Carrier molecule antigens to immunogenic carrier proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

It also shows the subsequent gating strategy for detecting and sorting DEs and the generation of EBV-immortalized DE lymphoblastoid cell lines and clones for antibody production and cloning antigen receptors. (bvsalud.org)
The reason for this is that the epitopes are able to bind to the B-cells, but are too small to contain additional motifs required to associate with class II molecules and T-cell receptors. (gbiosciences.com)
Antigen cross-linking of immunoglobulin E (IgE) molecules that are bound to specific cell surface receptors and/or binding of complement split products, such as iC3b, to complement receptors (CR3/CR4) may activate mast cells and basophils. (medscape.com)
We have previously shown that hemocyanins are internalized by APCs through receptor-mediated endocytosis with proteins that contain C-type lectin domains, such as mannose receptor (MR). However, the contribution of other innate immune receptors to the proinflammatory signaling pathway triggered by hemocyanins is unknown. (exeter.ac.uk)
they may also play other roles in immune regulation and homeostasis, through their ability to bind host antigens, surface molecules and receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the efficacy of adoptive transfer of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was examined over several decades, genetically engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) rapidly replaced the application of TILs due to their high specificity, non-MHC-restricted recognition of tumor antigen, superior potency, and improved in vivo persistency [ 9 , 13 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic engineering of T cells greatly increases the scope and potency of T-cell therapy: T-cell receptor (TCR) transfer allows targeting of intracellular cancer antigens, whereas chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) allow targeting of surface cancer or lineage-specific antigens. (ashpublications.org)
In view of such observations and arguments, we are prompted to focus on receptors and signaling molecules that are likely BCL2L to play crucial roles in sculpting the major neuronal centers such as the hippocampus in the neonatal brain. (thetechnoant.info)

Immunogens that generate antibodies are directly bound by host antibodies and lead to the selective expansion of antigen-specific B-cells. (wikipedia.org)
Drugs with low molecular weight as antigens can bind to antibodies but are not immunogenic. (biomedres.us)
An antigen is any substance, such as a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or allergy, that induces the immune system to create antibodies against it. (biomedres.us)
All antigens are recognized by antibodies, which are produced initially in response to the antigens [7]. (biomedres.us)
Antibodies against small molecule haptens enable robust and rapid detection, monitoring and quantification using assays such as ELISA or IHC/IF. (prosci-services.com)
For example, we may recommend rabbits for host species to small molecules due to rabbits' immune system generating a plethora of diverse antibodies. (prosci-services.com)
The most promising approaches are based on antibodies specific for the relatively conserved ectodomain of matrix protein 2 and the intersubunit region of hemagglutinin. (cdc.gov)
While antibodies to the immunodominant, but highly variable, regions of HA and NA can provide potent virus strain-specific protection, the existence of weaker and more broadly protective immune activities directed to less variable regions of viral proteins has long been known ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies usually develop 7-14 days after immunization with the antigen. (medscape.com)
Since the development of serum sickness is dependent on the host's ability to produce antibodies to the inciting antigen, patients who are incapable of producing antibodies, such as patients with Bruton agammaglobulinemia, will not develop serum sickness. (medscape.com)
[ 14 ] However, ATG, as well as other immunosuppressive foreign proteins, such as chimeric monoclonal antibodies that consist of murine-derived antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and human-derived crystallizable fragment (Fc) portions of antibodies, have been reported to be sufficiently immunogenic to cause serum sickness. (medscape.com)
Peptides generally don't produce an antigenic response on their own, so conjugation facilitates a way to produce anti-peptide antibodies by coupling to a T-cell carrier protein. (nridigital.com)
Mimotopes offers phosphopeptide synthesis for cell research, as well as phosphopeptides to be used as antigens in the production of anti-phosphopeptide antibodies. (nridigital.com)
Current, antibody-based diagnostical methods utilize antibodies against histamine raised by conjugating histamine to a large immunogenic protein carrier, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) or ovalbumin (OVA) via its primary amine group. (justia.com)
Consequently, only the imidazole will be exposed to lymphocytes, which commonly results in generation of antibodies that recognize protein-bound histamine with only limited affinity and sensitivity for free histamine. (justia.com)
Cross-reaction was found between S. equina antigens and antibodies in the sera of Wuchereria bancrofti -infected patients, with the highest levels observed between sera of chronic infected patients and Setaria spp. (who.int)
Human serum usually contains natural IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies, generated independently of any exposure to foreign antigens or vaccines or elicited in the course of infectious or autoimmune diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
B-1 cells are found in peritoneal and pleural cavities where they provide first-line defence through antibodies able to bind polysaccharide antigens and repeated motifs that are typically found in microbial cell walls and macromolecules [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In other words, if the antigen-antibody reaction is compared to a "key-and-lock" model, natural antibodies found in human secretions act as "passe-partout" keys to offer a background protection against most pathogens, food antigens and microbes, before the antigen-specific response can develop [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Recent advances in drug design have led to the development of several classes of novel therapeutic macromolecules including peptides, proteins, monoclonal antibodies, immunotoxins, lysozymes, plasmid DNA, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, and short interfering RNA. (usc.edu)
The invention provides antibodies that bind to a plurality of β-chemokines, particularly monocyte chemotactic proteins MCP-1, MCP-2 and MCP-3. (justia.com)
We have developed a comprehensive array of ELISAs to study poxvirus-induced antibodies, utilising 24 MPXV and 3 Vaccinia virus (VACV) recombinant antigens. (cdc.gov)
Panels of serum samples from individuals with differing Smallpox-vaccine doses and those with prior MPXV infection were tested on these assays, where we observed that one dose of Smallpox vaccination induces a low number of antibodies to a limited number of MPXV antigens but increasing with further vaccination doses. (cdc.gov)

Bovine serum albumin It is from the blood sera of cows and has similarly immunogenic properties as KLH or CCH. (wikipedia.org)

An immunogen can be defined as a complete antigen which is composed of the macromolecular carrier and epitopes (determinants) that can induce immune response. (wikipedia.org)
The hapten-carrier complex, unlike free hapten, can act as an immunogen and can induce an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
However, because they induce a T cell independent B cell response, they are poorly immunogenic in young children, and in adults only induce relatively short term protection. (bmj.com)
The compounds used to induce contact hypersensitivity are not immunogenic by them-selves. (brainkart.com)
Strategies, which have been designed to overcome this lack of immunogenicity in infants, include the linking of the polysaccharide to large immunogenic proteins, which provide bystander T-cell help and which induce immunological memory against the polysaccharide antigen to which it is conjugated. (allindianpatents.com)
Adjuvants are generally used with soluble protein antigens to increase antibody titers and induce a prolonged response with accompanying memory. (wikidoc.org)
Most complex protein antigens induce multiple B-cell clones during the immune response, thus, the response is polyclonal. (wikidoc.org)
In addition to mutated proteins, NSCLC can over-express a number of non-mutated proteins that can induce both humoral and cytotoxic T cell responses [ 10 ], and also have the potential to serve as tumor rejection antigens [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

This article reviews recent studies on mucosal immune responses induced by polysaccharide based vaccines and some protein vaccine antigens against several pathogenic nasopharyngeal bacteria, and discusses the mechanisms and functions of these immune responses that may help our understanding of mucosal immune responses to both immunisation and infection. (bmj.com)
The mRNA vaccines can encode multiple antigens, strengthening the immune response against pathogens and enabling the targeting of multiple microbial variants [19] . (researchgate.net)
By 1988, this vaccine was replaced by the more immunogenic conjugate vaccines. (medscape.com)
[ 8 ] These vaccines were developed in an effort to enhance immune responses to the PRP antigen. (medscape.com)
Findings from numerous studies in animals and children demonstrate that the HiB conjugate vaccines have immunologic properties characteristic of T-cell-dependent antigens. (medscape.com)
Nowadays, growing scientific interest to DT is associated with possibility of its use in medicine as a carrier protein in conjugate vaccines, a component of immunotoxin drugs, and in anticancer therapy. (org.ua)
Tumor-derived autophagosome vaccines (DRibbles) have the potential to broaden immune response to poorly immunogenic tumors. (biomedcentral.com)

however, there can be challenges in conjugating the small molecule to a carrier protein and then generating the desired immune response specific to the small molecule and not the carrier protein or linker. (prosci-services.com)

These immunogenic variables include the chemical structure, conjugation method, cross-linking between the small molecule and protein carrier, the orientation of the hapten on the carrier protein, and linkers used. (prosci-services.com)
Conjugation of a peptide to another molecule, such as an immunogenic carrier protein or oligo has broad applications in immunological and molecular research. (nridigital.com)

Consequently, the haptens themselves are nonimmunogenic and they cannot evoke an immune response until they bind with a larger carrier immunogenic molecule. (wikipedia.org)
All immunogens are antigens, but some antigen are not immunogens (e.g. haptens) Abbas A.K. (wikipedia.org)
The carrier proteins are coupled to haptens, including peptides and small proteins, with the use of protein cross-linkers. (gbiosciences.com)

Conjugate vaccine technology, where a polysaccharide antigen is coupled chemically to a protein carrier, either by direct linkage or by indirect coupling via diamino spacer molecules, can render the PS specific immune response T cell dependent. (bmj.com)

There are 90 known serotypes of pneumococci, and the capsule is the principle virulence determinant for pneumococci, as the capsule not only protects the iimer surface of the bacteria from complement, but is itself poorly immunogenic. (allindianpatents.com)
Immune responses to non-protein antigens are generally poorly or enhanced by adjuvants and there is no system memory. (wikidoc.org)

By a pathway that has not been defined, the Langerhans cells of the epidermis take up the hapten carrier conjugates, and a sensitizing peptide is presented in association with MHC-II molecules. (brainkart.com)
A unique feature of delayed hypersensitivity is that T lymphocytes are mostly involved in the antihapten response, while in most experimentally induced hapten-carrier responses the hapten is recognized by B lymphocytes. (brainkart.com)

Generally, administration of adjuvants is used both in experimental immunology and in clinical settings to ensure a high quality/quantity memory-enhanced antibody response, where antigens must be prepared and delivered in a fashion that maximizes production of a specific immune response. (wikipedia.org)
We can design an immunization strategy to increase the immune response against the small molecule through adjuvants used, immunization methods, and immunization schedule. (prosci-services.com)
However, inclusion of protein antigens fromStreptococcus pneumoniaecombined with potent adjuvants and a suitable delivery system are expected to both extend protection to serotype strains not represented in the formulation and stimulate a broader immune response, thus more effective in young children, elderly, and immunocompromised populations. (univ-nantes.fr)
Along this line, nanoparticle (NP) delivery systems can enhance the immunogenicity of antigens by protecting them from degradation and increasing their uptake by antigen-presenting cells, as well as offering co-delivery with adjuvants. (univ-nantes.fr)
Mollusk hemocyanins have biomedical uses as carriers/adjuvants and nonspecific immunostimulants with beneficial clinical outcomes by triggering the production of proinflammatory cytokines in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and driving immune responses toward type 1 T helper (Th1) polarization. (exeter.ac.uk)
Adjuvants are used to improve or enhance an immune response to antigens. (wikidoc.org)
Most adjuvants provide for an injection site, antigen depot which allows for a slow release of antigen into draining lymph nodes. (wikidoc.org)

Immunogens that generate T-cells are indirectly bound by host T-cells after processing and presentation by host antigen-presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
However, only high molecular weight antigens, which are called immunogens, can stimulate immune responses [8]. (biomedres.us)
Such antigens by themselves are generally poor immunogens. (wikidoc.org)

The outcome of this analysis is an original immunogenic peptide (15-25 aminoacid residues), which is used to immunize the rabbits. (dbbiotech.com)

An immunogenic composition comprising 2 S. pneumoniae recombinant proteins wherein one of the proteins is selected from the Poly Histidine Triad family (PhtX) at a dose of between 1-100 µg and optionally comprising an adjuvant. (allindianpatents.com)
Most of our recombinant proteins are fluorescent derivatives of various DT and proHB-EGF. (org.ua)

They are a mixture of immunoglobulin molecules secreted against a specific antigen , each recognising a different epitope . (wikidoc.org)

However, from the cellular perspective, after binding of hapten to a carrier protein and formation of the complexes that are processed inside Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) and presented as a stable hapten-peptide complex to the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) settled in the tissues, an immune response will begin [13]. (biomedres.us)
Moreover, DCs from mice deficient for MyD88-adapter-like (Mal), a downstream adapter molecule of TLR4, were partially activated by FLH, suggesting a role of the TLR pathway in hemocyanin recognition to activate APCs. (exeter.ac.uk)

Hypersensitivity (allergy) is defined as humoral or individual chemicals or proteins. (cdc.gov)
Here, we demonstrate analogous humoral antigen recognition between both MPXV-infected or Smallpox-vaccinated individuals, with binding to diverse yet core set of poxvirus antigens, providing opportunities for future vaccine (e.g., mRNA) and therapeutic (e.g., mAbs) design. (cdc.gov)

From the chemical standpoint, the hapten is a low molecular weight chemical agent, that must bind to a large carrier protein to create a conjugate (Figure 1), before being detected by the immune system and eliciting an immunological response. (biomedres.us)
We show that two FcµR molecules interact with a Fcµ-Cµ4 dimer, suggesting that FcµR can bind to membrane-bound IgM with a 2:1 stoichiometry. (bvsalud.org)
By contrast, pentameric IgM can recruit four FcµR molecules to bind on the same side and thereby facilitate the formation of an FcµR oligomer. (bvsalud.org)
Nevertheless, four FcµR molecules bind to the other side of secretory component-containing secretory IgM, consistent with the function of FcµR in the retrotransport of secretory IgM. (bvsalud.org)
A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. (lookformedical.com)
A common denominator of the sensitiz-ing compounds is the expression of reactive groups, such as Cl, F, Br, and SO 3 H, which en-able them to bind covalently to the carrier protein. (brainkart.com)

The classic syndrome is caused by immunization of the host by heterologous serum proteins. (medscape.com)
Classic serum sickness can be induced by antithymocyte globulin (ATG), a heterologous serum protein generated by immunization of horses or rabbits with human thymic tissue. (medscape.com)
In order to prevent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection of infants of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive mothers, a nation-wide immunization programme was initiated in Italy in January 1984. (shengsci.com)

With the help of T cell derived factors, the antigen specific B cells produce a much enhanced antibody response. (bmj.com)
TLR4, but Neither Dectin-1 nor Dectin-2, Participates in the Mollusk Hemocyanin-Induced Proinflammatory Effects in Antigen-Presenting Cells from Mammals. (exeter.ac.uk)
Research endeavors over the past several decades have identified various types of cells as suitable living drugs and versatile drug carriers. (biomedcentral.com)
We have created a highly compact marker/suicide gene for T cells combining target epitopes from both CD34 and CD20 antigens (RQR8). (ashpublications.org)
Polysaccharides are T-independent antigens, and can not be processed or presented on MHC molecules to interact with T-cells. (allindianpatents.com)
Expression of neoantigens alone is insufficient without cross-presentation by antigen presenting cells in the appropriate cytokine milieu. (biomedcentral.com)
This study was designed to test a novel immunotherapy strategy using a vaccine enriched for short-lived proteins (SLiPs) and defective ribosomal products (DRiPs) derived from autologous tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor cells were cultured in vitro with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, which stabilizes SLiPs and DRiPs, shunting proteins into the autophagy pathway [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we generated a recombinant protein formed by linking ApoAI to the amino terminus of human PBGD (rhApoAI-PBGD) in an attempt to transfer PBGD into liver cells. (unav.edu)
In this seminar, I will discuss our research efforts to develop "intelligent" pH-sensitive, membrane-destabilizing, and degradable polymeric carriers that can effectively deliver therapeutic nucleic acids past the endosomal membrane and into the cytoplasm of cancer cells to successfully suppress the expression of targeted genes. (usc.edu)
18:217-242), the β-chemokines regulate the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and thereby indirectly affect diapedesis and extravasation of immune cells from the circulation into tissues. (justia.com)

It is against this background that cellular immune responses to an otherwise innocuous antigen, a review of the methods used to assess the potential for immune- which can lead to tissue damage (Janeway et al. (cdc.gov)

Large amounts of antigen exposure can lead to widespread deposition of complement-fixing immune complexes and the clinical presentation of serum sickness. (medscape.com)
Intradermal injection of tuberculin or purified protein derivative (PPD) into an individual that has been previously sensitized (by exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or by BCG vaccination) is followed, 24 hours after the injection, by a skin reaction at the site of injec-tion characterized by redness and induration. (brainkart.com)

Classic serum sickness is now rarely seen because the use of foreign proteins is limited to antitoxins such as those used to treat botulism, diphtheria, rabies , and snake, scorpion, and spider venom. (medscape.com)

Structural analysis of the antigen (protein or peptide) molecule, design of specific immunogenic peptide with an original and unique epitope. (dbbiotech.com)
In-vitro cloning, preparation of monospecific fraction of rabbit IgGs corresponding to one single original epitope of antigen molecule. (dbbiotech.com)

The cationized form of BSA (cBSA) is highly positively charged protein with significantly increased immunogenicity. (wikipedia.org)
Depending on the immunogenicity and desired application of the small molecule, we will develop personalized recommendations for host species and antibody technology. (prosci-services.com)

Evidence supporting the hypothesis that specifically modifying a malaria peptide to fit into HLA-DRbeta1*03 molecules induces antibody production and protection. (shengsci.com)
This induces the B- lymphocytes to produce IgG immunoglobulins specific for the antigen. (wikidoc.org)

All 4 patients had evidence of specific antibody responses against potential tumor antigens. (biomedcentral.com)
MPXV infection induced similar antibody responses to diverse poxvirus antigens observed in Smallpox-vaccinated individuals. (cdc.gov)

A crucial step in using peptides as antigens is their coupling to carrier proteins. (gbiosciences.com)
The carrier proteins, once coupled to the peptides, provide these additional motifs and generate a strong antibody response. (gbiosciences.com)
ActiveHOOK™ carrier proteins have been pre-activated with the heterobifunctional protein cross linker sulfoSMCC and therefore are ready for the addition of cysteine containing peptides or proteins for a simple one step reaction. (gbiosciences.com)
The ActiveHOOK™ BSA rapidly couples to free sulfhydryl groups on peptides and proteins. (gbiosciences.com)
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin is a widely used carrier protein due to its large molecular mass (4.5x105-1.3x107Da aggregates) and large number of primary amines that can react with cross-linkers for the coupling of peptides. (gbiosciences.com)
Modified high activity binding peptides (mHABPs) were synthesised for complete full protection antimalarial vaccine development producing a large panel of individually fully protection-inducing protein structures (FPIPS) and very high long-lasting antibody-inducing (VHLLAI) mHABPs. (shengsci.com)

Study therapy included two cycles of docetaxel 75 mg/m 2 on days 1 and 29 to treat the tumor, release hidden antigens and produce lymphopenia. (biomedcentral.com)

They are small molecules that become immunogenic only when they are combined with larger carrier proteins [9,10]. (biomedres.us)

Its protein localizes to the nucleus and has been shown to promote the stability and nuclear accumulation of a transcriptionally active p53 molecule and, in vitro, to phosphorylate Thr18 of p53 and reduce p53 ubiquitination. (thermofisher.com)

A series of studies have revealed that exosomes-mediated intercellular transfer of proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of HCC, hypoxia and angiogenesis, chemotherapy sensitivity, and cell death mode and regulates the immune microenvironment. (hindawi.com)
Regardless of the type or the physiological or pathological state of the originating cell, exosomes share common features as enriched with nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)

It is also rec- important target organ in the safety assessment of drugs and ognized that different types of immune-mediated responses can be triggered by different classes of compounds and that some immune chemicals, as well as protein- or peptide-based products. (cdc.gov)

Because of its evolutionary distance from mammals, high molecular weight and complex structure it is usually immunogenic in vertebrate animals. (wikipedia.org)

The importance of histamine in various physiological functions and its involvement in allergenic responses make this small molecule one of the most studied biogenic amines. (justia.com)

A nationwide vaccination programme in Italy against hepatitis B virus infection in infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-carrier mothers. (shengsci.com)

On the other hand, DT represents a very interesting molecular machine which allows using this protein in different bioengineering applications, such as ablation of certain cell types in transgenic mice, development of immunotoxins targeted for specific cell markers and also for delivery of certain proteins into the cytosol. (org.ua)

Nanovaccines can improve antigen presentation, targeted delivery, stimulation of the body's innate immune system, and a strong T-cell response without putting people at risk. (researchgate.net)

In the presence of active S. equina infection, antigens from the adult and microfilaraemic stages showed the highest degree of cross-reaction with human sera. (who.int)
This single-chain 535 amino acid long protein causes the symptoms of acute diphtheria infection. (org.ua)
Serological differentiation between childhood vaccination and recent infection with MPXV or other OPXVs is difficult due to the high level of conservation within OPXV proteins. (cdc.gov)
A comparative analysis of immunogenic proteins across human OPXVs identified a large subset of proteins that could potentially be specifically recognized in response to a MPXV infection. (cdc.gov)

expression of interleukin-12, CCL5, CCL2, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and inhibition of monocyte-EC adhesion. (dna-pksignal.com)

We observed similar proportions of HLA DRB1*1302 carriers in E-P positive cases and controls, but interestingly, this allele was not found in AA cases (p = 0.03, Fisher exact test). (biomedcentral.com)
HLA- em DRB1 /em genotypes, high disease activity, high disability scores, and high levels of acute phase proteins [2]. (exposed-skin-care.net)

However, the polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) vaccine was not consistently immunogenic or protective when administered to children younger than 2 years. (medscape.com)
This peptide is neither immunogenic nor protective. (shengsci.com)

Shortly after the administration of the foreign protein, the host mounts a specific antibody response to clear the foreign substance. (medscape.com)
Spontaneous sensitization to drugs, chemicals, or metals is believed to involve dif-fusion of the haptenic substance into the dermis mostly through the sweat glands (hy-drophobic substances appear to penetrate the skin more easily than hydrophilic sub-stances) and once in the dermis, the haptenic groups will react spontaneously with "carrier" proteins. (brainkart.com)

Consumed for centuries, lactic acid bacteria are excellent candidates for the development of safe mucosal delivery vehicles for prophylactic and therapeutic molecules. (shengsci.com)
Correction of enzymatic deficits in hepatocytes by systemic administration of a recombinant protein is a desired therapeutic goal for hepatic enzymopenic disorders such as acute intermittent porphyria ( AIP), an inherited porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) deficiency. (unav.edu)

We recommend analyzing the immunogenic variables of the small molecule hapten and application of interest since each application presents antigens in a distinct way. (prosci-services.com)

When the antigen and antibody molecules are present in approximately equal molar ratios (slight antigen excess), known as the zone of equivalence, cross-linking and lattice formation occur forming intermediate and large immune complexes. (medscape.com)

In order to prepare our price offer for your project, please send us the name of the target protein (UniProt ortholog), or specific post-translational modification, which should be clearly recognized and/or quantified by a clonal antibody. (dbbiotech.com)
There has been an increase in asthma among the general review will consider protein-specific, chemical-specific, and drug- population from the mid-1960's to the mid-1990's prompting specific aspects of respiratory hypersensitivity. (cdc.gov)

Since the carrier protein is autologous, it would be expected that the sensitizing peptide contained the covalently associated sensitizing compound. (brainkart.com)

BCR signaling plays key roles in autoimmune diseases and lymphoproliferative disorders, yet, despite the clinical significance of this protein complex, key regions (i.e., the transmembrane domains) have yet to be structurally characterized. (bvsalud.org)
The molecule of this receptor is composed of four functional portions: heparin-binding, EGF-like, transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. (org.ua)

This leads to an almost complete arrest of protein synthesis in the cell and its death. (org.ua)

Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. (lookformedical.com)
DT molecule is composed of two subunits: subunit A and subunit B. The A-subunit of DT is represented by a single domain - the catalytic or C-domain which modifies eEF-2. (org.ua)

Small molecules are notoriously difficult to illicit an immune response against due to their small size. (prosci-services.com)
The use of cationized BSA is known to elicit greater immunogenic response compared to normal BSA (1-3). (gbiosciences.com)

pneumoniae serotype 14 capsular polysaccharide (CP14) linked to the Pneumococcal surface protein A (PsaA) using chitosan NPs (CNPs). (univ-nantes.fr)

Equipped with a mouse model of stress (5-HT1A-R-/- mice) and a 5-HT1A-R-expressing hippocampal neuron-derived cell line, HN2-5, our earlier studies have reported that a 5-HT1A-R-mediated signaling pathway functions via extracellular receptor-activated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-catalyzed activation of protein kinase C alpha (PKC) to promote synaptogenesis at P15 in the hippocampal CA1 region [12,16]. (thetechnoant.info)

Significant structural features of hemocyanins as a model antigen are their glycosylation patterns. (exeter.ac.uk)

In other words, this type of hypersensitivity reaction is due to the activation of specifically sensitized T lym-phocytes rather than to an antigen-antibody reaction. (brainkart.com)
The ini-tial application leads to sensitization, a second application will elicit a delayed hypersensi-tivity reaction in the area where the antigen is applied. (brainkart.com)

crude female worm surface antigen (CFSWA). (who.int)

It is believed that these compounds couple spontaneously to an endogenous carrier protein, and as a result of this coupling the small molecule will act as a hapten, while the endogenous protein will play the role of a carrier. (brainkart.com)
Described herein are polypeptides, compositions, kits, and analyte detection systems for the detection of the presence or absence of small molecules (e.g. histamine and/or histidine) in a test sample. (justia.com)
The technology described herein relates to polypeptides, compositions, kits, and analyte detection systems for the detection of the presence or absence of small molecules (e.g. histamine and/or histidine) in a test sample. (justia.com)
Small-molecule detection is important for many applications including clinical diagnostics, drug discovery, and measurements of environmental samples and agricultural products. (justia.com)
Current techniques for small-molecule detection suffer from various limitations including low analytical sensitivity and complex sample processing. (justia.com)
Furthermore, very small molecules, such as histamine (11.14 g/mol) which consists of an imidazole ring and a short carbon chain terminated with a primary amine, pose even more of a challenge due in part to their limited functionalities. (justia.com)
Embodiments of various aspects described herein, include novel polypeptides, compositions comprising the same, kits, and analyte detection systems for detecting the presence or absence of a small molecule (e.g. histamine and/or histidine) in a test sample. (justia.com)
One of the promising approaches to the creation of antiviral drugs is the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules that can specifically block the expression of virus genes. (immunologiya-journal.ru)

Anatomy18

Organisms12

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs141

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care4

Receptors8

Antibodies23

Bovine serum a1

Induce8

Vaccines7

Conjugating the small molecule1

Conjugation2

Haptens3

Polysaccharide antigen1

Poorly2

Hapten-carrier2

Adjuvants7

Immunogens3

Residues1

Recombinant proteins2

Immunoglobulin1

APCs2

Humoral2

Bind6

Immunization3

Cells11

Immune responses1

Exposure2

Serum1

Epitope2

Immunogenicity2

Induces2

Antibody responses2

Peptides6

Tumor1

Larger carrier1

Vitro1

Nucleic acids2

Peptide-based1

High molecular weight1

Responses1

Hepatitis1

Molecular1

Stimulation1

Infection4

Adhesion1

DRB12

Protective2

Substance2

Therapeutic2

Distinct1

Large1

Specific2

Autologous1

Transmembrane2

Synthesis1

Subunits2

Response2

PsaA1

Pathway1

Structural1

Reaction2

Surface1

Small8