• Carnitine is mainly absorbed from the diet, but can be formed through biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • By subsequently inhibiting carnitine biosynthesis, fatty acid transport is reduced and the accumulation of cytotoxic intermediate products of fatty acid beta-oxidation in ischemic tissues to produce energy is prevented, therefore blocking this highly oxygen-consuming process. (wikipedia.org)
  • The final step in carnitine biosynthesis is catalyzed by γ-butyrobetaine (γBB) hydroxylase (BBOX), an iron/2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenase. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (GBBH) is a 2-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of l-carnitine by hydroxylation of gamma-butyrobetaine (GBB). (rhea-db.org)
  • Structural and mechanistic studies on γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Crystal structure of human gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. (rhea-db.org)
  • Carnitinen dannes gennem flere enzymatiske trin, hvor to trin katalyseres af 2-OGDO enzymerne: trimethyllysine hydroxylase ( TMLH ) og gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase ( BBOX eller GBBH), hvor Fe2+ er cofactor (3). (blogspot.com)
  • GBB ( Gamma-Butyrobetaine Ethyl Ester) is referred to as being a Pro-Carnitine molecule. (shnonline.com.au)
  • Carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids (FA) from the cytosol of the cell into the mitochondrion and is therefore essential for fatty acid oxidation (known as beta oxidation). (wikipedia.org)
  • l-carnitine is required for the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for generating metabolic energy. (rhea-db.org)
  • It also reduces the formation of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a product of carnitine breakdown that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and congestive heart failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinical trials have shown GBBGO® to be a potent ingredient for burning fat faster and increasing body temperature by nearly doubling plasma carnitine levels. (fitshop.ca)
  • GBBGO® will make you break into a sweat due to the exothermic (heat releasing) chemical reaction during the conversion from GBBGO® to carnitine. (fitshop.ca)
  • The process in which they move into the mitochondria is called the carnitine shuttle. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the body, we synthesise L-Carnitine all throughout the day with this process elevating in production of L-Carnitine during training and exercise. (shnonline.com.au)
  • Carnitinen dannes gennem flere enzymatiske trin, hvor to trin katalyseres af 2-OGDO enzymerne: trimethyllysine hydroxylase ( TMLH ) og gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase ( BBOX eller GBBH), hvor Fe2+ er cofactor (3). (blogspot.com)
  • use AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN 1979, & KETO ACIDS & VALERATES 1973-1979 MH - 3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-Dioxygenase UI - D050561 MN - D8.811.682.690.416.328 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde. (nih.gov)
  • An enzyme that catalyzes the HYDROXYLATION of gamma-butyrobetaine to L-CARNITINE . (nih.gov)
  • Carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids (FA) from the cytosol of the cell into the mitochondrion and is therefore essential for fatty acid oxidation (known as beta oxidation). (wikipedia.org)
  • While caffeine and other stimulants can help free up fatty acids, without sufficient carnitine, they will unlikely be used to create ATP (adenosine triphosphate). (fitfrek.com)
  • As Dr. Celestino-Soper observed, carnitine is used in the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria, which are broken down for energy production. (medscape.com)
  • This complex is then transported through the inner mitochondrial membrane via a transporter protein called carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Renal carnitine reabsorption along with dietary intake and endogenous production maintain carnitine homeostasis. (nih.gov)
  • However, she pointed out, "this is likely due to dietary intake of carnitine, and we don't know what carnitine levels are in the brains of these 2 boys [or]…what their carnitine levels were when they were young infants. (medscape.com)
  • In the mitochondria themselves, meldonium also competitively inhibits the carnitine shuttle protein SLC22A5. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carnitine plays essential roles in intermediary metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • As Dr. Celestino-Soper noted, an investigation of plasma carnitine levels in the 2 brothers at the ages of 15 to 17 showed they had normal levels of free carnitine. (medscape.com)
  • There's a few different forms of carnitine, but this is faster acting and has better absorption. (fitfrek.com)