Caspase 9 regulatory pathways. Medical search. Frequent questions

Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
One such signaling event is the introduction of granzyme B, which can activate initiator caspases, into cells targeted for apoptosis by killer T cells. (wikipedia.org)
In intrinsic activation, cytochrome c from the mitochondria works in combination with caspase-9, apoptosis-activating factor 1 (Apaf-1), and ATP to process procaspase-3. (wikipedia.org)
Defects in apoptosis regulatory mechanisms contribute to carcinogenesis induced by Cr(VI). (cdc.gov)
Activation of apoptosis signaling pathways is tightly linked with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). (cdc.gov)
In agreement with this observation, we found that Cr(VI) induces apoptosis mainly through the mitochondrial death pathway via caspase-9 activation, which is negatively regulated by the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. (cdc.gov)
Furthermore, .O(-)(2) induced apoptosis in response to Cr(VI) exposure by downregulating and degrading Bcl-2 protein through the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. (cdc.gov)
We have previously shown the capacity of one PAPU compound, (E)-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)-3-styrylurea (PAPU1), to induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in mela-noma cells. (molcells.org)
PAPU1 also induced the mitochondrial-mediated and caspase-depen-dent apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. (molcells.org)
This study examined the in vitro or in vivo anti-tumor, apoptosis, and anti-metastasis activities of CoQ 0 (0-20 μM) through inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. (oncotarget.com)
Furthermore, CoQ 0 treatment induced apoptosis through caspase-9/-3 activation, PARP degradation, Bcl-2/Bax dysregulation, and p53 expression. (oncotarget.com)
Histological analysis and western blotting confirmed that CoQ 0 significantly decreased the xenografted tumor progression as demonstrated by induction of apoptosis, suppression of β-catenin, and inhibition of cell cycle-, apoptotic-, and metastatic-regulatory proteins. (oncotarget.com)
It affects cell proliferation, differentiation and inhibits apoptosis, and its role in tumor development has received attention ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Mitochondria play a pivotal role in apoptosis by acting as a sensor and an integrator to receive as well as to amplify signals from diverse upstream signaling pathways, and to initiate downstream execution steps. (rupress.org)
Both the unrelated pathway and the mitochondria-mediated underlying apoptosis pathway in the end be missing getd caspases, which is a family of cysteine proteases and play essential responsibilitys in apoptosis. (upb.ro)
It induced apoptosis, suppressed cell migration and invasion, blocked cell cycle and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ protein kinase B signaling pathway. (ijpsonline.com)
Autophagy and apoptosis share common stimuli and signaling pathways, and exhibit some degree of mutual inhibition. (shu.edu)
SREBP proteins containing point mutations at caspase-3 cleavage sites (Asp460 in SREBP-1 and Asp468 in SREBP-2) do not become cleaved following induction of apoptosis, suggesting that SREBPs may play some role in apoptotic processes. (bdbiosciences.com)
In conclusion, caspase-3 serves as a key intervention point of the key modulation site or regulatory region in MH treatment that protects neuronal apoptosis against OGD injury. (syksignal.com)
apoptosis [9,10]. (syksignal.com)
Apoptosis is the result of a biochemical cascade and caspase pro- teases are major participants in the apoptotic program [9]. (syksignal.com)

initiator caspases (caspases 2, 8, 9 and 10), which are able to hydrolyse and activate a second family of effector caspases (caspases 3, 6 and 7), which themselves are able to hydrolyse further cellular proteins to bring about programmed cell death. (guidetopharmacology.org)
Caspases are divided into two functional subfamilies: initiator caspases (caspase-8, -9, -10) that are involved in regulatory events, and carry out of the closetor caspases (caspase-3, -6, -7) that are responsible in search the profit of cubicle disassembly events. (upb.ro)

These molecules are sufficient to activate caspase-3 in vitro, but other regulatory proteins are necessary in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
The antitumor mechanisms underlying Cu(Sal)(phen) treatment were the induction of ROS generation, the inhibition of the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway and the downregulation of the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Bcl-2 and survivin. (bvsalud.org)
Cross-talk of the MAPK signaling pathway with other proteins and signaling pathways have a crucial impact on clinical outcomes of targeted therapies and plays important role during development of drug resistance in cancers. (mdpi.com)
Col-lectively, our results suggest that G 1 cell cycle regulatory proteins and mitochondrial pathways are the crucial targets of PAPU1 in the chemoprevention of breast cancer cells. (molcells.org)
Histatin 5 can be a major element of a small proteins family made by the parotid and submandibular glands [9]. (exposed-skin-care.net)
In addition, numerous important cellular proteins, such as B-cell lymphoma-2 homologous antagonist/killer, Myc proto-oncogene protein, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B, DNA replication licensing factor MCM-7, retinoblastoma 1 and Annexin A1, are degenerated through the UBE3A-mediated ubiquitin proteasome pathway ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
SREBP-1 and -2 (sterol-regulatory element binding proteins-1 and -2) are transcription factors which participate in the control of cholesterol homeostasis. (bdbiosciences.com)

It is the predominant caspase involved in the cleavage of amyloid-beta 4A precursor protein, which is associated with neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
In vitro, caspase-3 has been found to prefer the peptide sequence DEVDG (Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-Gly) with cleavage occurring on the carboxy side of the second aspartic acid residue (between D and G). Caspase-3 is active over a broad pH range that is slightly higher (more basic) than many of the other executioner caspases. (wikipedia.org)
During sustained exposure to apoptotic stimuli, caspase-mediated cleavage of Beclin 1 generates fragments ('N' and 'C') that lose their ability to induce autophagy. (shu.edu)
Proteases which cleave SREBPs have been identified and include SCA (SREBP-cleavage activity), as well as caspase-3, a key regulator of apoptotic pathways. (bdbiosciences.com)
Caspases, a class of cysteine proteases, are central players in the apoptotic process that trigger a cascade of proteolytic cleavage events [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that MH (32 °C) and Ac-DEVD-CHO (5.96 μMol/L) had equal eﬀects on blocking the activation of caspase-3 and the OGD-induced cleavage of PARP, but neither had any eﬀect on the activation of caspase-8, which goes on to activate caspase-3 in the apoptotic pathway. (syksignal.com)

In this review, we focus on the impact of ncRNA post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, especially those of microRNAs and lncRNAs, in RA signalling pathways during differentiation and disease. (mdpi.com)
Thus, protein products with different properties, or transcripts subject to different post-transcriptional regulatory pathways can be generated in different proportions in different tissues, developmental stages or physiological conditions. (biomedcentral.com)

Caspase-3 is activated in the apoptotic cell both by extrinsic (death ligand) and intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathways. (wikipedia.org)
This was evidenced by cellular changes in the levels of Bcl-2 and Bax, loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cyto-chrome c into the cytosol, and caspase-9 activation. (molcells.org)

This extrinsic activation then triggers the hallmark caspase cascade characteristic of the apoptotic pathway, in which caspase-3 plays a dominant role. (wikipedia.org)

Western blot and immuno- ﬂuorescence staining were conducted to analyze the eﬀects of MH and Ac-DEVD-CHO on the expressions of caspase-3, caspase-8, and PARP. (syksignal.com)

IRE1α-XBP1 were essential for expansion of activated mouse and human NK cells and are situated downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. (cancerindex.org)
Upon cytosolic entry, it serves as a cofactor in the formation of the "apoptosome," a complex consisting of the adaptor protein Apaf-1 and procaspase-9, which in turn causes the activation of caspase-9 and downstream caspases, such as caspase-3 ( Chinnaiyan, 1999 ). (rupress.org)

Here we show that AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes activate caspase-8 and -1, leading to both apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death. (nih.gov)
Caloric restriction is one of the most efficient ways to promote weight loss and is known to activate protective metabolic pathways. (biomedcentral.com)

Caspase substrate specificity has been widely used in caspase based inhibitor and drug design. (wikipedia.org)
The overexpression of miRNA‑375 significantly increased caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 activities, induced B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2)/Bcl‑2‑associated X protein, tumor protein 53 and cyclin‑dependent kinase inhibitor 1 protein expression and suppressed cyclin D1 and survivin protein expression in HPV‑18(+) cervical cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
By comparing the protective eﬀects of mild hypothermia and Ac- DEVD-CHO (a caspase-3 inhibitor) against OGD, our current study was designed to determine whether inhibiting the activation of caspase-3 is involved in the main and common molecular mechanism of mild hy- pothermia in protecting hippocampal neurons from OGD injury. (syksignal.com)

This review will focus on the latest development of autophagy research, covering molecular mechanisms in control of autophagosome biogenesis and autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and the upstream regulatory pathways including the AMPK and MTORC1 pathways. (biomed.news)
Caspases can be categorized into two groups: upstream initiators and down- stream executioners. (syksignal.com)

Finally, we will also summarize the development of pharmacological agents that have therapeutic potential for clinical applications via targeting the autophagy pathway. (biomed.news)
Therefore, targeting autophagy-related signaling pathways and cellular and molecular processes could be a potentially promising therapeutic approach for cancer patients with COVID-19. (biomed.news)

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) extract has been shown to inhibit the activation of caspase 3 in B-amyloid treated human neuronal cells. (wikipedia.org)
Our previous research showed that mild hypothermia can inhibit the activation of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced caspase-3 injury in a rat hippocampal neuron model [12], while the role of caspase-3 in the protective molecular mechanism of mild hy- pothermia against OGD injury remains uncertain. (syksignal.com)

Is well known that during folliculogenesis LH e erts regulatory actions beginning around the formation of early secondary follicles, which is concurrent with theca layer differentiation. (sodiumchannel-signal.com)
Originally discovered as a chief regulatory protein of glucose and lipid metabolism and cell differentiation, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily 8 . (nature.com)

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which allows the transduction of various cellular signals to final effectors and regulation of elementary cellular processes. (mdpi.com)
10 Galectins can function inside the cells by modulating signaling pathways, 11 although they also act extracellularly by establishing multivalent interactions with cell surface glycans and delivering signals that lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis. (nature.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Cellular experimental studies confirm that GBP2b was a novel regulatory molecule that promotes M1 macrophage polarization during M. bovis infection and was also an antimicrobial protein that promotes intracellular bacterial clearance. (researchsquare.com)

The expression of genes through miRNA is regulated by endogenous regulatory pathways, resulting in high stability and biocompatibility ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

The proposed Th1-Tr1 switch appears to bridge two stable, self-reinforcing immune states, pro- and anti-inflammatory, each with a characteristic gene regulatory network. (frontiersin.org)
Gene knockdown showed caspase-8 to be the apical caspase in the AIM2- and NLRP3-dependent apoptotic pathways, with little or no requirement for caspase-9. (nih.gov)
Caspases are heterotetrameric, being made up of two pairs of subunits, generated by a single gene product, which is proteolysed to form the mature protein. (guidetopharmacology.org)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
The impact of sphingolipids on MDR1 gene expression in cancer appears to reflect the myriad intracellular signaling pathways of ceramide and its metabolites. (sphingolipidclub.com)
Although the mechanisms of gene activation are still unclear, ceramide's role as a messenger of cytotoxic response to chemotherapy might be linked to the MDR pathway. (sphingolipidclub.com)
Specifically we evaluate the effect of increased dietary protein intake and caloric restricted diets on gene expression in skeletal muscle, particularly focusing on biosynthesis, degradation and the expression of genes in the ubiquitin-proteosome (UPP) and mTOR signaling pathways, including MuRF-1, MAFbx/atrogin-1, mTORC1, and S6K1. (biomedcentral.com)

Schepers H, Wierenga AT, Eggen BJ, Vellenga E. Oncogenic Ras blocks transforming growth factor-beta-induced cell-cycle arrest by degradation of p27 through a MEK/Erk/SKP2-dependent pathway. (rug.nl)
Caspase-3 is an executioner that implements activates the degradation of DNA, which is the terminal phase of cell death [10,11]. (syksignal.com)

Existing studies on macrophage polarization have identified some of the molecules and signaling pathways associated with M1 polarization. (researchsquare.com)

Modulation of macrophage functional status to either of the two defined phenotypes classically activated macrophages (CAM) or AAM [ 9 ] by the parasite may serve to modulate host immunity and prolong parasite survival. (biomedcentral.com)
A number of defined T. gondii pathways exist have been shown to very specifically modulate host immunity including macrophage functions and pathways such as STAT and TLR signalling [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Animal modeling and human mechanistic data are summarized to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3 + CD4 + T-regulatory cell and CD4 + T-regulatory cell type 1 (Tr1) cell functions, and a Th1-Tr1 switch. (frontiersin.org)

Research on vitamin D regulation of thymocyte selection, Th1 and Th17 cells, T-cell programed cell death, and T-regulatory (Treg) cells is summarized and integrated into model mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
However, the regulatory mechanisms of HPV infection and consequent immune escape reaction, persistent infection and cell proliferation and the regulatory mechanisms of vascular proliferation are poorly understood and require additional investigation ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Under normal circumstances, caspases recognize tetra-peptide sequences on their substrates and hydrolyze peptide bonds after aspartic acid residues. (wikipedia.org)

As an executioner caspase, the caspase-3 zymogen has virtually no activity until it is cleaved by an initiator caspase after apoptotic signaling events have occurred. (wikipedia.org)

A key feature of caspases in the cell is that they are present as zymogens, termed procaspases, which are inactive until a biochemical change causes their activation. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibiting the expression of caspase-3 had a protective eﬀect against OGD injury in MH treatment, and caspase-3 activation could be applied to evaluate the neuroprotective eﬀectiveness of MH on HIE. (syksignal.com)

si-Prok1 arrests cell cycle, induces apoptotic changes, and inhibits the proliferation of ovarian granulosa cells through a mechanism related to the regulation of Pi3k/Akt signaling pathway. (ajol.info)
Modulation of the NALP3 protein inflammasomes induces regulatory T cells to express cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). (medscape.com)

H 2 S can be produced by nonenzymatic and enzymatic pathways in mammalian organisms. (hindawi.com)

Caspase-3 is a caspase protein that interacts with caspase-8 and caspase-9. (wikipedia.org)
When the procaspase is cleaved at a particular residue, the active heterotetramer can then be formed by hydrophobic interactions, causing four anti-parallel beta-sheets from p17 and two from p12 to come together to make a heterodimer, which in turn interacts with another heterodimer to form the full 12-stranded beta-sheet structure surrounded by alpha-helices that is unique to caspases. (wikipedia.org)

This was related to the inhibition of cell cycle regulatory factors, including cyclin D/E and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2/4, through induction of p21 Cip1 . (molcells.org)

This specificity allows caspases to be incredibly selective, with a 20,000-fold preference for aspartic acid over glutamic acid. (wikipedia.org)

Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes that undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. (wikipedia.org)

In addition, decreased production of the inflammatory mediators, TNF- α and MMP-9, upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation was found at the end of the exercise program. (hindawi.com)
Recent studies have shown its various effects on biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant ( 5 ), anti-HIV, and anticancer ( 6 - 9 ) activities. (iiarjournals.org)

Transcriptome analysis is a powerful tool that enables a deep understanding of complicated physiological pathways, including immune responses. (frontiersin.org)

This enhances the production of IL-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), caspase-1, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). (medscape.com)

Seven of the 9 jejunal and/or ileal biopsies had acute jejunitis or ileitis. (stanfordchildrens.org)
An acute colitis or proctitis was observed in 9/12 colorectal biopsies. (stanfordchildrens.org)

The CASP3 protein is a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. (wikipedia.org)

The DEGs in different fish species were also representative of specific immune-related pathways. (frontiersin.org)
Although the exact cause of MS is still unknown, it is now generally accepted that MS is a complex multifactorial disease involving genetic and environmental factors affecting the autoreactive immune response [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)

DAMPs, damage-associated tissues and the molecular target structures and pathways. (cdc.gov)

We observed that prein cubation with UTP, completely blocked the hCG induced CREB phosphorylation, which suggests that the purinergic system potently modulates LH acti vated pathways, an action that Z-VAD-FMK clinical might have important con sequences in ovarian theca physiology. (sodiumchannel-signal.com)
To conclude, it was identified that the probable anti‑CA mechanism of miRNA‑375 modulates HPV through the UBE3A and IGF‑1R pathway in cervical cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)

Since RA signalling is highly dose-dependent, a fine-tuning regulatory mechanism is required. (mdpi.com)
The data suggest that CoQ 0 unveils a novel mechanism by down-regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathways and could be used as a potential lead compound for melanoma chemotherapy. (oncotarget.com)

Additionally rTgPrx treatment reduced caspase-1 activity and IL-1β secretion, while simultaneously increasing IL-10 release. (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally, mRNA expression of caspase 3 was upregulated with increased concentration of TD-MSCs. (immune-source.com)

Active caspase-1 is responsible for rapid lytic cell death termed pyroptosis. (nih.gov)

Treg, regulatory T cell. (cdc.gov)

Caspase-3, in particular, (also known as CPP32/Yama/apopain) is formed from a 32 kDa zymogen that is cleaved into 17 kDa and 12 kDa subunits. (wikipedia.org)

The zymogen feature of caspase-3 is necessary because if unregulated, caspase activity would kill cells indiscriminately. (wikipedia.org)
Interestingly, the number of CD80 + pDC positively correlates with the presence of IL-10-producing regulatory type 1 cells (Tr1), an important cell type for maintaining peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. (hindawi.com)
Notably, non- or sub-cytotoxic concentrations of CoQ 0 markedly inhibited migration and invasion, accompanied by the down-regulation of MMP-2 and -9, and up-regulation of TIMP-1 and -2 expressions in highly metastatic B16F10 cells. (oncotarget.com)
UBE3A is associated with cervical cancer and may combine with the E6 proto-oncogene encoded by HPV16 within cervical cancer cells to form the E6/E6-AP protein complex through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Organisms usually contain large numbers of sphingolipid subspecies (for a pathway based compilation, see www.sphingomap.org) and knowledge about the types and amounts is imperative because they influence membrane structure, interactions with the extracellular matrix and neighboring cells, vesicular traffic and the formation of specialized structures such as phagosomes and autophagosomes, as well as participate in intracellular and extracellular signaling. (sphingolipidclub.com)
These cells not only demonstrated a 3-foldincrease in resistance to doxorubicin and a 9-fold increase in resistance to paclitaxel, but also showed increased efflux of rhodamine. (sphingolipidclub.com)

Histatin 5 displays powerful antifungal GB110 activity, including against [9] and additional pathogenesis-associated varieties [10]. (exposed-skin-care.net)
The activity of this kinase first appears in mid-G1 phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits including D-type cyclins and members of INK4 family of CDK inhibitors. (cancerindex.org)
The activity of caspase-3 was detected, in order to ﬁnd the precise concentration of Ac-DEVD-CHO with the same protective role in OGD injury as MH treatment. (syksignal.com)

The suppression of β-catenin was seen with CoQ 0 administration accompanied by a decrease in the expression of Wnt/β-catenin transcriptional target c-myc, cyclin D1, and survivin through GSK3β-independent pathway. (oncotarget.com)

Inhibition of the TGF{beta} Pathway by IL-1{beta} Is Mediated through TAK1 Phosphorylation of SMAD3. (rug.nl)

Anatomy21

Organisms11

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs120

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes71

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Apoptosis21

Initiator caspases2

Proteins7

Cleavage6

Post-transcriptional regulatory2

Mitochondrial2

Apoptotic pathway1

PARP1

Downstream2

Activate2

Inhibitor3

Upstream2

Autophagy2

Inhibit the activation2

Differentiation2

Cellular4

Endogenous1

Gene7

Degradation2

Molecules1

Macrophage2

Effector1

Mechanisms2

Substrates1

Executioner1

Activation2

Induces2

Mammalian1

Interacts2

Inhibition of cell cycle1

Selective1

Enzyme1

Inflammatory2

Transcriptome1

Tumor1

Acute2

CASP31

Immune2

Molecular1

Modulates2

Mechanism2

Additionally2

Termed pyroptosis1

Treg1

Apopain1

Cells6

Activity3

Cyclin1

Phosphorylation1