Castor plant toxins plants toxic. Medical search. Frequent questions

Ricin (/ˈraɪsɪn/ RY-sin) is a lectin (a carbohydrate-binding protein) and a highly potent toxin produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis. (wikipedia.org)
Ricin and abrin that are expressed by the plants Ricinus communis and Abrus precatorius, respectively, are typical type â ¡ RIPs. (bvsalud.org)
Ricin is a toxalbumin present in the seeds ( beans , although not true beans) and other parts of Ricinus communis (Castor Bean). (drugsandpoisons.com)
The oil is extracted from the seeds of the castor plant ( ricinus communis ) which is also called the Palma Christi plant or Palm of Christ. (purehealthhq.com)
The Castor comes from the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, a species of flowering plant in the spurge family. (bokusuperfood.com)
The poisonous principle in Ricinus communis is ricin, a highly toxic protein that can produce severe abdominal pain, drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive thirst, weakness and loss of appetite. (urbananimalveterinary.com)

Oral exposure to ricin is far less toxic. (wikipedia.org)
Ricin is synthesized in the endosperm of castor oil plant seeds. (wikipedia.org)
Ricin toxin A chain and ricin toxin B chain are of similar molecular weights, approximately 32 kDa and 34 kDa, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
Ricin toxin A chain (RTA) is an N-glycoside hydrolase composed of 267 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
Ricin toxin B chain (RTB) is a lectin composed of 262 amino acids that is able to bind terminal galactose residues on cell surfaces. (wikipedia.org)
While other plants contain the protein chains found in ricin, both protein chains must be present to produce toxic effects. (wikipedia.org)
The castor bean contains a highly poisonous substance known as ricin that when inhaled or ingested can be lethal to humans and animals. (ncsu.edu)
Castor Bean Plant: These beautiful plants produce attractive seeds, but all parts of the plant are dangerous as they contain ricin, which is poisonous to dogs. (petsmartgo.com)
6. Castor Bean contains the toxin, ricin which is a protein that can cause severe abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea, and in severe cases can cause dehydration, seizures, coma, and death. (holisticgoodlife.com)
The castor bean plant is notorious for its seeds, which contain ricin, a potent toxin. (homesteadbackyard.com)
There's also a protein (ricin) in the seed that is highly toxic. (purehealthhq.com)
It's believed that none of the toxic ricin ends up in the castor oil during the process, so the risk is minimal. (purehealthhq.com)
All parts of the castor bean plant are toxic, but the seeds contain the highest concentration of ricin, one of the most poisonous compounds known. (cahabamountainbrookac.com)
Bean plants like Castor beans contain ricin throughout the entire plant, which is extremely toxic and potentially fatal for your birds. (henraising.com)

As a preventative measure, the seed capsules may be pinched off when they are small to remove the poisonous seeds from the plant. (ncsu.edu)
It is important to remember that this plant grows very fast, and seeds germinate regularly. (ncsu.edu)
If the seeds are swallowed whole, the risk of this toxin being absorbed is little to none, it is simply digested whole and excreted. (minipiginfo.com)
This research describes the optimal conditions of sample processing of biological liquids, allowing to extract the components (ricinine and ricinoleic acid) of castor seeds. (bvsalud.org)
Castor oil is extracted from seeds of the castor oil plant. (healthycures.org)
These seeds, although chock full of abrin, have a hard water-resistant coat, meaning that if you ingest them they are only toxic if they are chewed or broken. (drugsandpoisons.com)
Sago Palm: The seeds of this traditional house plant are very dangerous, containing amino acids that can cause liver failure and death. (petsmartgo.com)
The seeds are highly toxic and cause poisoning after ingestion of less than 0.01% of body weight, causing trembling, incoordination, and diarrhea. (thevetexpert.com)
If you were to ingest just 5 to 10 castor seeds, you would suffer fatal consequences. (purehealthhq.com)
The dark shiny seeds are extremely poisonous if swallowed, but can be easily removed from the plant when they first begin to form. (emedicinal.com)
Seeds from poisonous plants, such as castor beans or rosary peas, should never be consumed as they contain toxins that can be harmful or even deadly. (philosopherstonepizza.com)
Eating unripe or raw seeds, like raw kidney bean seeds, can cause digestive issues and potentially toxic reactions due to the presence of certain compounds. (philosopherstonepizza.com)
The seeds of the oleander plant are highly toxic and should be avoided, as they contain cardiac glycosides that can be fatal if consumed. (philosopherstonepizza.com)
Avoid consuming seeds from unidentified plants or seeds that you are unsure about, as they may be toxic or have adverse effects on health. (philosopherstonepizza.com)
All parts of Cycas Revoluta are poisonous, but the seeds or "nuts" contain the largest amount of toxin. (urbananimalveterinary.com)
Commonly known as the Sago Palm, all parts of this plant are poisonous, but the seeds or "nuts" contain the largest amount of toxins. (welovepets.care)

On one hand, they are not considered as lethal or deadly poisonous as some other plants such as the oleander, mistletoe, or yew. (petsmartgo.com)
Rarely is a horse poisoned by a single mouthful of a plant, except in highly poisonous plants like Oleander. (thevetexpert.com)
5. Oleander the whole plant is considered toxic. (holisticgoodlife.com)
The ingestion of azalea, oleander, castor bean, sago palm, Easter lily or yew plant material by an animal can be fatal. (peticote.com)
All parts of Nerium oleander are considered to be toxic, as they contain cardiac glycosides that have the potential to cause serious effects-including gastrointestinal tract irritation, abnormal heart function, hypothermia and even death. (urbananimalveterinary.com)
11. Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia) Hemlock (Conium maculatum) English Ivy, both leaves and berries (Hedera helix) Mistletoe (Viscum album) Oleander (Nerium oleander) Thorn apple or jimsonweed â ¦ There are many house and garden plants that are poisonous to dogs, a list of the most common ones are found below. (mercinewyork.com)
Oleander is very toxic to dogs, cats, and horses. (cahabamountainbrookac.com)

All Azalea and Rhododendron spp are toxic to dogs. (roomforpets.com)

Toxins: Insoluble calcium oxalates. (mercinewyork.com)

The Castor Oil plant is a species of perennial flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. (ranchlifenaturals.com)

Although ingestion of the plant can cause mild stomach irritation in cats, it is not harmful or poisonous. (microveggy.com)
All parts of the Calathea plant are non-toxic and safe for cats , so there is no need to worry about ingestion of the plant. (microveggy.com)
Calatheas is not toxic, although ingestion might cause mild stomach irritation for cats . (microveggy.com)
Snake plant poisoning is caused by ingestion of parts of various species of Sansevieria (also known as snake plant or mother-in-law's tongue) plants. (petsmartgo.com)
Ingestion: Dogs may accidentally ingest chewed snake plant leaves, either because they aren't aware of the toxicity, or they are curious. (petsmartgo.com)
1. Lilies (members of Lilium app family) are very toxic, with a small ingestion can cause severe kidney damage. (holisticgoodlife.com)
If there is sufficient ingestion of any part of the plant then depression and loss of coordination can occur. (holisticgoodlife.com)

In the event that your pet does ingest a toxin, we highly recommend contacting a pet poison center to get further information about the toxin and it's treatment. (peticote.com)
This perennial plant isn't as toxic as some of the others on this list, but it's still poisonous to humans and pets who accidentally ingest their red berries. (sciencesensei.com)

Castor and jequirity beans Only a few commonly grown plants are very poisonous, but many others have less serious toxic effects. (msdmanuals.com)
Ingesting even a few castor beans can lead to severe abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and organ failure. (homesteadbackyard.com)
In short, raw beans are toxic and can be dangerous to chickens. (henraising.com)
This means that you can feed the bean plant leaves to your flock, but you should avoid them coming in contact with the actual beans. (henraising.com)
Only the raw beans growing on the plants are. (henraising.com)
Although the plant's leaves and stems are safe to eat, you will still want to keep the plant away from your chickens as they can pull the beans off the stem or eat the raw beans that may fall to the ground. (henraising.com)
When your bean plant has reached the end of its season, and you have harvested all the beans from it, then you can give the leftover greenery to your chickens. (henraising.com)
However, most will be more interested in eating the actual beans than the plants. (henraising.com)
The toxin is naturally found in raw beans, including red kidney beans, broad beans, and white kidney beans. (henraising.com)
The toxic component needs to be cooked out of the beans to eat them without any negative side effects. (henraising.com)
Raw beans must be boiled for at least ten minutes to remove the toxins in them altogether. (henraising.com)
Overall, bean plants should not cause any need for worry as long as you keep the raw beans away from your chickens. (henraising.com)
If you can keep the raw beans away from the plants or the beans are cooked, your chickens will love to be offered this new source of food into their diet. (henraising.com)

ALL PARTS OF THE RAW PLANT ARE TOXIC , but the toxins contained are water soluable and so are not found in the seed oil, which has been used for centuries in cooking and medicinally, as a laxative and to treat various skin disorders, and headaches. (richfarmgarden.com)

The main constituent in castor oil is ricinoleic acid (RA). (purehealthhq.com)

This plant has high severity poison characteristics. (ncsu.edu)
Toxin" is often loosely used to refer to any poison but technically refers only to a poisonous chemical produced by an organism (although some toxins can now also be produced synthetically). (msdmanuals.com)
Toxic Metabolites: Snake plants produce toxic metabolites, which can poison dogs if ingested. (petsmartgo.com)
The Pet Poison Helpline page has a great resource of information about what are toxins to your pets ! (peticote.com)
There are absolutely people who would use poison from plants during an SHTF scenario. (backdoorsurvival.com)
We are back again for another section of Pet Poison Prevention Awareness Month here at the Ark to talk about common plants! (animalarkvet.com)
The ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center provides a list of plants that have been reported as having systemic effects on animals and/or intense effects on the gastrointestinal tract. (urbananimalveterinary.com)

This plant is extremely toxic and fatal to dogs. (petmoo.com)
Toxic does not necessarily mean fatal. (minipiginfo.com)
In serious cases, the consumption of snake plants can be fatal. (petsmartgo.com)
toxins in these fruits are potentially fatal to dogs. (pdsa.org.uk)
Some plants may just be a nuisance if touched or ingested, while others can be fatal. (sciencesensei.com)
Meet Ageratina altissima, the toxic plant lurking in North American gardens that caused fatal milk sickness and claimed the lives of Abraham Lincoln's mother and many settlers in the early 19th century. (sciencesensei.com)

If a cat licks their fur after rubbing against the plant and ingesting the sap, it can also experience these symptoms. (microveggy.com)
Symptoms of snake plant poisoning range from an upset stomach and abdominal pain to difficulty breathing, dizziness, and an elevated heart rate. (petsmartgo.com)
Allergic Reaction: Dogs may be allergic to snake plant toxins, leading to serious medical symptoms and poisoning. (petsmartgo.com)
4. Tulip bulb contain toxins that are highly toxic producing GI symptoms, central nervous system depression, convulsions, and cardiac problems. (holisticgoodlife.com)
7. Cyclamen's toxin is concentrated in the roots that can cause severe GI symptoms of intense vomiting, and death. (holisticgoodlife.com)
Plants listed as either non-toxic, or potentially toxic with mild GI upset as their symptoms are not expected to be life-threatening to your pets. (urbananimalveterinary.com)

The leaves and stems of these plants contain saponins and other glycosides, which can cause irritation of the throat and digestive system when eaten. (petsmartgo.com)
The plant produces a mildly toxic substance called Saponins, which will irritate the petâ s mouth and gut if ingested. (mercinewyork.com)
The ASPCA also has a great list of all the toxic and non-toxic plants for dogs â complete with photos â â ¦ Basically all parts of the snake plant are highly poisonous, especially the leaves contain blood-decomposing saponins. (mercinewyork.com)
Toxic Principles: Saponins. (mercinewyork.com)
According to the ASPCA, animals that eat plants that produce saponins might experience nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. (mercinewyork.com)

Kalanchoe: This plant contains cardiac glucosides as well, which can be toxic to dogs. (petsmartgo.com)

2023) Plants People Planet. (weizmann.ac.il)

What Parts Of The Bean Plant Are Toxic? (henraising.com)

The bulbs of this plant are highly toxic. (petmoo.com)
Christmas Roses: The bulbs of these plants contain toxins that will make dogs sick. (petsmartgo.com)
Malicious parts of the plant: The whole plant is poisonous, but especially the base of the leaf, stem, and bulbs. (mercinewyork.com)

Before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: (1) deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious or toxic material, (2) use of microorganisms or toxins in some form of weapon system, and (3) use of biologically inoculated fabrics. (medscape.com)
Generally, poisoning is unlikely unless a plant is highly toxic or large quantities are. (msdmanuals.com)
What is Snake Plant Poisoning? (petsmartgo.com)
Skin Contact: Snake plants' sap, which can irritate the skin, can also cause poisoning if ingested. (petsmartgo.com)
If you think your dog has been poisoned by a snake plant, immediate veterinary attention is recommended as snake plant poisoning can cause serious and potentially life-threatening damage to the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidneys. (petsmartgo.com)
The first step for the vet to diagnose snake plant poisoning in dogs is to take a thorough history of the pet's health and any recent exposures to the snake plant. (petsmartgo.com)
Poisoning usually occurs when horses consume large quantities of a toxic plant over several days, weeks, or months. (thevetexpert.com)
Excessive drooling, vomiting, breathing difficulty are some common signs of snake plant poisoning in pets. (mercinewyork.com)

What are the other plants considered harmful to the pets? (petmoo.com)
Take a visit to our article and get some idea about the poisonous plants and guidance to prevent and overcome such a harmful situation. (petmoo.com)
As not all the plants you grow are harmful to your pooch, you must know the ones that are toxic to your lovely dog. (petmoo.com)
The entire plant is harmful to dogs. (petmoo.com)
Digoxin, a glycoside in this plant, is very much harmful to dogs and cause blood in diarrhea, vomiting, muscle tremors and heart abnormalities. (petmoo.com)
Consuming compost found in plant pots runs the risk of ingesting harmful chemicals or other toxins, as the compost may have been treated with chemical fertilizer. (roomforpets.com)
If plant food was added to the water that the cut flowers are standing in, then the water may potentially be harmful. (roomforpets.com)
Calathea plants are safe for cats because they are non-toxic and contain no harmful substances that could cause harm to cats if ingested. (microveggy.com)
All the poisonous plants are not equally harmful. (thevetexpert.com)
Harmful plants usually taste bitter so after young ducks take one taste, they learn which ones to avoid. (hgtv.com)
While I cannot cover every single plant or mushroom that comes to mind, I am going to talk about some of the more common ones that are harmful to people and animals. (backdoorsurvival.com)
Using castor oil which is natural and synthetic-free instead of something with chemical ingredients is like getting a double benefit because you are protecting yourself from something potentially harmful while preventing various conditions. (purehealthhq.com)

Toxins: Licorine and other alkaloids. (mercinewyork.com)

Does only the sago plant cause danger to a dog? (petmoo.com)
3. Sago Palm (Cycos Revoluta) have all poisonous parts, primarily in the seed or nuts containing the highest toxins. (holisticgoodlife.com)
The next toxic plant is Sago Palm. (animalarkvet.com)
8. The plants are more toxic to dogs and cats, which can â ¦ Further, Dr. On top of that, many of the more dangerous poisonous plants for dogs are also very common plants to have in your home, like sago palm plants. (mercinewyork.com)

Spider mites occasionally attack drought-stressed plants. (ncsu.edu)
While spider mites may be a problem on indoor seedlings, they usually disappear when the plants are set outdoors. (emedicinal.com)

Shiga toxin 1 and 2 provided by List Labs are recombinantly expressed in E. coli and are highly purified. (listlabs.com)
However, the Death Cap Mushroom as well as the false parasol are deadly, poisonous introduced fungus that is highly toxic when ingested. (minipiginfo.com)
Many highly toxic plants may not be accessible as they grow deep in forests, while others increase their chances of consumption as they share the habitat and growing habits with forage crops. (thevetexpert.com)
The liquid inside an e-cigarette is highly toxic to pets, they usually contain very high levels of nicotine and only a small amount can kill your pet. (pdsa.org.uk)
Marijuana itself, however, can be highly toxic for your pets. (animalarkvet.com)
However, the entire plant is highly toxic, containing cardiac glycosides that can cause heart arrhythmias, vomiting, and even death if ingested. (homesteadbackyard.com)
According to Todd A. Born, ND , "Castor oil is highly underutilized in today's modern medical world, even among my venerable naturopathic colleagues. (purehealthhq.com)
are considered to be highly toxic to cats. (urbananimalveterinary.com)

Before using castor oil topically, always do a patch to rule out the possibility of any allergic reaction. (healthycures.org)

The next group of plants are common around Easter and include amaryllis, chrysanthemum and english ivy. (animalarkvet.com)

plant contains cardiac glycosides. (poultryhelp.com)
The plants are containing cardiac glycosides and cause diarrhea, vomiting, shock, cardiac arrest, and death within 24 hours. (thevetexpert.com)
The plant's toxic principle is cardiac glycosides and causing vomiting, diarrhea, shock, and death lesser than 24 hours. (thevetexpert.com)
There are several ornamental plants that contain cardiac glycosides. (cahabamountainbrookac.com)

It is an autumn-blooming, ornamental plant. (petmoo.com)
Castor Bean is an exotic ornamental, semi-woody, fast-growing, large shrub or small tree that is extremely toxic to humans. (ncsu.edu)
There are thousands of toxic plants to horses identified throughout the world and a large number of ornamental plants. (thevetexpert.com)
Castor bean plant is often cultivated for ornamental effect in the southern United States. (emedicinal.com)
The list of poisonous plants is very long, but this will give you information about some of the more common flowers and ornamental plants. (cahabamountainbrookac.com)

There are many different ways you can use castor oil externally, including simply rubbing it on an affected area either in a small area or as a massage oil. (purehealthhq.com)
Externally, a castor oil fermentation is rubbed over the liver and other areas of the abdomen. (emedicinal.com)

The plant is classified as Category II invasive species in the State of Florida. (ncsu.edu)
Calathea species are all safe for cats, with over 60 species in the Calathea genus that are non-toxic to cats, dogs, and humans. (microveggy.com)
Above are some pictures of one of each species just to give you an example of what some of these plants look like. (animalarkvet.com)
Since there are many species in this group - please bring a photo of the plant you pet ate as well as any leaves so that we can better identify it. (animalarkvet.com)
Cyclamen species contain cyclamine, but the highest concentration of this toxic component is typically located in the root portion of the plant. (urbananimalveterinary.com)

Let's be honest, if you do enough research about the foods you buy and eat for yourself as well as your pig, you will likely find something, somewhere saying there was exposure to a toxic substance, maybe a pesticide or component of the item, but nonetheless, now attached to being "toxic" when ingested. (minipiginfo.com)
The toxic substance of the castor oil plant is lectins. (thevetexpert.com)
The toxic substance of thorn apple is hyoscyamine. (thevetexpert.com)
It can be a scary situation when your pet has ingested a toxic substance. (peticote.com)
Carrageenan is a substance that is extracted from red and purple seaweed plants. (ranchlifenaturals.com)

In contrast, some houseplants, such as lilies , can be extremely toxic to cats, even if they wash lily pollen from their fur or whiskers. (microveggy.com)
Plant Toxins - Can I Keep This Lily? (animalarkvet.com)
Sansevieria, or the snake plant, is a member of the Lily family. (mercinewyork.com)

Biological weapons include any organism or toxin found in nature that can be used to incapacitate, kill, or otherwise impede an adversary. (medscape.com)

It is important to do a small test before doing a castor oil pack to check for an allergic reaction. (purehealthhq.com)

For instance, lilies are a common houseplant, but dogs and other pets should stay away from them since they are toxic. (roomforpets.com)
Lilies (not Peace Lilies as they are not true Lilies) are also a common spring plant that can cause huge issues for cats especially. (animalarkvet.com)

Albert is the actual toxin, while Betty is a lectin (carbohydrate-binding protein) that helps get him inside cells by binding to the cell membrane. (drugsandpoisons.com)

Furthermore, the leaves of the snake plant can cause mild skin irritations to sensitive pets. (petsmartgo.com)

Your pup will get oral irritation, diarrhea, vomiting, seizures and heart abnormalities if it eats this plant. (petmoo.com)
This plant contains components that can produce gastrointestinal irritation, as well as those that are toxic to the heart, and can seriously affect cardiac rhythm and rate. (urbananimalveterinary.com)

Deadly Nightshade, also known as belladonna, is an extremely poisonous plant native to Europe and parts of Asia. (homesteadbackyard.com)
Other plants your chickens will likely want to eat, but you should keep away from them are nightshade plants and elephant ears . (henraising.com)

Plants such as clematis and foxglove can affect dogs, cats and horses to cause weakness, heart failure, drooling, and death. (cahabamountainbrookac.com)

In addition to inhibiting protein synthesis, Shiga toxins induce cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8. (listlabs.com)
Toxalbumins are protein phytotoxins (toxins produced by plants) capable of inhibiting protein synthesis, which is kind of a really bad thing to have happen to you. (drugsandpoisons.com)
As I mentioned previously, toxalbumins are toxic because they inhibit protein synthesis. (drugsandpoisons.com)

We have categorized the toxic household plants based on the severity of their effects on your dog. (petmoo.com)

Snake plants (also known as Sansevieria trifasciata) are known to be mildly toxic to dogs, they can cause an intestinal blockage if ingested in large enough quantities. (petsmartgo.com)

However, the American Cancer Society states, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that castor oil on the skin cures cancer or any other disease. (purehealthhq.com)

Onions in large amounts can also be toxic. (hgtv.com)

Massage warm castor oil into the roots, scalp and hair before going to bed. (healthycures.org)
These compounds are saponin and asparagine, which are both present in the leaves and roots of the snake plant. (petsmartgo.com)
The roots are the most poisonous part of the plant, and if ingested, it causes heart failure. (sciencesensei.com)

You can call this spring blooming plant as "deadly" because it leads to death in severe cases. (petmoo.com)
While the poisonous component has not yet been identified, it is clear that with even ingestions of very small amounts of the plant, severe kidney damage could result. (urbananimalveterinary.com)

Corn plant (also known as cornstalk plant, dracaena, dragon tree or ribbon plant) is toxic to dogs and cats. (mercinewyork.com)

It should be cold-pressed and pure, virgin castor oil. (healthycures.org)
You'll need high quality, cold-pressed castor oil, plastic wrap or something similar, heating pad or hot water bottle, an old large bath towel, and enough wool or cotton flannel to cover the treatment area three layers thick. (purehealthhq.com)

It is by far one of the easiest chemical warfare agents to obtain, since the plant grows all over the place (it's a common weed in North America) and the extraction of the toxin is relatively simple. (drugsandpoisons.com)
The USDA says it is the most violently toxic plant in North America. (backdoorsurvival.com)

Complete List of Extremely Poisonous Plants for Dogs. (mercinewyork.com)

Burdock is an excellent digestive aid and has also been used in the treatment of arthritis, blood disorders, liver and kidney function or toxic conditions which result in skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, sores, boils or dry scurfy skin. (ranchlifenaturals.com)

Anatomy21

Organisms29

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs52

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes27

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture13

Information Science4

Health Care3

Ricinus6

Ricin14

Seeds16

Oleander7

AZALEA1

Calcium oxalates1

Flowering plant in the spurge family1

Ingestion7

Ingest2

Beans13

Water soluable1

Ricinoleic acid1

POISON7

Fatal6

Symptoms6

Saponins5

Kalanchoe1

20231

Bean plant are toxic1

Bulbs3

Poisoning8

Harmful12

Alkaloids1

Sago4

Spider Mites2

Highly8

Topically1

Amaryllis1

Glycosides4

Ornamental5

Externally2

Species5

Substance5

Lily3

Organism1

Allergic1

Lilies2

Carbohydrate-binding1

Mild1

Irritation2

Nightshade2

Clematis1

Protein synthesis3

Severity1

Mildly toxic1

Cures1

ONIONS1

Roots3

Severe2

Corn Plant1

Cold-pressed2

North America2

Poisonous plants for dogs1

Kidney1