF) membrane is the most preferred because of its low required pressure and energy consumption, high selectivity and permeate flux. (scielo.org.za)

Neurological function depends on depolarization of nerve and muscle fibres due to increased sodium ion permeability of the excitable cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Replacement of sodium with KCl solution resulted in a significant increase in inward current (by 345 +/- 66%, n = 15, p = 0.007) and a depolarization of the reversal potential (by 33 +/- 5 mV, n = 15, p = 0,000007), corresponding to effects on intact ruminal tissue. (fu-berlin.de)
One of the first consequences of oxygen and glucose deprivation during cerebral ischemia is membrane depolarization, the rapid depletion of cellular ATP, and the accumulation of extracellular excitatory amino acids. (jneurosci.org)
This opens more voltage-gated ion channels in the adjacent membrane, and so a wave of depolarization courses along the cell - the action potential. (neuroenlight.com)
In biology, depolarization is a change in a cell's membrane potential, making it more positive, or less negative. (neuroenlight.com)
Evidence of electrogenocity is provided by the very rapid depolarization of a membrane with metabolic inhibitors which often reduce the value of E m . (biologydiscussion.com)

The calcium ion is essential to any physiologic phenomena, including preservation of the integrity of cellular membranes, neuromuscular activity, regulation of endocrine and exocrine secretory activities, blood coagulation, activation of the complement system, and bone metabolism. (abdominalkey.com)
All six toxins lyse WBC by pore formation in the cellular membranes that increase cation permeability. (3ia-technology.com)

The calculated effects of an abrupt increase in the permeability coefficients of K + , Na + , Cl − channels, or the NC cotransport rate coefficient on cell K + , Na + , and Cl − content and concentrations, water-volume (V/A) and MP (U). The data were calculated by using the software BEZ01B. (researchgate.net)
ASL glucose concentrations are increased in respiratory disease and by hyperglycaemia. (ersjournals.com)
Cells were initially superfused NaCl Ringer with physiological concentrations of calcium and magnesium. (fu-berlin.de)
PES membrane was blended with various concentrations of chitosan to produce PES/0.5 wt% chitosan, PES/0.75 wt% chitosan and PES/1 wt% chitosan membranes. (scielo.org.za)
Physicians now recognize that zinc supplementation can reduce the incidence and severity of diarrheal disease, and an ORS of reduced osmolarity (i.e., proportionally reduced concentrations of sodium and glucose) has been developed for global use. (cdc.gov)

For instance, the use of 131 I radiotherapy to treat thyroid cancer is highly dependent on the selective expression of the sodium/iodine symporter on these cells ( Kogai and Brent, 2012 ). (aspetjournals.org)

The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is impermeable to large and polar molecules but permeable to water molecules and other small uncharged molecules like O 2 and CO 2 . (wikibooks.org)
Herein, inspired by K + channel of streptomyces A (KcsA K + ), we have constructed cation sieving membranes using MXene nanosheets and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) molecules as building blocks. (nature.com)
Numerous negatively charged oxygen atoms of EDTA molecules and 6.0 Å two-dimensional (2D) sub-nanochannel of MXene nanosheets enable biomimetic channel size, chemical groups and tunable charge density for the resulting membranes. (nature.com)
Inspired by KcsA K + channel with size of ~5.6 Å and homogenous distribution of carbonyl oxygens, herein, MXene nanosheets and EDTA molecules are used as building blocks to construct artificial ion channel membranes with the right channel size, similar binding sites, and tunable charge density (Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
involves the response of a cell to external stimuli, such as specific molecules or light. (easynotecards.com)
2) Specific neurotransmitter receptors are localized on the postsynaptic cells, and (3) there exists a mechanism to stop neurotransmitter release and clear molecules from the cleft. (org.es)
Due to the low partition coefficient K j of polar solutes, which reflects the high lipid content of cell membranes, the permeability of biological membranes to solute molecules P j is known to decrease with increasing polarity of the permeant. (biologydiscussion.com)

Glucose diffuses into ASL via paracellular pathways at a rate determined by paracellular permeability and the transepithelial glucose gradient. (ersjournals.com)
In the distal lung, glucose transport via sodium-coupled glucose transporters predominates. (ersjournals.com)
Elevated ASL glucose in intensive care patients was associated with increased Staphylococcus aureus infection. (ersjournals.com)
Since the mid-1960s, it has been known that there are energy-dependent, sodium-coupled glucose transporter (SGLT) and energy-independent, facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) pathways for glucose uptake in the lung [ 1 ], and that glucose can permeate the alveolar epithelial barrier [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
In immortalised human airway cells (line H441) with 10 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, apical ASL glucose was 0.24±0.07 mM [ 10 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Glucose diffusion is determined by epithelial permeability to glucose, the transepithelial glucose gradient and surface area. (ersjournals.com)
Although all diabetic cells are exposed to elevated levels of plasma glucose, hyperglycemic damage is limited to those cell types that are unable to down regulate glucose transport into the cell (e.g., endothelial cells), leading to intra-cellular hyperglycemia ( Brownlee, 2001 ). (scialert.net)

2016) showed NF membranes to be more suitable for AMD treatment than RO which had high permeate flux and solute rejection. (scielo.org.za)
The driving forces for solute transport at membrane level in plants are same as those in the other biological membrane systems. (biologydiscussion.com)

MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
The polar groups on membrane lipids are directed toward the aqueous environment. (easynotecards.com)
The hydrophobic groups on membrane lipids are directed toward one another. (easynotecards.com)
What evidence convinced Overton that membranes were composed of lipids? (easynotecards.com)
Membranes were destroyed by enzymes that degraded lipids. (easynotecards.com)
Gorter and Grendel extracted lipids from human red blood cells. (easynotecards.com)

A key role of sodium is to moderate osmotic pressure in the circulatory system, so it is no surprise, nor has it ever been denied, that sodium has an impact on blood pressure," said Satin. (ift.org)

Some neuroactive compounds are amino acids, which also have metabolic functions in the presynaptic cell. (org.es)
Therefore, it is dependent on the metabolic status of absorbing cells or tissues in plants. (biologydiscussion.com)
Loss of tubular function prevents the kidneys from excreting hydrogen cations (H+) and thereby causes metabolic acidosis. (medscape.com)

Since most ingested K is excreted through the kidneys, decreased renal function is a major factor in increased serum levels, and target values for its intake according to the degree of renal dysfunction have been established. (mdpi.com)

This influx of sodium depolarizes the formerly polarized cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)

Their movement across the cell membrane is regulated by numerous channels and transporters. (researchgate.net)
Cystathionine-ß-synthase (CBS)-pair domain divalent metal cation transport mediators (CNNMs) are an evolutionarily conserved family of magnesium transporters. (bvsalud.org)
The array of transporters expressed in any given cell defines the cell's function and effectiveness. (wikibooks.org)
Transporters on the plasma membrane of tumor cells are promising molecular "Trojan horses" to deliver drugs and imaging agents into cancer cells. (aspetjournals.org)
Emerging evidences suggest that the polyspecific organic cation transporters play important roles in systemic disposition and tissue-specific uptake of mIBG. (aspetjournals.org)
The clinical use of mIBG as a radiopharmaceutical in cancer diagnosis and treatment can be further improved by taking a holistic approach considering mIBG transporters in both cancer and normal tissues. (aspetjournals.org)
Emerging evidences suggest that the polyspecific organic cation transporters are the major transporters driving the systemic elimination and tissue-specific disposition of mIBG in normal organs. (aspetjournals.org)

Interestingly, NPs showed antimicrobial activity through multiple mechanisms, such as cell membrane damage, protein leakage, and reactive oxygen species generation, and were more effective against gram-positive bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)

The molecular underpinnings common to and connecting these disorders are not known, but may include shared genetic risk factors ( 1 , 8 ), regulation of brain cations ( 9 , 10 ), or common receptor signaling events that activate pain ( 11 ), inflammation ( 12 ), or oxidative ( 13 ) pathways. (frontiersin.org)
Acutely and chronically, lithium salts produce a natriuresis that is associated with an impaired regulation of the expression of the epithelial sodium channel in the cortical collecting tubule. (medscape.com)
Functional states of the sodium channel (closed, open, and inactivated) and their structure help to understand the cardiac regulation processes. (bvsalud.org)

If the activity of ion is known on one side of a membrane, it is possible to determine the magnitude of p.d. which will maintain equilibrium across the membrane. (biologydiscussion.com)

Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane. (wikibooks.org)
where EM is potential across the membrane, Eeq a diffusion potential and E x an additive electrogenic mechanism. (biologydiscussion.com)

It supports stable cardiac activity, nerve conduction and muscle contractions, increases the permeability of cell membranes and normalizes blood clotting processes. (incoral.com)

Voltage-sensitive sodium channels become persistently active at the resting membrane potential. (wikipedia.org)
Membranes are polarized or, in other words, exhibit a resting membrane potential. (neuroenlight.com)
So, the resting membrane potential is expressed as -70 mV, and the minus means that the inside is negative relative to (or compared to) the outside. (neuroenlight.com)

mIBG enters cancer cells through the norepinephrine transporter (NET) where the radioactive decay of 131 I causes DNA damage, cell death, and tumor necrosis. (aspetjournals.org)
Glutamate is incorporated into the vesicles by a glutamate transporter located in the vesicular membrane. (org.es)
Glutamate is incorporated into these cell types through a high affinity glutamate transporter located in the plasma membrane. (org.es)

2016). AA also takes part in the regeneration of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) in photosynthetic membranes and participates in chloroplast metabolism as a cofactor for violaxanthin de-epoxidase, an enzyme involved in xanthophyll cycle-mediated photoprotection (Smirnoff and Wheeler, 2000). (deepdyve.com)

Volume Depletion Volume depletion, or extracellular fluid (ECF) volume contraction, occurs as a result of loss of total body sodium. (msdmanuals.com)

The time-course and magnitude of endotoxin release induced varied among imipenem, panipenem, meropenem and biapenem and related to the morphological changes caused by these agents which variously affected cell shape, cell-wall disintegration and cell lysis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The amount of endotoxin released by carbapenem-treated cells correlated with both the cell-wall morphology and bacterial shape immediately before lysis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Meropenem and biapenem caused markedly increased endotoxin release during cell lysis and cell-wall disintegration, whereas imipenem and panipenem caused much less release of endotoxin. (microbiologyresearch.org)
This question requires the test taker to apply knowledge about cytotoxicity and cell lysis to the design of an experiment described in the passage. (aamc.org)

Heart relaxation also stands out as an active process, dependent on the energetic output and on specific ion and enzymatic actions, with the role of sodium channel being outstanding in the functional process. (bvsalud.org)

The answer was that this is because the membrane is impermeable to sodium. (iupac.org)

Results showed that AM rice plants had a higher photochemical efficiency for CO2 fixation and solar energy utilization, and this increases plant salt tolerance by preventing the injury to the photosystems reaction centers and by allowing a better utilization of light energy in photochemical processes. (usal.es)
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the presynaptic cell and stored in vesicles in presynaptic processes, such as the axon terminal. (org.es)
Hence it is important to study the diffusional processes through the membrane. (tu-dortmund.de)

Batrachotoxin binds to and irreversibly opens the sodium channels of nerve cells and prevents them from closing, resulting in paralysis and death. (wikipedia.org)
Batrachotoxin irreversibly binds to the Na+ channels which causes a conformational change in the channels that forces the sodium channels to remain open. (wikipedia.org)
Once released, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, allowing the signal to propagate. (org.es)

The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside enviroment. (neuroenlight.com)

Hence, a major goal in cancer drug development and therapy is to increase tumor-specific drug uptake while reducing uptake into normal tissues to minimize toxicities. (aspetjournals.org)

Cl - was absorbed from salts of impermeant cations and Na + was absorbed from salts of non-penetrating anions. (silverchair.com)

AE1 is also activated by interaction with glycophorin which also functions to target it to the plasma membrane ( Young and Tanner, 2003 ). (tcdb.org)
Which of the following statements is FALSE about plasma membrane structure? (easynotecards.com)
Lipid solubility was not the only factor to determine whether a substance could penetrate the plasma membrane. (easynotecards.com)
Aharon R, Shahak Y, Wininger S, Bendov R, Kapulnik Y, Galili G (2003) Overexpression of a plasma membrane aquaporins in transgenic tobacco improves plant vigour under favourable growth conditions but not under drought or salt stress. (usal.es)
Aroca R, Porcel R, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2007) How does arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis regulate root hydraulic properties and plasma membrane aquaporins in Phaseolus vulgaris under drought, cold or salinity stresses? (usal.es)
The very steep gradient is maintained by an energy-driven calcium pump, known as the plasma membrane Ca 2+ ATPase (PMCA). (abdominalkey.com)
The AG value represents the difference between unmeasured cations and anions, ie, the presence of anions in the plasma that are not routinely measured. (medscape.com)

Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)

Chemical synaptic transmission allows nerve signals to be exchanged between cells which are electrically isolated from each other. (org.es)

Our approach is based on the use of the thermodynamic classification of ion transport systems through the cell membrane and does not depend on the mechanism of ion movement. (researchgate.net)

A significant challenge confronting NF membrane application is fouling, which is caused by suspended or dissolved organic and/or inorganic matter migrating from the liquid phase and forming deposits on the membrane surface, at the pore openings or within the membrane matrix (Aguiar et al. (scielo.org.za)
Natural products will be discussed because many of these materials have advantageous properties for integrated pest management and also because the use of these materials in "organic" pest control is increasing. (umn.edu)
Furthermore, MNPs are desirable in fungicidal [ 19 ], and antimicrobial pharmaceuticals due to their durability, high stability, and low mammalian cell toxicity compared to organic NPs. (biomedcentral.com)

Passive transport is the moving of biochemicals across membranes of cells without the use of chemical energy. (wikibooks.org)

The helper of calcium - provides the release of ATP and increases the energy potential of the body, ensures a stable heartbeat, regulates the tone of smooth muscles (blood vessels, intestines, gallbladder and urinary bladder). (incoral.com)

Evidently, other changes in rate parameters during the transient process can occur in real cells. (researchgate.net)
This study demonstrates that, in Arabidopsis roots, exogenous l-ascorbic acid triggers a transient increase of the cytosolic free calcium activity ([Ca2+]cyt. (deepdyve.com)

He found that more lipid-soluble solutes entered root hair cells faster than polar solutes. (easynotecards.com)

elevation, while cation channel blockers, free radical scavengers, low extracellular [Ca2+], transition metal chelators, and removal of the cell wall inhibit this reaction. (deepdyve.com)
The chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, provides a way to send the signal across the extracellular space, from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic cell. (org.es)
In certain types of cells, a Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger, energized by a Na + -gradient, helps drive cytosolic calcium into the extracellular space. (abdominalkey.com)

For example, neurotransmitters interact specifically with sodium channels (or gates). (neuroenlight.com)

The availability of free energy is one of the factors that determine if a molecule will move across a membrane, the other being the permeability of the molecule in the lipid bilayer. (wikibooks.org)

B) facilitates membrane permeability in skeletal muscle. (aamc.org)

For charged species, an electrical potential is generated by an unequal distribution of ion charges across the membrane because "like" charges will be repelled. (wikibooks.org)
For non-equilibrium conditions, the active transport may be identified by the flux ratio for an ionic species across the membrane. (biologydiscussion.com)

An increased AG is associated with renal failure, ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, and ingestion of certain toxins. (medscape.com)

However, we could not replace the pCl increase with the inc decrease in our fitting procedure, as the [Cl] i decrease in the latter case is too small. (researchgate.net)
We discovered that the MntE- and CzcD-deficient strains exhibited a marked decrease in the viability of macrophage-differentiated THP-1 cells and neutrophils. (bvsalud.org)
Changes in pH also affect protein-bound calcium, and an increase or decrease of 0.1 pH increases or decreases protein-bound calcium by 0.12 mg/dL. (abdominalkey.com)
An increase in serum pH of 0.l unit may cause a decrease in ionized calcium of 0.16 mg/dL ( 1 , 2 ). (abdominalkey.com)

Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation was caused by carbonyl-cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), an ionophore that allows protons to move freely through membranes. (aamc.org)

Magnesium helps calcium by freeing up ATF and increasing the energy potential of the body. (behealthyeveryday.eu)

DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
Examination of the cell body of these injured axons reveals that though they are not injured, they display evident cellular responses indicative of injury, including increased protein expression. (asra.com)
Hyponatremia increases, whereas hypernatremia decreases protein-bound calcium. (abdominalkey.com)

Increased intestinal permeability caused by intestinal barrier injury leads to systemic chronic inflammation, whereby nervous system inflammation is an important pathological feature of depression. (biomedcentral.com)

Morton Satin, Director of Technical and Regulatory Affairs, Salt Institute, Alexandria, Va., which represents salt producers, urges leading research institutes to conduct a national cross-population study on the effects of low-sodium diets on health outcomes such as high blood pressure. (ift.org)
Although ORT has been instrumental in improving health outcomes among children in developing countries, its use has lagged behind in the United States. (cdc.gov)

Although in all diabetic patients, GFR is initially normal or mildly elevated with no histological alterations, it progresses to produce thick glomerular basement membrane and expand to mesangial, followed by high glomerular capillary pressure and microalbuminuria. (scialert.net)

Chemists create artificial cell membrane" kurzweilai.net. (neuroenlight.com)
Furthermore, in vitro scratch assay revealed that ZnFe 2 O 4 NPs improved cell migration and proliferation of cells, with noticeable shrinkage of the artificial wound model. (biomedcentral.com)

Cation transport numbers for four of these electrolytes were measured in Franz cells by the electromotive force method. (cdc.gov)
Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing mIBG transport in cancer and normal cells is a critical step for developing strategies to optimize the efficacy of 131 I-mIBG while minimizing toxicity in normal tissues. (aspetjournals.org)
The FHA cycle is active inside the cell, detoxifying superoxide anion radicals (O2·-), which are mainly generated as a result of so-called 'electron leakage' to triplet oxygen (O2) in photosynthetic, mitochondrial, peroxisomal, and probably other electron transport chains (Ozyigit et al. (deepdyve.com)
If the active transport involves the movement of a charged ion-carrier complex across the membrane, then it is termed as electrogenic process. (biologydiscussion.com)

Anatomy4

Chemicals and Drugs6

Phenomena and Processes5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Divalent cations7

Intracellular11

Potassium16

Ions24

Epithelial cells6

Proteins15

Conductance8

Concentration19

Significantly6

Selectivity4

Depolarization6

Cellular membranes2

Concentrations5

Selective1

Molecules7

Glucose7

Solute2

Lipids6

Osmotic pressure1

Metabolic3

Kidneys1

Influx of sodium1

Transporters7

Reactive oxygen1

Regulation3

Side of a membrane1

Diffusion2

Conduction1

Resting membrane3

Transporter3

Metabolism1

Occurs1

Lysis4

Role of sodium1

Impermeable1

Processes3

Binds3

Biological membrane1

Uptake1

Salts1

Plasma7

Depolarizes1

Electrically1

Mechanism1

Organic3

Passive1

Regulates1

Transient2

Polar1

Extracellular3

Neurotransmitters1

Molecule1

Facilitates1

Species2

Toxins1

Decrease4

Oxidative1

Magnesium1

Protein3

Intestinal1

Health outcomes2

Alterations1

Artificial2

Transport4