• Other names in common use include choline oxidase, choline-cytochrome c reductase, choline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase, and choline:(acceptor) 1-oxidoreductase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other gram-positive organisms have been shown to employ a different enzymatic system, utlizing a soluable choline oxidase or type III alcohol dehydrogenase instead of choline dehydrogenase. (unl.edu)
  • Quantitative cytochrome oxidase (COX) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was determined histochemically. (molvis.org)
  • a) Enzymes that catalyse the removal of hy-drogen from a substrate but use only oxy-gen as a hydrogen acceptor to form water as a reaction product (with the exception of uricase and monoamine oxidase which form H 2 O 2 ). (biologydiscussion.com)
  • In enzymology, a choline dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction choline + acceptor ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } betaine aldehyde + reduced acceptor Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are choline and acceptor, whereas its two products are betaine aldehyde and reduced acceptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Choline dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of choline to glycine betaine via betaine aldehyde in glycine betaine biosynthesis. (scialert.net)
  • betaine biosynthesis is catalyzed by choline monooxygenase in combination with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. (scialert.net)
  • In many bacteria, plants and animals, the osmoprotectant betaine is synthesized using different enzymes to catalyze the conversion of (1) choline into betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde into betaine. (expasy.org)
  • Choline dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of exogenously supplied choline into the intermediate glycine betaine aldehyde, as part of a two-step oxidative reaction leading to the formation of osmoprotectant betaine. (unl.edu)
  • As in Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus xylosus , and Sinorhizobium meliloti, this enzyme is found associated in a transciptionally co-induced gene cluster with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, the second catalytic enzyme in this reaction. (unl.edu)
  • In plants, the first reaction is catalyzed by EC 1.14.15.7 whereas in animals and many bacteria, it is catalyzed by either EC 1.1.99.1 or EC 1.1.3.17 . (expasy.org)
  • Choline dehydrogenase ( betA ) of E . coli catalyses the first step in glycine betaine biosynthesis, the oxidation of choline. (scialert.net)
  • Reduced coenzyme Q passes the electrons to cytochrome b and releases 2H+ into the mitochondrial matrix The oxidation of ubiquinol involves the successive action of 2 enzymes: a) - Ubiquinol (coenzyme Q) dehydrogenase which transfers electrons to cytochrome c. (drugstorepdfsearch.com)
  • The defect in fatty alcohol oxidation in SLS is caused by the deficiency of microsomal fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH, EC 1.2.1.48), a component of the fatty alcohol:NAD + oxidoreductase enzyme complex ( 6 , 7 ). (ajnr.org)
  • FALDH catalyzes the oxidation of medium- and long-chain fatty aldehydes, derived from fatty alcohols or not, to the corresponding carboxylic acids ( Fig 1 ). (ajnr.org)
  • FALDH catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain fatty aldehydes (here, octadecanal) to the corresponding carboxylic acid. (ajnr.org)
  • Catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of hydroxyl groups of prostaglandins. (wakehealth.edu)
  • b) It catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • In this study, choline dehydrogenase ( betA ) gene encoding for glycine betaine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli isolated from salted shark ( Scoliodon sp. (scialert.net)
  • Last, choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase catalyzes phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis from CDP-choline. (smpdb.ca)
  • Each black arrow represents a biochemical reaction and the blue and yellow ellipses on the arrows contain the acronyms of the enzymes that catalyze the reactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 24 pyruvate dehydrogenase has the coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) incorporated into it, 24 dihydrolipoyl transacetylase has lipoate and coenzyme A, and 12 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase has the coenzymes FAD and NAD+. (dadamo.com)
  • In E . coli , the biosynthetic pathway for the production of glycine betaine from choline has been well characterized at the genetic level ( Landfald and Strom, 1986 ). (scialert.net)
  • Subsequently, ATX cleaves the head group (choline, ethanolamine, or serine) on the lysophospholipids and turns them into LPA [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The first reaction of the Kennedy pathway involves the cytosol-localized enzyme choline/ethanolamine kinase catalyzing the conversion of choline into phosphocholine. (smpdb.ca)
  • A parallel Kennedy pathway forms phosphatidylethanolamine from ethanolamine - the only difference being a different enzyme, ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, catalyzing the second step. (smpdb.ca)
  • The conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA is referred to as the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Reaction. (dadamo.com)
  • It is catalyzed by an enzyme-complex called pyruvate dehydrogenase. (dadamo.com)
  • The enzyme consists of 60 subunits: 24 pyruvate dehydrogenase, 24 dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, and 12 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (commonly denoted E1, E2, and E3). (dadamo.com)
  • The systematic name of this enzyme class is choline:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase. (wikipedia.org)
  • This enzyme is a member of the GMC oxidoreductase family (pfam00732 and pfam05199), sharing a common evoluntionary origin and enzymatic reaction with alcohol dehydrogenase. (unl.edu)
  • This gene encodes for alpha-L-fucosidase, which normally catalyzes the breakdown of various fucose-containing oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids 1,2,5 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. (illumina.com)
  • Moreover, the sequence analysis of choline dehydrogenase from our isolate shows several base substitutions with that of reported sequences in GenBank, resulting in the altered amino acid sequences of the translated proteins. (scialert.net)
  • c) It catalyzes the oxidative deamination of the unnatural (D-) forms of amino acids. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • c) It catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring L-amino acids. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Outgrouping from this model, Caulobacter crescentus shares sequence homology with choline dehydrogenase, yet other genes participating in this enzymatic reaction have not currently been identified [Cellular processes, Adaptations to atypical conditions]. (unl.edu)
  • These effects of choline are correlated with modifications in histone and DNA methylation in brain, and with alterations in the expression of genes that encode proteins important for learning and memory processing, suggesting a possible epigenomic mechanism of action. (mdpi.com)
  • Light catalyzes the isomerization of 11- cis retinal to all- trans retinal, which is subsequently released from the activated opsin. (elifesciences.org)
  • The Kennedy pathway begins with the direct phosphorylation of free choline into phosphocholine followed by conversion into CDP-choline and subsequently phosphatidylcholine. (smpdb.ca)
  • E.C. 1.5.99.2) is an enzyme involved in the catabolism of choline, catalyzing the oxidative demethylation of dimethylglycine (DMG) to form sarcosine. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Furthermore, it contributes an acetyl group to choline to produce acetylcholine, in a reaction catalysed by choline acetyltransferase. (dadamo.com)
  • A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. (lookformedical.com)
  • The bacterial sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) that catalyzes the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to its sugar substrates (the PTS sugars) concomitant with the translocation of these sugars across the bacterial membrane. (nih.gov)
  • We give a mechanistic understanding of observed concentration differences in one-carbon metabolism and explain why women have lower S-andenosylmethionine, lower homocysteine, and higher choline and betaine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although infrequently reported, MR spectroscopy findings include a decreased NAA/choline ratio and a characteristic abnormal peak at 3.8 ppm 5 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Availability of genome sequences facilitated the identification of pneumococcal surface proteins bearing characteristic motifs such as choline-binding proteins (Cbp) and peptidoglycan binding (LPXTG) proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • a) They catalyse the removal of hydrogen from a substrate and use either oxygen or artificial substances such a methylene blue as hydrogen acceptor. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • a) They catalyze the removal of hydrogen from a substrate but not able to use oxy-gen as hydrogen acceptor. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE. (lookformedical.com)
  • Second, choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, localized to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, catalyzes the conversion of phosphocholine to CDP-choline. (smpdb.ca)
  • PCNA encodes located to nuclear mitochondria by APEX1 and download Drawing Dynamic Hands 1988 increase FEN1, and catalyzed onto somatic oxidant by RFC. (erik-mill.de)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases" by people in this website by year, and whether "Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (wakehealth.edu)
  • We conclude that whether peptidoglycan binding proteins do not appear to be major adhesins, most of the choline-binding proteins interact with host proteins (elastin and C reactive proteins are the major Cbp partners). (biomedcentral.com)
  • High choline intake during gestation and early postnatal development in rat and mouse models improves cognitive function in adulthood, prevents age-related memory decline, and protects the brain from the neuropathological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and neurological damage associated with epilepsy, fetal alcohol syndrome, and inherited conditions such as Down and Rett syndromes. (mdpi.com)