• All the patients had occlusion of the internal carotid or middle cerebral artery and evidence of salvageable brain tissue and ischemic core of less than 70 ml on computed tomographic (CT) perfusion imaging. (nih.gov)
  • Patients who develop severe stroke symptoms due to acute internal carotid artery occlusion eventually in combination with a thromboembolic obstruction of the middle cerebral artery incur a major risk of developing extensive MCA infarction with a poor outcome. (ajnr.org)
  • 1 However, there is a subgroup of patients who develop severe stroke symptoms due to acute internal carotid artery occlusion eventually in combination with a thromboembolic obstruction of the central arteries, such as the terminal carotid segment or the middle cerebral artery, and subsequently incur a major risk of developing extensive MCA infarction with a poor outcome. (ajnr.org)
  • MRI of the brain demonstrated multiple embolic infarcts in the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory, despite therapeutic anticoagulation with heparin. (bmj.com)
  • C) Postdeployment of a 3.5×23.0 mm LVIS Jr. stent (dotted line) placed from the left M1 middle cerebral artery up to the dural junction of the left ICA (green arrow). (bmj.com)
  • Aneurysm locations were as follows: internal carotid artery (ICA) communicating segment (n=3), ICA ophthalmic segment (n=6), ICA paraclinoid segment (n=2), ICA cavernous segment (n=4), middle cerebral artery (n=1), anterior cerebral artery (n=1) and vertebral artery (VA) intradural segment (n=2). (researchsquare.com)
  • In another study, which included middle cerebral artery (MCA) M1 occlusions, ICAS-O were more frequent in male patients, although the statistical significance was marginal (67.5% vs. 51.2%, P =0.072) [ 15 ]. (j-stroke.org)
  • He was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU), where magnetic resonance imaging and angiography of the brain revealed infarctions in the territory of the left middle cerebral artery with patent vasculature. (csccm.org.cn)
  • A 75-year old man with right arm weakness showed multiple scattered small infarct lesions at the left middle cerebral artery territory with mild stenosis of the left carotid artery. (j-nn.org)
  • Multiple high-signal intensity lesions were observed in the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) ( Fig. 1A ). (j-nn.org)
  • The patient experienced recurrent spells concerning for transient ischaemic attacks and was transferred to our institution for endovascular intervention after head CT revealed an embolic infarct with a 'dense middle cerebral artery sign. (elsevierpure.com)
  • BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To test the safety and recanalization efficacy of intra-arterial local delivery of plasminogen activators in acute ischemic stroke, a randomized trial of recombinant pro-urokinase (rpro-UK) versus placebo was undertaken in patients with angiographically documented proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion. (keyopinionleaders.com)
  • Angiography at 6 months demonstrated complete occlusion in 17 and partial filling in 1 of 18 patients. (ajnr.org)
  • Xu K, Wang H, Luo Q, Li Y, Yu J. Endovascular Treatment of Bilateral Carotid Artery Occlusion with Concurrent Basilar Apex Aneurysm: A Case Report and Literature Review. (medsci.org)
  • We report a case of successful endovascular treatment of bilateral carotid artery occlusion with concurrent basilar apex aneurysm. (medsci.org)
  • Computed tomography (CT) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) confirmed the presence of bilateral carotid artery occlusion with concurrent basilar apex aneurysm. (medsci.org)
  • We also reviewed six similar cases found with a PUBMED database search (1980-2010), including those with bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. (medsci.org)
  • In conclusion, by using the endovascular approach, bilateral carotid artery occlusion with concurrent basilar apex aneurysm was efficiently treated. (medsci.org)
  • Occlusion of the carotid artery is clinically silent or accompanied by only mild symptoms if there is adequate collateral flow. (ajnr.org)
  • In-stent thrombotic occlusion is a serious ischemic complication that can also result in ischemia in the distal perfusion territory and the territory of side branches for the artery in which the flow diverter (FD) stent is deployed. (thejns.org)
  • Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) confirmed the presence of supergiant aneurysm ( Fig. 1A C ) Further, balloon occlusion test (BOT) of left ICA was suggestive of moderate cross flow from right ICA across anterior communicating (Acomm) artery. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • However, these thrombectomy devises are primarily designed for recanalization of the occluded artery by removing an embolus [ 9 - 11 ], and recanalization may not be sufficiently achieved if a significant stenosis, related to intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS), is present at the occlusion site [ 12 ]. (j-stroke.org)
  • a Korean study reported that around 15% of ICAS-related occlusions (ICAS-O) are found in patients with intracranial artery occlusion in anterior circulation [ 14 ]. (j-stroke.org)
  • Another Korean study demonstrated that ICAS-O was encountered in approximately 35% patients with vertebrobasilar artery occlusion [ 6 ]. (j-stroke.org)
  • In cholesterol embolization syndrome, atherosclerotic plaque contents from large-caliber arteries embolize to smaller arteries and lead to vascular occlusion, inflammation, and end-organ damage. (csccm.org.cn)
  • Digital subtraction angiography was negative for occlusion, instead demonstrating luminal stenosis and poststenotic dilatation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • They are then examined by flat detector CT (FDCT) and FDCT-angiography and treated by endovascular means in case of a large vessel occlusion (LVO) subsequently. (onestopinstroke.eu)
  • Internal carotid artery occlusion can lead to contralateral side: hemianopia, hemiplegia, partial sensory disturbance and aphasia in dominant hemisphere. (journalmc.org)
  • 1 - 3 Early experimental work suggested 3 potential mechanisms of action: improved anatomic reconstruction of the parent artery, functional modification of flow across the orifice of the aneurysm, and biologic repair of the aneurysm neck by neointimal overgrowth. (ajnr.org)
  • 1 Flow conditions within the parent artery and the aneurysm itself have long been thought to play an important role in aneurysm growth and rupture. (ajnr.org)
  • 4 - 11 Yet, the early application of stent-assisted aneurysm therapy was primarily focused on geometric reconstruction of the parent artery through improved coil packing of the aneurysm. (ajnr.org)
  • His research interests include the study of TOS, abdominal aortic aneurysm, carotid artery stenosis, and vascular imaging quality improvement. (rochester.edu)
  • Total 19 aneurysms were demonstrated by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in these patients, 15 cases with single aneurysm, and 2 cases with multiple intracranial aneurysms. (researchsquare.com)
  • We describe a simple, safe, and effective treatment option for supergiant cavernous carotid aneurysm and discuss the proposed mechanisms for a favorable outcome. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • Contrast enhanced MR revealed a supergiant aneurysm (6.1 × 3.6 × 3.4 cm) in cavernous segment of left internal carotid artery (ICA). (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • 1 , 2 The presentation of this potentially fatal complication includes severe perioperative or postoperative bleeding, a false aneurysm of the ICA or a carotid cavernous fistula. (bmj.com)
  • Besides one basilar apex aneurysm, all aneurysms were located at the anterior communicating artery (AComA) complex. (springer.com)
  • Intravascular stent and endovascular coil placement for a ruptured fusiform aneurysm of the basilar artery. (keyopinionleaders.com)
  • Background Surgical treatment of ophthalmic segment aneurysms (OSAs) remain challenging because of complex anatomy surrounding the aneurysm and entails extensive drilling of anterior clinoid process to define proximal neck of the aneurysm and carotid exposure in the neck for proximal control. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • A, Tear and elevation of the intima from the wall of the artery, resulting in luminal stenosis. (medscape.com)
  • Carotid artery stenosis ( CAS ) is an atherosclerotic, degenerative disease of the common carotid artery and internal carotid artery . (amboss.com)
  • Depending on the extent of stenosis, ischemia in the carotid perfusion territory can result in amaurosis fugax , transient ischemic attack ( TIA ), or stroke . (amboss.com)
  • Carotid duplex ultrasonography is the initial test of choice for evaluating the carotid artery and measuring the degree of stenosis. (amboss.com)
  • Carotid revascularization is recommended for severe carotid stenosis and may be considered for moderate carotid stenosis if the periprocedural risks are acceptable. (amboss.com)
  • Screening for asymptomatic carotid stenosis is controversial. (amboss.com)
  • Carotid artery stenosis does not typically cause vertigo , lightheadedness , or syncope . (amboss.com)
  • Screening for asymptomatic carotid stenosis is controversial and is detailed in the "Prevention" section below. (amboss.com)
  • Carotid artery stenosis typically occurs within 2 cm of the common carotid artery bifurcation. (amboss.com)
  • management is similar to that of unilateral carotid stenosis. (amboss.com)
  • Stenosis of an artery of more than 50% is usually regarded as significant stenosis, which may cause ischemic stroke. (j-nn.org)
  • Here, we report a case of embolic infarction without significant stenosis at the proximal artery and a mobile plaque observed by carotid duplex ultrasonography. (j-nn.org)
  • Our case may show the usefulness of carotid ultrasonography in patients who have ischemic stroke with an embolic pattern without significant arterial stenosis. (j-nn.org)
  • 70% symptomatic carotid stenosis (TIA within last 2 weeks) were taken for simultaneous CEA along with CABG. (ejcvsmed.org)
  • Simultaneous carotid and off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery is safe and effective method of treatment patients with severe concomitant carotid artery stenosis and ischemic heart disease with relatively low mortality rate. (ejcvsmed.org)
  • [1] Approximately 8-10% of patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, have significant but asymptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. (ejcvsmed.org)
  • Regarding to the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) [2] and Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS) [3] carotid endarterectomy (CEA) reduced the risk of stroke in patients with ICA stenosis. (ejcvsmed.org)
  • In this study we performed a retrospective analysis of safety and efficacy of CEA combined with CABG in patients with severe carotid stenosis requiring CABG surgery. (ejcvsmed.org)
  • Data of all patients who underwent CABG in our hospital (total 711) from January 2013 to December 2017 were analyzed, of this 45(6,3%) patients had concomitant carotid and coronary artery stenosis, 18 (2,5%) of them needed simultaneous surgery ( Picture 1 ). (ejcvsmed.org)
  • To assess the degree of stenosis of ICAs, carotid Doppler was done preoperatively in all patients. (ejcvsmed.org)
  • Computed tomography angiogram (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) was done to confirm the degree of stenosis in patients who had 50% or more stenosis of carotid artery on carotid Doppler. (ejcvsmed.org)
  • Non-invasive vascular imaging revealed an intimal flap and a pseudoaneurysm at the site of luminal stenosis, confirming our suspicion for intracranial carotid artery dissection. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Although different surgical techniques have been reported for repairing kinked stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) after carotid endarterectomy (CEA), there are no reports using endovascular reconstruction. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • There are no clearly defined management options for kinking stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • To our knowledge, this is the first report of carotid artery stenting (CAS) for the treatment of kinking stenosis after CEA. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Anterior-posterior (a) view on preoperative carotid angiography showing moderate stenosis of the right ICA. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • During surgery, no kinking stenosis was observed and video angiography with indocyanine green showed no delay in ICA blood flow. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • This study aims to explore the possibility of assessing cerebral hypoperfusion with DSA in patients with carotid stenosis. (techscience.com)
  • Thirty patients with a mild to severe stenosis on one side, and a mild stenosis on the other side of the carotid artery were recruited. (techscience.com)
  • A 63-year-old man had purplish discoloration of the face develop after he underwent stenting and balloon dilation of the left common carotid artery. (csccm.org.cn)
  • A common carotid artery angiogram showed that 50% of the lesion blush remained due to the ophthalmic artery supply (Figure 2C). (jscimedcentral.com)
  • Under general anesthesia, bypass grafting was performed between the bilateral axillary arteries and the right common carotid artery with a T-shaped ring-supported e-PTFE prosthesis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Then, a branched stent graft was deployed through the right common carotid artery in a retrograde manner between the brachiocephalic artery and the ascending aorta through the fenestration to complete the procedure. (bvsalud.org)
  • The second image demonstrates the angiographic characteristics of a chronic subadventitial dissection of the right internal carotid artery. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic subadventitial dissection of the right internal carotid artery. (medscape.com)
  • The annual incidence of internal carotid artery dissection is 1.72 per 100,000, and vertebral artery dissection 0.97 per 100,000. (medscape.com)
  • A direct fistula is due to direct communication between the intracavernous internal carotid artery and the surrounding cavernous sinus. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Indirect fistulas are due to communication by multiple branches between the internal and/or external carotid arteries and the cavernous sinus. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) showed a left petrocavernous internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD). (bmj.com)
  • Follow-up DSA 1 week later showed bilateral multifocal internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral artery dissections, bilateral direct CCFs and cavernous ICA PAs. (bmj.com)
  • Characteristic clinical manifestations are variable and asymptomatic course is possible especially for fusiform dilatation of internal carotid artery. (unicatt.it)
  • Methods Fusiform dilatations of internal carotid artery were diagnosed on three pediatric patients during follow-up imaging after primary surgery for suprasellar-parasellar tumor. (unicatt.it)
  • Fusiform dilatation of internal carotid artery rarely causes symptoms and there is no published paper of subarachnoid bleeding. (unicatt.it)
  • Digital subtraction angiography showed a patent left internal carotid artery and an occluded distal left facial artery. (csccm.org.cn)
  • Purpose To report our experience with intraoperative complications involving the internal carotid artery (ICA) during trans-sphenoidal surgery and their outcome with reconstructive endovascular management. (bmj.com)
  • Intraoperative injuries of the internal carotid artery (ICA) have a high morbidity and mortality when they occur during trans-sphenoidal surgery. (bmj.com)
  • 50% diameter reduction) was observed in the left internal carotid artery (ICA) ( Fig. 1B ). (j-nn.org)
  • We present a case of supraclinoid internal carotid artery dissection. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The accessory meningeal artery (AMA) demonstrates various potential anastomoses with the external (ECA) and internal (ICA) carotid arteries. (nagoya-u.ac.jp)
  • By injecting isoosmolar nonionic iodine contrast media, angiographic runs in anteroposterior and lateral projections were taken which showed a right intraorbital low flow hypervascular polilobulated lesion feeded by external carotid arterial branches (angular, zigomatic-orbital and sphenopalatines) and the ophthalmic artery, branch of the internal carotid artery (Figure 2B). (jscimedcentral.com)
  • Ophthalmic segment aneurysms (OSA) arise from C6 segment of internal carotid artery (ICA). (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • However, carotid and vertebral dissections are still underrecognized despite their distinct clinical and radiologic manifestations. (medscape.com)
  • Brain blood supply was provided by the bilateral vertebral artery through the basilar artery. (medsci.org)
  • We report a unique rescue strategy involving implantation of an additional intra-arterial catheter into the vertebral artery and repetitive stent retriever dilatations of the middle cerebral and basilar arteries as an extra therapy for continuous intra-arterial nimodipine vaspospasmolytic therapy in three vessel territories, resulting in a very good clinical outcome. (thejns.org)
  • Blood supply areas of vertebral-basal artery include occipital lobe, thalamus, corpus callosum, cerebellum and brainstem. (journalmc.org)
  • Use of Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa Inhibitors in patients undergoing Carotid Artery Stenting in the Vascular Quality Initiative. (rochester.edu)
  • We present the details of a case successfully treated by carotid artery stenting (CAS). (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Conventional angiography is usually done before therapeutic angiographic procedures such as angioplasty, vascular stenting, and embolization of tumors and vascular malformations. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The following Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) is not normal because of the Stenotic Carotid Artery. (pressbooks.pub)
  • During this procedure cardiac surgeons are aiming to minimize the risk of stroke either by revascularizing the stenotic carotid artery followed by CABG or in the reversed fashion. (ejcvsmed.org)
  • Evaluate the placement and effectiveness of a stent, a mesh tube used to improve blood flow through an artery. (mayoclinic.org)
  • All patients had patent flow into the M1 and ICA after carotid artery stent placement and IAT. (ajnr.org)
  • In the presented case, a young female patient with fulminant refractory DCI and CV, despite induced hypertension and nimodipine application, was treated with three-vessel continuous intra-arterial infusion and additional repetitive angioplasty of the basilar and middle cerebral arteries using a stent retriever, leading to a good clinical outcome. (thejns.org)
  • The fenestrated stent graft was advanced through the left femoral artery and deployed with the device fenestration located at the bifurcation of the brachiocephalic artery. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cervical artery dissection is a major cause of ischemic stroke in young adults, but the diagnosis can be difficult to make because patients may present with benign symptoms such as headache, neck pain, or dizziness. (medscape.com)
  • A carotid ultrasound tests for blocked or narrowed carotid arteries, which can increase the risk of stroke. (mayoclinic.org)
  • An ischemic stroke occurs when a blood clot, known as a thrombus, blocks or plugs an artery leading to the brain. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A carotid ultrasound is done to look for for narrowed carotid arteries, which increase the risk of stroke. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Early diagnosis and treatment of a narrowed carotid artery can decrease stroke risk. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Your health care provider orders a carotid ultrasound if you have a transient ischemic attack (TIA), also called a mini-stroke, or other types of strokes. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Monitor carotid artery blood flow during aortic heart valve surgery to assess the risk of a stroke. (mayoclinic.org)
  • These three symptomatic carotid patients suffered from stroke within last 6 months. (ejcvsmed.org)
  • Stroke is a serious complication after CABG surgery, occurring in up to 3% of patients, patients with significant carotid disease represent a particularly high-risk category of patients. (ejcvsmed.org)
  • Hence, we developed and implemented a one stop management of stroke patients, in which the usual multidetector CT (MDCT) and MDCT-angiography/perfusion evaluation is bypassed. (onestopinstroke.eu)
  • 4 Several risk factors, including patients' factors 5 (older age, sex, or chronic brain damage) and periprocedural factors 6 (anesthesia, intraprocedural vasospasm, or vessel injury), may contribute to poor functional outcomes despite successful recanalization of the occluded artery with MT. However, postprocedural malignant brain edema (MBE) may also play an important role in reducing the benefit of MT. (bmj.com)
  • The term dissection refers primarily to an elevation or separation of the intimal lining of an artery from the subjacent media and, less frequently, to separation of the media from the adventitia. (medscape.com)
  • B) Fifth DSA (5 days after coiling), lateral view: 5 mm residual sac developing along the medial aspect of the coiled PA (red arrow) with extension of the left intracranial carotid artery dissection up to the ICA terminus (green arrow). (bmj.com)
  • Pre-operatory embolization of the external carotid artery supply may be of help. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • A 5 French guiding catheter 100 cm long was placed proximally in the trunk of the right external carotid artery assisted by a 0,035" hydrophilic guidewire 150 cm long. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • Then, a 2,1 French tipped microcatheter with a 0.014" microguidewire was navigated distally in each of the external carotid artery branches. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • The ultrasound technician may use a Doppler ultrasound, which shows blood flowing through the arteries. (mayoclinic.org)
  • However, postoperative angiography and carotid Doppler revealed a kinked ICA with a high-flow velocity that was not present intraoperatively. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Moreover, no improvement of the stenotic lesion was seen on DSA or carotid Doppler ultrasound (peak systolic velocity [PSV], 226 cm/s) after 3 months. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Construct a 3D model of the carotid artery to improve the accuracy of a diagnosis. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: utility of perfusion CT and CT angiography on diagnosis and management. (keyopinionleaders.com)
  • PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility of perfusion CT (PCT) combined with CT angiography (CTA) for the diagnosis and management of vasospasm, by using conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as the gold standard. (keyopinionleaders.com)
  • 6 ] The size of FD is usually determined by the diameter of the distal and proximal parent artery, which might change along the vasculature due to its self-expanding character. (researchsquare.com)
  • Catheter-based digital subtraction angiography is the gold standard imaging technique due to its superior spatial and temporal resolution. (radiopaedia.org)
  • A thin, hollow tube called a catheter is placed through an artery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The catheter is carefully moved up through the main blood vessels in the belly area and chest into an artery in the neck. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Angiography with a catheter is used less often now. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If the catheter is inserted into an artery, the insertion site must be steadily compressed for 10 to 20 minutes after all instruments are removed to reduce the risk of bleeding at the puncture site. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cardiac Catheterization Cardiac catheterization is the passage of a catheter through peripheral arteries or veins into cardiac chambers, the pulmonary artery, and coronary arteries and veins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rarely, an artery is injured by the catheter, or an atherosclerotic plaque dislodges, causing an embolism distally. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The patient had an uneventful postoperative course, with no detectable endoleak on postoperative digital subtraction angiography. (bvsalud.org)
  • The tumor was supplied from the occipital artery of the external carotid ( Figures 3A and 3B ). (scitechnol.com)
  • Occipital artery of the external carotid. (scitechnol.com)
  • B) Third digital subtraction angiography (1 week from injury), lateral view: left ICAD extending from the precavernous ICA (arrowhead) to the supraclinoid segment (green arrow) with a 7 mm dissecting PA directed anterosuperiorly (red arrow) at the junction of the petrous and precavernous ICA with contrast percolation from the posterior genu forming a direct CCF (blue arrow). (bmj.com)
  • Treatment would be difficult, since the main arterial branches arise from the dilated carotid segment. (unicatt.it)
  • Treatment of large, wide-neck, or otherwise untreatable aneurysms with functional reconstruction of the parent artery may be achieved with relative safety using dedicated flow-modifying devices with or without adjunctive use of intrasaccular coil packing. (ajnr.org)
  • Digital subtraction angiography revealed four aneurysms and anastomoses between the left AMA and inferolateral trunk (ILT). (nagoya-u.ac.jp)
  • The 3D reformatted contrast enhanced CT angiography demonstrated a cluster of dilated dysplastic vessels with pseudo aneurysms, anticipating potentially significant intraoperative blood loss (Figure 1C). (jscimedcentral.com)
  • After informed consent, the patient was given general anesthesia and a 5 French introducer sheath 10 cm long was inserted in the right femoral artery. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to clarify the criteria for initial treatment of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) by com-paring the backgrounds and post-treatment courses of patients who underwent drainage or middle meningeal artery (MMA) emboliza-tion for CSDH. (go.jp)
  • Nearly one-third of all strokes occur in patients with clogged carotid arteries. (rpi.edu)
  • Risk factors for ICA rupture included two patients with carotid dehiscence, one with sphenoid septal attachment to the ICA, two with revision surgery, one with prior radiation to the tumor, one with bromocriptine treatment and two with acromegaly. (bmj.com)
  • Of 28 side branches covered by ≥1 device, the ophthalmic artery was absent immediately in 1 and at 6 months in another 2 cases. (ajnr.org)
  • The most frequent are type C, with meningeal branches of the external carotid forming the fistula 3 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The artery may become dilated as a result of thickening of the arterial wall, with some degree of luminal narrowing. (medscape.com)
  • Carotid (kuh-ROT-id) ultrasound is a safe, noninvasive, painless procedure that uses sound waves to examine the blood flow through the carotid arteries. (mayoclinic.org)
  • CT angiography is the noninvasive imaging modality of choice for evaluation of suspected caroticocavernous fistula 9 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Impact of Calcified Plaque Volume on Technical and 3-Year Outcomes After Transcarotid Artery Revascularization (TCAR). (rochester.edu)