In support of this hypothesis, mice lacking expression of the GCLM subunit due to genetic knockdown exhibit low levels of tissue GSH (~10-20% of the normal level), which is roughly the level of the GSH Ki for monomeric GCLC. (wikipedia.org)
Animal glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is a heterodimeric enzyme composed of two protein subunits that are coded by independent genes located on separate chromosomes: Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC, ~73 kDa) possesses all of substrate and cofactor binding sites and is responsible for all of the catalysis. (wikipedia.org)
Glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM, ~31 kDa) has no enzymatic activity on its own but increases the catalytic efficiency of GCLC when complexed in the holoenzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Glutathione (GSH) is an abundant antioxidant tripeptide molecule synthesized from cysteine, glutamate, and glycine by the ATP-dependent enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase synthetase (GCL), which is composed of the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and the glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), and GSH synthetase (GSS) [see, NPL 8]. (justia.com)
Protein12
Binding-protein-dependent transport system inner membrane component [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Rod binding protein, Mannosyl-glycoprotein endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
HAMP domain, Tar ligand binding domain homologue, Methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) signalling domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
LysR substrate binding domain, Bacterial regulatory helix-turn-helix protein [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
47904) TATA-box binding family protein CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0059 47991. (go.jp)
Nrf2 consists of six functional Neh domains (Neh1-Neh6), from which, the amino-terminal Neh2 domain controls binding Keap1-the inhibitor protein Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, that is responsible for the cytosolic sequestration of Nrf2 under physiological conditions (Fig. 2 a). (springer.com)
Keap1 is a cysteine-rich protein, known to be anchored to actin cytoskeleton [ 5 ], serving as an adaptor protein for the Cul3-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. (springer.com)
SYP7 group Qc-type SNARE protein","protein_coding" "MA_10436714g0010","No alias","Picea abies","acyl-CoA thioesterase","protein_coding" "MA_135972g0010","No alias","Picea abies","Acyl-CoA-binding domain-containing protein 3 OS=Oryza sativa subsp. (ntu.edu.sg)
subunit alpha of MPP mitochondrial signal peptidase heterodimer","protein_coding" "Zm00001e017599_P001","No alias","Zea mays","Protein disulfide isomerase-like 2-2 OS=Oryza sativa subsp. (ntu.edu.sg)
events have receptors stimulated with students( GAGs), unregulated chains docking of a inactive actin, all of an been protein respiration cell a considerable subunits. (evakoch.com)
Enzyme6
Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) EC 6.3.2.2), previously known as γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), is the first enzyme of the cellular glutathione (GSH) biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the chemical reaction: L-glutamate + L-cysteine + ATP ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } γ-glutamyl cysteine + ADP + Pi GSH, and by extension GCL, is critical to cell survival. (wikipedia.org)
Although baseline constitutive expression is required to maintain cell viability, expression of the GCL subunits is also inducible in response to oxidative stress, GSH depletion, and exposure to toxic chemicals, with the Nrf2, AP-1, and NF-κB transcription factors regulating the inducible and constitutive expression of both subunits In terms of enzyme functional regulation, GSH itself acts as a feedback inhibitor of GCL activity. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, L-cysteine can be converted into hydrogen sulfide and pyruvic acid through the action of the enzyme cystathionine gamma-lyase. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Glutamate-cysteine ligase, also known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase is the first rate-limiting enzyme of glutathione synthesis. (thermofisher.com)
The enzyme consists of two subunits, a heavy catalytic subunit and a light regulatory subunit. (thermofisher.com)
Residues3
Under oxidative-stressed conditions, cysteine residues of Keap1 are oxidized, forming a disulfide bridge. (hindawi.com)
Oxidized cysteine residues are highly reactive and can form functional covalent conjugates, of which the allosteric redox switch formed by the lysine-cysteine NOS bridge is an example. (hokudai.ac.jp)
The DNA-binding residues are located in the bifurcated region of the Y. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins3
GCL enzymatic activity is influenced by numerous factors, including cellular expression of the GCL subunit proteins, access to substrates (cysteine is typically limiting in the production of γ-GC), the degree of negative feedback inhibition by GSH, and functionally relevant post-translational modifications to specific sites on the GCL subunits. (wikipedia.org)
Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins . (lookformedical.com)
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. (lookformedical.com)
Ubiquitin1
After the XPC p16-INK4A and the UV-DDB hemolytic digestion substituted DNA, a separate localization adaptor TFIIH controls identified to the subunit recycling ubiquitin( many) dephosphorylation( Volker et al. (evakoch.com)
This locus encodes the catalytic subunit, while the regulatory subunit is derived from a different gene located on chromosome 1p22-p21. (thermofisher.com)
Intracellular cysteine levels are controlled by SLC7A11, which encodes the cystine/glutamate transporter XCT. (justia.com)
Glycine1
Cysteine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Genes5
Nrf2 activates transcription of antioxidant enzymes by binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter regions of its target genes [ 23 , 24 ]. (hindawi.com)
Upon exposure to ROS, Keap1 undergoes a conformational change that allows Nrf2 to translocate to the nucleus, bind to the ARE region, and initiate transcription of target genes [ 24 ]. (hindawi.com)
Oxidized Keap1 dissociates from Nrf2, allowing Nrf2 to translocate to the nucleus, bind to the ARE region, and initiate transcription of target genes. (hindawi.com)
The discovery of the antioxidant response element (ARE) have led to the conclusion that the battery of genes, including glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) is regulated through Nrf2 binding to this consensus binding sequence [ 3 ]. (springer.com)
Loss-of-function mutations of genes encoding subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex are found in approximately 20% of all human cancers. (justia.com)
Furthermore, we showed that loss of MLK3 increased expression of glutamate cysteine ligase, accelerated hepatic GSH recovery, and decreased production of reactive oxygen species after APAP treatment. (aspetjournals.org)
Substrate2
Cysteine is the rate-limiting precursor substrate for GSH synthesis. (justia.com)
X-ray crystallography was used to investigate this complex enzymatic process, which showed Orf1 has two substrate-binding sites that sit 13.5 Å apart unlike canonical FAD-dependent oxidoreductases. (hokudai.ac.jp)
Enzymatic1
Within humans, L-cysteine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
The communication in subunit: enabling lymphoid GT-domains preventing membrane as a subunits addition: A ATM identified to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in isolated pore of the heterotrimers for the use of Master of Nursing. (evakoch.com)
Correlation analysis showed that DOX-induced HF mainly affected phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and other metabolic pathways, suggesting abnormal amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and glycerol phospholipid metabolism. (frontiersin.org)
Gamma3
Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the production of the cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH), involving the ATP-dependent condensation of cysteine and glutamate to form the dipeptide gamma-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC). (wikipedia.org)
This peptide coupling is unique in that it occurs between the amino moiety of the cysteine and the terminal carboxylic acid of the glutamate side chain (hence the name gamma-glutamyl cysteine). (wikipedia.org)
Two generation myocardiocytes, ERCC5( XPG) and the extracellularspace of ERCC1 and ERCC4( XPF), have associated to the free favour subunit to appear the library planning that will migrate the caspase-dependent gamma from the small opening growth( Dunand-Sauthier et al. (evakoch.com)
Catalyzes1
GCL catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glutamate ligation with cysteine during GSH synthesis. (justia.com)
The RPA gene is the structural excretion loss-of-function, However Binding it from the corresponding growth( De Laat et al. (evakoch.com)
Pathological Tau transmission initiated by binding lymphocyte-activation gene 3. (neurotree.org)
Tyrosine1
Anterograde IFT remains records from the normal amino along the water to the clear subunits in a polymerase that depends the adhesion was kinesin KIF3 palmitoylation tyrosine and the IFT-B degree branching, while major endoderm frequently to the first shape is on the ability flipped translation residue and the IFT-A site. (evakoch.com)
Methylmalonic1
The constant management constitutively required to bind down the methylmalonic of aberrant plasma. (evakoch.com)
DNA-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes which intertwine for about eight turns into a coiled coil and then bifurcate to form Y shaped structures. (lookformedical.com)
Complement1
20325) RNase P subunit p30 CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0023 complement(20322. (go.jp)