AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
AlanineAlanine TransaminaseAlanine RacemaseAlanine DehydrogenaseAmino Acid SequenceMutagenesis, Site-DirectedMolecular Sequence DataAspartate AminotransferasesAmino AcidsAmino Acid SubstitutionSerineMutationLiverTransaminasesBinding SitesGlutamineKineticsModels, MolecularAspartic AcidDrug-Induced Liver InjuryStructure-Activity RelationshipProtein Structure, TertiaryGlycineRecombinant ProteinsProtein BindingThreonineBase SequenceProtein ConformationEscherichia coliSequence Homology, Amino AcidCysteinegamma-GlutamyltransferasePoint MutationLiver Function TestsPhosphorylationProtein Structure, SecondaryGluconeogenesisMutagenesisProlineLeucineRNA, Transfer, AlaGlutamatesPyruvic AcidHistidinePyruvatesSubstrate SpecificityCatalysisLactatesAmino Acid MotifsLysinePeptidesCell LineAmmoniaConserved SequenceSequence AlignmentMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyAlanine-tRNA LigaseGlutamic AcidLiver DiseasesCycloserineValineCOS CellsGlucosePhenylalanineCircular DichroismNitrogenBacterial ProteinsArginineHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationCloning, MolecularIsoleucineCatalytic DomainRecombinant Fusion ProteinsLactic AcidMutant ProteinsTransfectionDNA PrimersHyperoxaluria, PrimaryNitrogen IsotopesFatty LiverTryptophanPyridoxal PhosphateBiological TransportBilirubinCarbon IsotopesTime FactorsCarbon TetrachlorideAsparaginePlasmidsHepatitis B, ChronicGalactosamineUreaCell MembraneCricetinaeMutation, MissenseCrystallography, X-RayEnzyme StabilityPeptide FragmentsAcetaminophenHydrolysis
TransaminasePyruvateEnzymesRacemase familyEnzyme that catalyzesSerumReactionSGPTPathwaySubstrate specificityBiosynthesisBiologicalMethionineSerinePhenylalanineAminotransferase catalyzesGlycineInterconversionFumarateAminotransferasesUreaThreonineAmino groupLysineAmmoniaAcceptorLiverGeneSynthesisReversibleBacteriaAromaticCofactorSignificantlyReductionConversionStepMutantBeta
Transaminase9
  • Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is also known as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). (medicinenet.com)
  • Two millimeter of venous blood was collected from all the participants and processed for urea, cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) (aspartate aminotransferase), and serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) (alanine aminotransferase) by using standard kits (ERBA) in semiauto analyzer (Transasia Erba Chem5X by Calbiotech Inc. USA, semiautomated clinical chemistry analyzer) and the fully automatic analyzer (Cobas Integra 400 Roche, Germany) method. (mouldmedical.com)
  • And then under the catalysis of alanine transaminase, glutamate with pyruvate can form α-ketoglutarate and alanine. (mgm-biochem.com)
  • These reaction steps are similar to the ones used in the engineered bacteria, where either a transaminase or a dehydrogenase catalyzes the final step of AABA synthesis (Fotheringham et al. (springeropen.com)
  • Aspartate transaminase catalyzes the interconversion of aspartate and α-ketoglutarate to glutamate. (medscape.com)
  • The glutathione, glutathione-s-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartic acid transaminase, and alanine aminotransaminase levels were estimated in the liver of iron treated mice after 30 days post-iron treatment. (biomedres.us)
  • The feeding of different concentrations of iron for 30 days led to an increase in the oxidative stress as indicated by a decline in the glutathione concentration, and glutathione-s-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities accompanied by the rise in the lactate dehydrogenase, aspartic acid transaminase, and alanine aminotransaminase levels. (biomedres.us)
  • Treatment of hesperidin for 5 days before iron overload elevated the activities of glutathione-s-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione concentration, whereas the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, aspartic acid transaminase, and alanine aminotransaminase and lipid peroxidation declined significantly. (biomedres.us)
  • Our study demonstrates that pre-treatment of hesperidin for five days reduced the iron induced oxidative stress indicated by the reduction in lipid peroxidation, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartic acid transaminase, and alanine aminotransaminase activities and a rise in the glutathione-s-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione contents in the mice liver. (biomedres.us)
Pyruvate6
  • An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (curehunter.com)
  • Pyruvate cannot produce oxaloacetate and is shunted to alternative pathways that produce lactic acid and alanine. (medscape.com)
  • The precursor of oxaloacetate, pyruvate, is shunted towards alternate metabolic pathways, leading to an increase in lactic acid, alanine, and acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). (medscape.com)
  • D-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + D-glutamate. (unipr.it)
  • D-Alanine, D-alpha-aminobutyrate and D- glutamate, and alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, and alpha-ketobutyrate are the preferred amino donors and acceptors, respectively. (unipr.it)
  • Likewise, serine could be converted via pyruvate to alanine. (springeropen.com)
Enzymes10
  • The aminotransferase enzymes catalyze chemical reactions in which an amino group from one amino acid (amino acids are building blocks of proteins) is transferred from a donor molecule to a recipient molecule, hence, the name 'aminotransferases. (medicinenet.com)
  • Enzymes help to speed up (catalyze) routine and vital chemical reactions in the body. (medicinenet.com)
  • Finally, phosphorylase ala phe ser a catalyzes glycogenolysis, which is used for extracting medicinal plants extracted in organic solvents but only sparingly soluble ity for the assessment for patients with various enzymes (i.E., plc vales calmodulin-dependent kinases. (stonecottagegardens.com)
  • PLP plays a vital role in the function of over 100 enzymes that catalyze essential chemical reactions in the human body (4) . (oregonstate.edu)
  • The many biochemical reactions catalyzed by PLP-dependent enzymes are involved in essential biological processes, such as hemoglobin and amino acid biosynthesis, as well as fatty acid metabolism . (oregonstate.edu)
  • Other neurotransmitters, including glycine, D-serine, glutamate, histamine, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), are also synthesized in reactions catalyzed by PLP-dependent enzymes (7) . (oregonstate.edu)
  • PBP's are enzymes which catalyze a pentaglycine crosslink between alanine and lysine residues. (toku-e.com)
  • Both the enzymes showed narrow substrate specificity for L-alanine with different Km for alanine and 2-oxoglutarate. (uni-mysore.ac.in)
  • Most PTMs are catalyzed by highly specific protein modifying enzymes, which have some specific recognition motif. (deepdyve.com)
  • Liver Injury Caused by Drugs Many medications (eg, statins) commonly cause asymptomatic elevation of hepatic enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase). (msdmanuals.com)
Racemase family1
Enzyme that catalyzes2
  • In enzymology, a dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.3.1.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } uracil + NADPH + H+ Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 5,6-dihydrouracil and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are uracil, NADPH, and H+. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of note, PLP also functions as a coenzyme for glycogen phosphorylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the release of glucose from stored glycogen. (oregonstate.edu)
Serum2
  • After 70 d, liver pathology, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), biochemical markers of oxidative stress, liver fatty acid composition, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) expression and activity and cytochrome P450 4A (CYP4A) expression were assessed. (nih.gov)
  • Successful coupling of peptide epitopes to beads followed three steps: 1) development of a peptide tag appended to the C-terminus of each peptide epitope consisting of beta-alanine-lysine (x 4)--cysteine, 2) bead modification with a high concentration of adipic acid dihydrazide, and 3) use of the peptide epitope as a blocker in place of the traditional choice, bovine serum albumin (BSA). (cdc.gov)
Reaction6
  • N,N -Dimethyl-β-alanine is a more powerful phosphine-free ligand than the previously reported ligand, N,N -dimethylglycine in the Pd-catalyzed Heck reaction of various aryl bromides, aryl iodides, and activated aryl chlorides. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • 1.5E6 OH/cm3) Half-Life = 0.972 Hrs Ozone Reaction: No Ozone Reaction Estimation Fraction sorbed to airborne particulates (phi): 1 (Junge,Mackay) Note: the sorbed fraction may be resistant to atmospheric oxidation Soil Adsorption Coefficient (PCKOCWIN v1.66): Koc : 1.944E+005 Log Koc: 5.289 Aqueous Base/Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (25 deg C) [HYDROWIN v1.67]: Rate constants can NOT be estimated for this structure! (chemspider.com)
  • The enzyme from Bilophila wadsworthia catalyzes a reversible reaction that starts an anaerobic taurine degradation pathway. (expasy.org)
  • When the concentration of Fumarate was 100 mmol/L, the reaction reached its equilibrium after 8 h, and the yield of β-alanine was 90 mmol/L (7 g/L). The yield of β-alanine can reach 126 mmol/L (9.8 g/L) when the concentration of Fumarate increased to 200 mmol/L. Extending reaction time, the conversion rate did not change obviously. (bvsalud.org)
  • Alanine is the most effective precursor for gluconeogenesis among amino acids and the initial reaction is catalyzed by alanine aminotransferases (AlaATs). (uni-mysore.ac.in)
  • However, at an inflammatory focus, arginine residues in LL-37 can be converted to citrulline via a reaction catalyzed by peptidyl-arginine deiminases (PAD2 and PAD4), which are expressed in neutrophils and are highly active during the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). (cdc.gov)
SGPT1
  • They include aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT). (medicinenet.com)
Pathway3
  • 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.37 ) (delta-ALA synthase), which catalyzes the first step in heme biosynthesis via the Shemin (or C4) pathway, i.e. the addition of succinyl-CoA to glycine to form 5- aminolevulinate. (expasy.org)
  • Histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.9 ), which catalyzes the eighth step in histidine biosynthetic pathway: the transfer of an amino group from 3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl phosphate to glutamic acid to form histidinol phosphate and 2-oxoglutarate. (expasy.org)
  • the encoded PFL1 protein catalyzes a major fermentative pathway in wild-type Chlamydomonas cells. (montana.edu)
Substrate specificity1
  • AthNIT4 has a strong substrate specificity for the nitrile, beta-cyano-L-alanine (Ala(CN)), an intermediate of cyanide detoxification. (umbc.edu)
Biosynthesis2
  • It also participates in beta-alanine metabolism and pantothenate and coa biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase (EC 2.3.1.47 ) (7-KAP synthase), a bacterial enzyme (gene bioF) which catalyzes an intermediate step in the biosynthesis of biotin: the addition of 6-carboxy-hexanoyl-CoA to alanine to form 8- amino-7-oxononanoate. (expasy.org)
Biological3
  • An isomerase enzyme, epimerase catalyzes the stereochemistry inversion within biological chemicals. (prospecbio.com)
  • Enzymatic synthesis is an important way to produce β-alanine, but the biological method is expensive generally because of the high price of substrate. (bvsalud.org)
  • These amino acids are direct constituents of proteins, which catalyze many biological reactions. (asiaresearchnews.com)
Methionine2
Serine4
  • Catalytic domain of the Protein Serine/Threonine Kinases, Oxidative stress response kinase and Ste20-related proline alanine-rich kinase. (umbc.edu)
  • STKs catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphoryl group from ATP to serine/threonine residues on protein substrates. (umbc.edu)
  • Serine C-palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.50 ) from yeast (genes LCB1 and LCB2), which catalyzes the condensation of palmitoyl-CoA and serine to form 3-ketosphinganine. (expasy.org)
  • Recently, it was shown that Pediococcus acidilactici FAM18098 catabolized serine and threonine and formed α-aminobutyrate (AABA) and alanine in vitro and in cheese (Irmler et al. (springeropen.com)
Phenylalanine1
Aminotransferase catalyzes2
  • D-Amino acid aminotransferase catalyzes alpha transamination of various D-amino acids and alpha-keto acids. (unipr.it)
  • The aminotransferase catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group to α-keto butyrate to form α-aminobutyrate. (springeropen.com)
Glycine2
Interconversion1
  • Catalyzes the interconversion of L-alanine and D-alanine. (expasy.org)
Fumarate2
  • This system catalyzes Fumarate and ammonia to β-alanine. (bvsalud.org)
  • Using this two-step enzymatic cascade system, β-alanine from cheaper substrate Fumarate can be obtained. (bvsalud.org)
Aminotransferases1
Urea1
Threonine1
  • Rqc2p stabilizes Ltn1p on the 60S and recruits charged tRNAs to the 60S to catalyze elongation of the nascent protein with carboxy-terminal alanine and threonine extensions (CAT tails). (escholarship.org)
Amino group1
  • beta-alanine is also a significant amino group donor. (expasy.org)
Lysine1
  • Wild-type lysine demethylases (KDMs) catalyze the removal of N-methyl groups by coupling methyl group hydroxylation with oxygen-dependent 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylation. (chemistryviews.org)
Ammonia1
Acceptor1
  • Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. (lookformedical.com)
Liver2
  • Alanine aminotransferase measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain liver diseases (e.g., viral hepatitis and cirrhosis) and heart diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Another enzyme, alanine aminotransferase or ALT, is primarily found in the liver. (medscape.com)
Gene1
  • In addition, it is not possible to automatically make a distinction between alr and dadX (or dadB) genes, but if these two genes are found in a genome, note that the catabolic alanine racemase dadX (which only exists in several species) is part of the dad operon (i.e. must be close to dadA gene). (expasy.org)
Synthesis2
  • glycolysis, is the immediate precursor for the synthesis In this review, we summarize the importance of of alanine (Kennedy and Laetsch 1974). (sagepub.com)
  • In addition, reduced alcoholic steatosis was associated with reduced fatty acid synthesis in combination with increased CYP4A-catalyzed fatty acid oxidation and effects on lipid export. (nih.gov)
Reversible1
  • It catalyzes UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose which is a reversible conversion process. (prospecbio.com)
Bacteria2
  • The dlt operon of Gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of D -alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (TAs). (frontiersin.org)
  • Scanning electron microscopy experiments showed morphological alterations of these mutant bacteria, suggesting that depletion of D -alanine from TAs affects cell wall structure. (frontiersin.org)
Aromatic1
  • The Ru(II)-benzene complexes catalyzed the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of aromatic ketones to their enantiopure secondary alcohols. (ias.ac.in)
Cofactor1
  • in particular, PLP is the cofactor for the enzyme kynureninase, which catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxykynurenine to 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. (oregonstate.edu)
Significantly1
  • The team showed that a substitution of K241 with alanine leads to a significantly diminished demethylation activity. (chemistryviews.org)
Reduction1
  • citation needed] It catalyzes the reduction of uracil and thymine. (wikipedia.org)
Conversion2
  • Epmierase can also catalyze the conversion of UDP-GicNAc to UDP-GalNAC is a reverse process. (prospecbio.com)
  • The ability of these substances to catalyze the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin is affected only slightly by the presence or absence of local fibrin clot. (medscape.com)
Step1
Mutant1
  • Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography studies showed that the dltX mutant was devoid of D -alanine, and electrophoretic mobility measurements indicated that the cells carried a higher negative surface charge. (frontiersin.org)
Beta2