• The genetic information of life on Earth have been conserved in natural nucleotides-A, G, C, T(U) forming two exclusive sets of base pairs A-T(U) & G-C, that complementing to the fundamental processes of DNA replication & RNA transcription by several polymerases and translation to functional proteins via ribosomal reactions. (fortuneonline.org)
  • adenine (A) - A nitrogenous base that occurs in DNA and RNA nucleotides and pairs with thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA) through two hydrogen bonds. (rcsb.org)
  • For the putative effector gene smut_5844, a signal peptide was required to induce non-host cell death, whereas ribonuclease catalytic active sites were required for smut_2965. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA is not only a mediator of genomic information encoded in DNA to the final products, proteins. (amegroups.org)
  • One of the selected receptors is a novel 12 nt RNA motif, (CCUGUG. (cnrs.fr)
  • Expression of this genome entails several, highly regulated processes, with newly synthesised transcripts being cleaved, chemically modified, polyadenylated and further matured in neighbouring structures known as mitochondrial RNA granules (MRGs). (nature.com)
  • Depending on the organism and availability, mt-tRNA Val or mt-tRNA Phe are incorporated, most likely due to their genomic proximity to mt-rRNA genes and consequent near stoichiometric presence of their transcripts 4 , 8 . (nature.com)
  • The review also outlines the vast applications of UBPs as novel information storage components as well as in creation of semi-synthetic organisms expressing non canonical amino acids, high affinity aptamer generation, PCR based diagnostics and sitespecific labelling of RNAs. (fortuneonline.org)
  • Attachment of a protease to a certain group depends on the structure of catalytic site and the amino acid (as one of the constituents) essential for its activity. (stratech.co.uk)
  • While RNA makes up most of the composition of bacterial and cytosolic eukaryotic ribosomes, mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes present a more elaborate protein shell, which aids coping with the oxidative microenvironment. (nature.com)
  • Many cellular processes, including ribosome biogenesis, are regulated through post-transcriptional RNA modifications. (nature.com)
  • The recent emergence of epitranscriptomics provides an avenue for identifying RNA modifications implicated in the pathophysiology of human disease. (amegroups.org)
  • Although RNA modifications have been reported in many tissues and disease contexts, detailed functional studies in the heart and cardiovascular disease are only beginning to be reported. (amegroups.org)
  • Indeed, more than 170 RNA modifications have been identified across species ( 6 ). (amegroups.org)
  • The recent discoveries of RNA modifications and their importance in normal and pathophysiological conditions have led to the emergence of new field of study called, epitranscriptomics ( 7 , 8 ). (amegroups.org)
  • We summarize the recent findings of three epitranscriptomic marks-N6-methyladenosine (m 6 A), adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, and 5-methylcytosine (m 5 C) as other epitranscriptomic marks are not studied extensively in the cardiovascular system and disease. (amegroups.org)
  • In its absence, mtLSU particles (visualized by cryo-EM at the resolution of 2.6 Å) present disordered RNA domains, partial occupancy of bL36m and bound MALSU1:L0R8F8:mtACP anti-association module, allowing five mtLSU biogenesis intermediates with different intersubunit interface configurations to be placed along the assembly pathway. (nature.com)
  • PAM contains two catalytic domains, peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) and peptidyl-α-hydroxyglycine α-amidating lyase (PAL). (biomedcentral.com)
  • New insights about the evolution, recognition and structural modularity of GNRA and A-minor RNA-RNA interactions are proposed. (cnrs.fr)
  • Proteases are divided into four major groups according to the character of their catalytic active site and conditions of action. (stratech.co.uk)
  • While the RNA components of the mitoribosome are mitochondrially-encoded, all MRPs and assembly factors are encoded in the nuclear genome, thus requiring coordination between two genomes for the assembly of these macromolecular complexes. (nature.com)
  • The recent discovery that mutations in genes encoding structural RNA exosome subunits cause tissue-specific diseases makes defining the role of this complex within specific tissues critically important. (nih.gov)
  • PP2A is unique in its structure, composed of three subunits - catalytic C, scaffolding A, and a variable regulatory B subunit from four gene families that control subcellular localization, substrate specificity, and enzyme activity ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • These epitranscriptomic enzymes mark all kinds of RNA species, including mRNAs and ncRNAs, such as ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), miRNAs, and lncRNAs ( 11 ). (amegroups.org)
  • Examining the role of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase p51 subunit in positioning and hydrolysis of RNA/DNA hybrids. (nih.gov)
  • Samara N. & Yang, W. (2018) Cation trafficking propels RNA hydrolysis, NSMB, 25 , 715-721. (nih.gov)
  • Some tRNAs contain a fifth stem-loop named extra arm, which is located in the RNA sequence between the anticodon stem and the T stem [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PestKa National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland The process of expressing genetic information by aligning amino acids in proper sequence during protein synthesis usually requires the RNA polym- erase-catalyzed synthesis of a strand of RNA complementary to DNA. (nih.gov)
  • 1963). Although cer- tain oligonucleotides may be degraded by nucleases more rapidly than polynucleotides and thus appear to be less efficient as templates for protein synthesis, RNA chain-length must be considered when com- 549 paring template activities of different RNA fractions. (nih.gov)
  • These results suggest that RNA with a high proportion of helical structure may have little template activity for protein synthesis. (nih.gov)
  • Detection of Reaction Intermediates in Mg(2+)-Dependent DNA Synthesis and RNA Degradation by Time-Resolved X-Ray Crystallography. (nih.gov)
  • Inhibition of ALS enzyme will affect synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids (Val, Leu and Ile) and eventually result in the death of plants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Examples include mutations in the non-structural protein genes that increase or decrease subgenomic RNA transcription or alter genomic RNA replication, resulting in modified NOI expression. (allindianpatents.com)
  • The RNA-Sequencing was employed to identify candidate genes involved in non-target-site metabolic resistance in this population. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is possible that M-RNA code words are read from a fixed point by nucleotide sequences in transfer RNA complementary to those in M-RNA code words. (nih.gov)
  • The transfer of genetic material into cells can be used to prevent the expression of proteins in those cells through the well-known antisense effect of complementary DNA or RNA strands. (justia.com)
  • The RNA exosome is an evolutionarily-conserved ribonuclease complex critically important for precise processing and/or complete degradation of a variety of cellular RNAs. (nih.gov)
  • Complexes of HIV-1 RT, NNRTI and RNA/DNA hybrid reveal a structure compatible with RNA degradation. (nih.gov)
  • Mutations in the RNA exosome component 3 (EXOSC3) gene cause Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 1b (PCH1b), an autosomal recessive neurologic disorder. (nih.gov)
  • The emergence of non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and more recent long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), has shed a light on further dissecting the gene regulatory networks of the heart ( 3 , 4 ). (amegroups.org)
  • 28, 1994 and entitled "Multifunctional molecular complexes for gene transfer to cells" which is incorporated herein by reference. (justia.com)
  • The ultimate usefulness of gene transfer techniques is of enormous potential benefit in a number of areas. (justia.com)
  • The transfer of genetic material into cells is the basis of a number of processes now widely accepted in the areas of molecular biology, gene therapy and genetic immunization. (justia.com)
  • Type 1 requires an N-terminal signal sequence and an intrinsic stop transfer anchor sequence which will be the part which is inserted in the membrane. (tu-muenchen.de)
  • The infrared absorption and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of chloroform solutions of the terminally-blocked segment corresponding to the 2-9 sequence of emerimicins III and IV, -(Aib)3-L-Val-Gly-L-Leu-(Aib)2-, are consistent with the presence of a 3(10)-helical structure of high thermal stability. (shengsci.com)
  • Indeed, more than 170 RNA modifications have been identified across species ( 6 ). (amegroups.org)
  • SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MESSENGER EFFICIENCY OF SYNTHETIC POLYNUCLEOTIDES The effects of base composition, catalytic ability, molecular weight, and secondary structure upon the messenger activity of synthetic polynucleotides will be considered at this time. (nih.gov)
  • Also, secondary structure of RNA greatly in- fluences its messenger activity. (nih.gov)
  • However, if the average chain length and secondary structure of different RNA preparations are assumed to be approximately equal, the data of Table 1 suggest that nucleotide content may not influence greatly the overall tem- plate efficiency of M-RNA. (nih.gov)
  • The nucleoprotein (NP) binds the viral RNA genome as oligomers assembled with the polymerase in a ribonucleoprotein complex required for transcription and replication of influenza A virus. (shengsci.com)
  • The siRNA approach is very effective, due to its catalytic mechanism, but still the limitations of its cellular delivery should be addressed. (mdpi.com)
  • A multifunctional molecular complex for the transfer of a nucleic acid composition to a target cell is provided. (justia.com)
  • The complex is comprised of A) said nucleic acid composition and B) a transfer moiety comprising 1) one or more cationic polyamines bound to said nucleic acid composition, 2) one or more endosome membrane disrupting components attached to at least one nitrogen of the polyamine and 3) one or more receptor specific binding components. (justia.com)
  • The smallest and most extensively studied member, CpGH84C, comprises an N-terminal catalytic domain with beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity, a family 32 carbohydrate-binding module, a family 82 X-module (X82) of unknown function, and a fibronectin type-III-like module. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • This scenario was explained, at least in part, by the increased catalytic activity of both aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and proteasome. (hindawi.com)
  • Our molecular dynamics simulations of the p21ras-p120GAP-GTP complex suggest that the local structure around the catalytic region can be different from that revealed by the x-ray crystal structure. (embl.de)
  • Although RNA modifications have been reported in many tissues and disease contexts, detailed functional studies in the heart and cardiovascular disease are only beginning to be reported. (amegroups.org)
  • Structure of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase cleaving RNA in an RNA/DNA hybrid. (nih.gov)
  • The recent emergence of epitranscriptomics provides an avenue for identifying RNA modifications implicated in the pathophysiology of human disease. (amegroups.org)
  • We summarize the recent findings of three epitranscriptomic marks-N6-methyladenosine (m 6 A), adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, and 5-methylcytosine (m 5 C) as other epitranscriptomic marks are not studied extensively in the cardiovascular system and disease. (amegroups.org)
  • The recent discoveries of RNA modifications and their importance in normal and pathophysiological conditions have led to the emergence of new field of study called, epitranscriptomics ( 7 , 8 ). (amegroups.org)
  • UvrD/REP helicase N-terminal domain, UvrD-like helicase C-terminal domain, DNA helicase IV / RNA helicase N terminal [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • The use of the catalytic domain of p60c-Src showed that its SH3/SH2 domains are not required for the interaction and the phosphorylation of both regulators. (embl.de)
  • Choi, W.S., Weng, P.J. & Yang, W. (2021) Flexibility of telomerase in binding the RNA template and DNA telomeric repeat. (nih.gov)
  • Cooperative thermal denaturation of the assembly origin region of TMV RNA. (shengsci.com)
  • The lifecycle of RNA is more dynamic, where they can be modified by a variety of enzymes. (amegroups.org)
  • Proton transfer to nitrogen (step 3) followed by addition of water to the carbon (step 4), and another proton transfer to nitrogen (step 5) results in a positively charged ammonium, which is eliminated (step 6) as NH 3 . (masterorganicchemistry.com)
  • Our results show that although all three enzymes require small residues at the P1′ position, they have differential tolerance for Val and Thr at this position. (aatbio.com)
  • Mass spectrometry analysis showed that a C-terminal peptide (Val 327 - Asn 356 ) was present in Nit-ANigRec but missing in Nit-ANigWT and Asp 298 -Val 313 peptide was shortened to Asp 298 -Arg 310 in Nit-ANigWT. (biomedcentral.com)
  • His-48 improves the nucleophilicity of the catalytic water via a bridging second water molecule, w6. (plapathway.com)