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MesodermGastrulaEmbryonic InductionGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalSomitesEctodermBody PatterningEmbryo, NonmammalianXenopus ProteinsFetal ProteinsIn Situ HybridizationT-Box Domain ProteinsMorphogenesisChick EmbryoGastrulationZebrafish ProteinsXenopusHomeodomain ProteinsZebrafishBone Morphogenetic ProteinsNodal ProteinActivinsTranscription FactorsXenopus laevisBone Morphogenetic Protein 4Goosecoid ProteinGenes, HomeoboxCoturnixQuailFibroblast Growth FactorsCell DifferentiationNodal Signaling LigandsSignal TransductionNervous SystemTwist Transcription FactorWnt ProteinsEmbryonic and Fetal DevelopmentDrosophilaPrimitive StreakDrosophila ProteinsFibroblast Growth Factor 8Molecular Sequence DataCell LineageGerm LayersEmbryonic DevelopmentNeural CrestExtremitiesLimb BudsTailHeadInhibinsDNA-Binding ProteinsEmbryo, MammalianBasic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription FactorsTissue TransplantationBranchial RegionTrans-ActivatorsVisceraAvian ProteinsBase SequenceAmino Acid SequenceBlastodermHeartTransforming Growth Factor betaLeft-Right Determination FactorsReceptors, Fibroblast Growth FactorAnimals, Genetically ModifiedMyogenic Regulatory Factor 5Embryonic Stem CellsProteinsBlastulaGenes, InsectCell MovementHedgehog ProteinsReceptors, NotchMyoD ProteinWnt1 ProteinWnt3 ProteinMutationChimeraRNA, MessengerStem CellsCentral Nervous SystemRepressor ProteinsVertebratesCulture TechniquesHelix-Loop-Helix MotifsBone Morphogenetic Protein ReceptorsGene ExpressionDigestive SystemSequence Homology, Amino AcidModels, BiologicalPhenotypeMicroinjectionsPaired Box Transcription FactorsNeural PlateReceptors, Growth FactorPAX2 Transcription FactorSOXF Transcription FactorsInsect Proteins

Paraxial mesodermPharyngeal mesodermCardiacBranchiomericSpecificationIsl1DevelopmentalAscidian

Paraxial mesoderm1

• Here, we show that, unlike the myogenic trunk paraxial mesoderm, head mesoderm development is independent of the T/Tbx6 network in mouse. (ncbs.res.in)

Pharyngeal mesoderm2

• The expression of Tbx1 (pharyngeal mesoderm and endoderm) is shown in blue, Isl1 (second heart field and pharyngeal epithelia) in green, Vegfr2 (endothelial cells) in red and nuclei in grey. (univ-amu.fr)
• Early differentiating cardiac progenitor cells from the initial center field (FHF) bring about the linear center tube and afterwards form the still left ventricle and elements of the atria8 9 Subsequently second-heart-field (SHF) progenitors situated in pharyngeal mesoderm generate cardiac muscle mass (myocardium) from the outflow system correct ventricle and elements of the atria10-12 (Fig. 2). (biobender.com)

Cardiac2

• Migration of Nkx2-5 -en + cells from outside the cardiac crescent towards the heart tube. (elifesciences.org)
• Amount 1 The stunning heterogeneity from the individual mind and center musculature Amount 2 An evolutionarily conserved cardiopharyngeal ontogenetic theme A collection of regulatory elements integrates the intercellular indicators that coordinate the forming of cardiac Gadodiamide (Omniscan) and branchiomeric muscle tissues from a common pool of mesodermal progenitor cells. (biobender.com)

Branchiomeric2

• This twin potential is the defining feature of cardiopharyngeal mesoderm: the head subtype giving rise to heart and branchiomeric head muscles. (ncbs.res.in)
• Included in these are the muscularization from the ventrolateral mesoderm or hypomere to create branchiomeric muscle tissues and the introduction of two book ectodermal buildings: the Gadodiamide (Omniscan) neurogenic placodes as well as the neural crest. (biobender.com)

Specification1

• Divergent early mesoderm specification underlies distinct head and trunk muscle programmes in vertebrates. (ncbs.res.in)

Isl13

• Separated channels for the Nkx2-5 -en ( E" ) and Nkx2.5 protein ( E''' ). ( F ). Location of the Isl1 enhancer in chick and mouse genomes. (elifesciences.org)
• A-D ) Expression pattern of the Isl1 -en at different developmental stages. (elifesciences.org)
• F-J ) Cross sections through different stages of embryonic development corresponding to the embryos shown in A-D. The mouse Isl1- en (green, GFP) and control pCAAG-RFP (red). (elifesciences.org)

Developmental1

• Whereas the developmental route of trunk muscles from mesoderm is well studied, that of head muscles is ill defined. (ncbs.res.in)

Ascidian1

• The ascidian Ciona is a powerful model to study cardiopharyngeal fate specification with cellular resolution, as only two bilateral pairs of multipotent cardiopharyngeal progenitors give rise to the heart and to the pharyngeal muscles (also known as atrial siphon muscles, ASM). (bvsalud.org)