• It reduces the expression of the immunosuppressant cytokine interleukin-10 and cleaves the macrophage suppressing IRAK-M. With respect to neurodegeneration, caspase-6 cleaves HTT in Huntington's and APP in Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • This protein cleaves and activates caspases 6, 7 and 9, and the protein itself is processed by caspases 8, 9 and 10. (thermofisher.com)
  • Caspase-3 cleaves the death substrate PARP to a specific 85 kDa form observed during apoptosis and is inhibitable by the CrmA protein. (thomassci.com)
  • They are called cysteine proteases , because they use a cysteine residue to cut those proteins, and are called caspases because the cysteine residue cleaves their substrate proteins at specific asparagine residues. (wikidoc.org)
  • Caspase-2 cleaves at amino acid 552 and caspase-6 at amino acid 586. (thermofisher.com)
  • Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Caspase-1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. (bd-ibr.org)
  • This Caspase-1 antibody is for WB, IHC-P, ELISA. (bd-ibr.org)
  • The following product was used in this experiment: Active/Pro-Caspase 3 Monoclonal Antibody (31A1067) from Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog # MA1-91637, RRID AB_1954999. (thermofisher.com)
  • Western Blot analysis of (A) RAW264.7 and (B) NIH-3T3 cell lysate using Active/Pro-Caspase 3 Monoclonal Antibody (31A1067) (Product # MA1-91637). (thermofisher.com)
  • The antibody recognizes an epitope in the large domain subunit of Caspase-3. (thermofisher.com)
  • For a caspase-9-specific test, 5 μg of pcWNV-Cp-DJY or pcWNV-CpWT was cotransfected with a dominant negative caspase-9 (DN caspase-9) construct, and cleavage of procaspase-9 protein was determined by Western blot analysis with antihuman caspase-9 antibody (MBL, Nagoya, Japan). (cdc.gov)
  • The localization pattern of capsid expression was analyzed by immunofluorescent assay in HeLa, 293-T, RD, or SH-SY5Y cells by using anti-His tag antibody as described ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The antibody recognizes both the proform of human caspase-8 (55/50 kDa doublet) as well as the cleaved form (40/36 kDa doublet) on SDS/PAGE. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Active caspase-9, in turn, activates executioner caspases-3 and -7. (jneurosci.org)
  • the apoptosome (regulated by cytochrome c and the Bcl-2 family ) which activates caspase-9 . (wikidoc.org)
  • Active recombinant caspases are useful in screening caspase inhibitors, studying enzyme kinetics and regulation, determining substrate specificity, and as a positive control in caspase activity assays. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Useful in studying enzyme regulation and inhibitors, determining target substrate, screening caspase inhibitors, or as a positive control in caspase assays. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • The initiation of this cascade reaction is regulated by caspase inhibitors. (wikidoc.org)
  • 2CNL: Crystal structures of caspase-3 in complex with aza-peptide epoxide inhibitors. (rcsb.org)
  • A favorable network of hydrogen bonds involving the oxyanion hole, catalytic histidine, and the atoms in the prime site of the inhibitor enhance the binding affinity and specificity of the aza-peptide epoxide inhibitors toward caspase-3. (rcsb.org)
  • Caspase-6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CASP6 gene.CASP6 orthologs have been identified in numerous mammals for which complete genome data are available. (wikipedia.org)
  • Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes that undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • This protein is processed by caspases 7, 8 and 10, and is thought to function as a downstream enzyme in the caspase activation cascade. (wikipedia.org)
  • Caspase-1 exists in cells as an inactive 45kDa pro-enzyme. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • In THP-1 cells, a large proportion of the caspase-1 is present in the inactive pro-enzyme form. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • However, the function of ICAD/DFF45 is to restrain the enzyme CAD (Caspase Activated DNase). (wikidoc.org)
  • Horvitz and his colleague Junying Yuan [2] found in 1993 that the protein encoded by the ced-3 gene was a cysteine protease with similar properties to the mammalian interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme (ICE) (now known as caspase 1) which at the time was the only known caspase. (wikidoc.org)
  • This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we demonstrate that, during brain maturation, the potential of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway is progressively reduced and that such repression is associated with downregulation of apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) and caspase-3 gene expression. (jneurosci.org)
  • MCF-7) and this phenotype is blocked by overexpression of the caspase-3 protease inhibitor, CrmA. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • We show that a cysteine-aspartic protease of the apoptosis cascade, caspase-6, serves as an important host factor for efficient coronavirus replication. (cdc.gov)
  • 6-OAP induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cells, as detected by DNA fragmentation assay. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • We recommend using 1U per assay for analyzing caspase activity. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • To evaluate the induction of apoptosis was carried-out by caspase-9 colorimetric assay and double staining acridine orange-ethidium bromide. (ijsr.net)
  • The results of the study revealed the cell chemotactic migration activity were markedly suppressed by docetaxel hydrate followed by the induction of apoptosis through caspase-9 activity and double staining assay. (ijsr.net)
  • Exposure of human hepatocytes to doses of fipronil (5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl) sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile) ranging from 0.1 to 25 µM resulted in a dose dependent increase in CYP1A1 mRNA expression (3.5 to approximately 55-fold) as measured by the branched DNA assay. (cdc.gov)
  • Whereas only partial caspase-3A encoding sequences were isolated, the full-length caspase-3B cDNA encodes the inactive proenzyme of 279 amino acids (aa) consisting of an N-terminal prodomain and the large and the small subunit. (nofima.no)
  • The deduced salmon caspase-7 consists of only 245 aa and lacks the prodomain and part of the large subunit similar to the predicted caspase-7 of the puffer fish Tetraodon sp. (nofima.no)
  • As such it will recognize pro Caspase-3 and the large subunit cleavage fragment. (thermofisher.com)
  • They are first synthesized as inactive pro-caspases , that consist of a prodomain, a small subunit and a large subunit. (wikidoc.org)
  • Full-length recombinant human caspase-3 protein was used as immunogen. (thermofisher.com)
  • CASP2 , CASP8 , CASP9 and CASP10 ) cleave inactive pro-forms of effector caspases, thereby activating them. (wikidoc.org)
  • Initiator caspases possess a longer prodomain than the effector caspases, whose prodomain is very small. (wikidoc.org)
  • This allows them to autoactivate, so that they can then proceed to activate the effector caspases. (wikidoc.org)
  • However, whether 6-OAP-induced mitosis arrest and pathway inhibition are followed by apoptosis requires further study. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • These results suggest that differential expression of Apaf-1 and caspase-3 genes may underlie regulation of apoptotic susceptibility during brain development, as well as after acute injury to mature brain, through the intrinsic pathway of caspase activation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Eldadah and Faden, 2000 ), we hypothesized that suppression of apoptotic capability during maturation of mammalian brain results from repression of genes involved in the caspase-3 activation pathway, and that injury-induced neuronal apoptosis in the mature brain results from reactivation of these genes. (jneurosci.org)
  • Caspase-1 was significantly elevated in the liver at 6 h, to a greater extent in BALB/c mice, suggesting inflammasome pathway activation. (cdc.gov)
  • Though inducing more significantly pyroptosis by activating Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway, OP-B relieved DDP resistance of A549 cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • The activation of classical and non-classical pathway is separately dependent on Caspase-1 or Caspase-4/5/11 (6, 7). (researchsquare.com)
  • combined BI2536 (an inhibitor of PLK1) with cisplatin (DDP) to treat ESCC cells and found the combination of two drugs had a synergistic effect on tumor inhibition and resulted in pyroptotic death of cancer cells by Caspase-3/GSDME pathway. (researchsquare.com)
  • Apoptosis is induced through the mitochondrial pathway resulting in caspase-9 activation and downstream caspase-3 activation. (cdc.gov)
  • We observed that the WNV-Cp protein is a pathogenic protein, which drives apoptosis in vitro through the mitochodrial/caspase-9 pathway. (cdc.gov)
  • This study discovered that the inflammatory toxicity promotes caspase-6 to cleave p62 at a novel site D256. (plymouth.ac.uk)
  • Routinely tested for its ability to cleave the caspase-1 colorimetric substrate Ac-YVAD- p NA (Prod. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Activated Caspase-1/4/5/11 catalyze GSDMD to cleave into GSDMD-N and GSDMD-C fragments, and GSDMD-N can bind and form pores at cell membrane, so as to lead pyroptosis and release IL-1β and IL-18 to extracellular environment (8, 9). (researchsquare.com)
  • Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. (biossusa.com)
  • DN caspase-9 (provided courtesy of Emad S. Alnmeri, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA) has been reported to inhibit the caspase cascade ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Green fluorogenic peptide substrates include caspase substrates, collagen, calpain substrate, etc., twenty seven all together in the portfolio. (eurogentec.com)
  • Initiator caspases (e.g. (wikidoc.org)
  • The prodomain of the initiator caspases contain domains such as a CARD domain (e.g. caspases-2 and -9) or a death effector domain (DED) (caspases-8 and -10) that enables the caspases to interact with other molecules that regulate their activation. (wikidoc.org)
  • These molecules respond to stimuli which cause the clustering of the initiator caspases. (wikidoc.org)
  • Caspase-3 is a prototypic executioner caspase that plays a central role in apoptosis. (rcsb.org)
  • Enhanced apoptosis was identified following a 48‑h incubation with 6‑OAP (0‑10 µM) that induced a dose‑dependent decrease in pro‑casp‑3 and the cleavage of its substrate, anti‑poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The mechanism of 6‑OAP cytotoxicity in all cell lines was associated with the induction of apoptosis with the presence of cleaved caspase‑3 and PARP. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • To investigate the effect of Goal-Oriented Temperature Therapy on pyroptosis (Pyroptosis measured as a composite of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1Beta protein levels on a venous blood sample using ELISA) in patients with spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrests caused by acute myocardial infarction. (who.int)
  • These results are consistent with proteolysis of htt at the caspase-6 cleavage site being an important event in mediating neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration and highlight the significant role of htt proteolysis and excitotoxicity in HD. (qxmd.com)
  • abstract = "2,6-Diisopropylphenol is an intravenous anesthetic agent used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • The caspase-3 and caspase-9 expressions and DAPI (4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining assays were used to evaluate the apoptotic activity. (mendeley.com)
  • Injury-induced cytochrome c -specific cleavage of caspase-9 followed by activation of caspase-3 in mature brain correlated with marked increases in Apaf-1 and caspase-3 mRNA and protein expression. (jneurosci.org)
  • C5a blockade in the sepsis model almost completely inhibited caspase-3, -6, and -9 activation, significantly preserved cytochrome c in the mitochondrial fraction, and restored Bcl-XL expression. (jci.org)
  • Caspase-6 has known functions in apoptosis, early immune response and neurodegeneration in Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • To determine whether caspase cleavage of htt is a key event in the neuronal dysfunction and selective neurodegeneration in HD, we generated YAC mice expressing caspase-3- and caspase-6-resistant mutant htt. (qxmd.com)
  • Mice expressing mutant htt, resistant to cleavage by caspase-6 but not caspase-3, maintain normal neuronal function and do not develop striatal neurodegeneration. (qxmd.com)
  • Cleavage of huntingtin (htt) has been characterized in vitro, and accumulation of caspase cleavage fragments represents an early pathological change in brains of Huntington's disease (HD) patients. (qxmd.com)
  • To examine the involvement of executioner caspases in hyperthermia-induced cell-death in a poikilotherm vertebrate species, five genes encoding caspase-3,-6, and -7 were cloned from Atlantic salmon, and the expression was studied in thermal stressed salmon embryos. (nofima.no)
  • The expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 genes increased in HCT-116 cell lines after 48 h of treatment, suggesting cell death by the apoptotic pathways. (mendeley.com)
  • Activated caspase-6 translocates to the nucleus (Warby et al. (reactome.org)
  • The cleavage and inactivation of ICAD/DFF45 by a caspase allows CAD to enter the nucleus and fragment the DNA, causing the characteristic 'DNA ladder' seen in apoptotic cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Cell morphological feature, mitochondrial membrane potential, LDH release rate, production of IL-1β and expression of Caspase-1/GSDMD all showed that pyroptosis happened more significantly in A549/DDP cells than that in A549 cells after OP-B treatment. (researchsquare.com)
  • The pyroptosis-related phenotype, including ASC, was identified by immunofluorescence, while levels of NLRP-3, pro-IL-1, and pro-caspase-1 were detected by western blotting. (hindawi.com)
  • Pyroptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death that differs from apoptosis and necrosis [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Caspase-6 activity is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. (plymouth.ac.uk)
  • Lysates from control (lanes 1-3) and camptothecin treated Jurkat cells (lanes 4-6) were probed with anti-human caspase-8 (clone 4-1-20, Cat. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • This is because they are inflammatory caspases, which in concert with CASP1 , are involved in cytokine maturation. (wikidoc.org)
  • The five crystal structures of caspase-3-aza-peptide epoxide inhibitor complexes reported here reveal the structural basis for the mechanism of inhibition and the specificities at the S1' and the S4 subsites. (rcsb.org)
  • Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein (Card)9 is a nonredundant adapter protein that functions in the innate immune system in the assembly of multifunctional signaling complexes. (nih.gov)
  • It is the predominant caspase involved in the cleavage of amyloid-beta 4A precursor protein, which is associated with neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. (thermofisher.com)
  • this coupled with the unwanted apoptosis that occurs with ischaemia or Alzheimer's disease , has boomed the interest in caspases as potential therapeutic targets since they were discovered in the mid 1990s. (wikidoc.org)
  • [ 8 ] Caspase inhibition in clonal striatal cells showed no correlation between the reduction of aggregates in the cells and increased survival. (medscape.com)
  • Organic solvent-induced proximal tubular cell toxicity via caspase-3 activation. (cdc.gov)
  • 2,6-Diisopropylphenol significantly reduced HP-induced oxidative stress. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • 2,6-Diisopropylphenol significantly blocked SNP- and HP-induced osteoblast apoptosis. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • However, 2,6-diisopropylphenol significantly decreased SNP- and HP-enhanced caspase-3 activities. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Results: Peripheral organ cerium significantly increased, generally more in C57BL/6 mice. (cdc.gov)
  • The results of our preliminary study demonstrated that 6-OAP inhibits the proliferation of human MM cells by inducing the arrest of mitosis and inhibiting specific key pathways ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the apoptotic effect of 6-OAP against human myeloma cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Figure 1 : Flow cytometry analysis (surface staining) of human peripheral blood with anti-human CD151 (50-6) PE. (abeomics.com)
  • Human HTT caspase cleavage sites generate fragment-specific forms of the protein. (thermofisher.com)
  • The possibility that cytotoxic effects were due to apoptosis was indicated by significant time- and dose-dependent induction of caspase-3/7 activity in both HepG2 cells and human hepatocytes. (cdc.gov)
  • Consequently, PP2A can increase the activity of caspase 3 by dual mechanisms and thereby promote the apoptotic response in human neutrophils. (lu.se)
  • The 2-2.5 fold increase in the mRNA expression of the heat shock protein Hsp70 gene coincided with the peak mRNA values of the executioner caspases. (nofima.no)
  • Interestingly, cardiac expression of caspase-6AIB was only identified in beat stressed embryos. (nofima.no)
  • Altogether, these results shed light on evolutionary aspects of the executioner caspases in vertebrates and their expression in salmon embryos exposed to hyperthermia. (nofima.no)
  • In particular, the heat sensitive caspase-6 expression in the embryonic heart is of interest since cardiac malformations are an emergent problem in salmon aquaculture. (nofima.no)
  • Increased apoptotic activity as evidenced by cleavage of nuclear DNA was demonstrated in salmon embryos incubated at 18-20 degrees C for 84h after acclimatization at 8 degrees C. Hyperthermia-induced activation of the executioner caspases was indicated by the increased mRNA levels of caspase-3B, caspase-6A/B and caspase-7 after 54 h heat exposure as quantified by real-time RT-PCR. (nofima.no)
  • Whole-mount in situ hybridization of the salmon embryo identified caspase-7 mRNA in the lens exclusively, while caspase-3B and caspase-6A/B were expressed in multiple tissues of exposed and control embryos. (nofima.no)
  • In vitro studies showed successful exon skipping and appearance of a shorter huntingtin protein, that is resistant to caspase 6 cleavage. (bmj.com)
  • Moreover, caspase-6-generated p62N was found in brain tissue lysates of aged and Huntington's disease mice. (plymouth.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, caspase-6-resistant mutant htt mice are protected against neurotoxicity induced by multiple stressors including NMDA, quinolinic acid (QA), and staurosporine. (qxmd.com)
  • Prior studies showed nanoparticle clearance was different in C57BL/6 versus BALB/c mice, strains prone to Th1 and Th2 immune responses, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • Methods: C57BL/6 and BALB/c female mice were i.p. injected with 10 mg/kg nanoceria or vehicle and terminated 0.5 to 24 h later. (cdc.gov)
  • Light microscopy revealed greater liver vacuolation in C57BL/6 mice and a nanoceria-induced decrease in BALB/c but not C57BL/6 mice vacuolation. (cdc.gov)
  • Nanoceria increased spleen lymphoid white pulp cell density in BALB/c but not C57BL/6 mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Ferritin accumulation was greatly increased proximal to the nanoceria, forming core-shell-like structures in C57BL/6 but even distribution in BALB/c mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Conclusions: BALB/c mice were more responsive to nanoceria-induced effects, e.g. liver caspase-1 activation, reduced liver vacuolation, and increased spleen cell density. (cdc.gov)
  • Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2,6-Diisopropylphenol protected osteoblasts from SNP- and HP-induced cell damage. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • This study shows that a therapeutic concentration of 2,6-diisopropylphenol can protect osteoblasts from SNP- and HP-induced cell insults, possibly via suppression of caspase-3 activities. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • The importance of caspases to apoptosis and programmed cell death was originally established by Robert Horvitz and colleagues who found that the ced-3 gene was required for the cell death that took place during the development of the nematode C. elegans . (wikidoc.org)
  • All the compounds exhibited antiproliferative activity against the HCT-116 cell line with IC50 values at 33 ± 1.25, 36 ± 2.25, 34 ± 2.15, 32 ± 2.35, 34 ± 2.65, and 36 ± 1.95 μg/mL for compounds 1 to 6, respectively. (mendeley.com)
  • All the compounds produced a significant reduction in HCT-116 cell line proliferation, except compounds 2 and 6. (mendeley.com)
  • Overexpression of caspase-8 is sufficient to induce apoptosis in certain cell lines (e.g. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Fipronil mediated activation of caspase-3/7 in concurrence with compromised ATP production and viability are attributed to apoptotic cell death. (cdc.gov)
  • Cleavage at the caspase-6 site is required for neuronal dysfunction and degeneration due to mutant huntingtin. (qxmd.com)
  • The salmon caspase-6A and caspase-6B proenzymes include an additional linker region between the two subunits. (nofima.no)