Cardiomyocytes diabetic cardiomyopathies. Medical search. Frequent questions

Purpose of review: Diabetes results in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy, a primary cardiac disease characterized pathologically by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis, and hemodynamically by impaired cardiac relaxation progressing to overt contractile failure. (elsevierpure.com)
We previously, reported that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy. (e-dmj.org)
G-CSF significantly reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the diabetic myocardium in vivo and led to an increase in Beclin-1 level and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and decreased P62 level. (e-dmj.org)
Recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the process of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. (e-dmj.org)
We have previously reported that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) ameliorated diastolic dysfunction and attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis in a rat model of diabetic cardiomyopathy. (e-dmj.org)
G-CSF treatment significantly decreased apoptosis and reduced miR-34a expression in diabetic myocardium and H9c2 cells under the HG condition. (e-dmj.org)
The release of ROS and RNS induces oxidative stress leading to abnormal gene expression, faulty signal transduction and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. (uaeu.ac.ae)
RA signaling continues to be implicated within the legislation of cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis [116,117], and a considerable body of understanding has gathered on its function in the legislation of cardiomyocyte development, apoptosis and mobile function in response to different pathophysiological stimuli. (researchassistantresume.com)
Our previous studies suggested that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) axis inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis in myocardial infarction (MI). (ijbs.com)
The present study was performed to investigate the role of miR-195 and the interplay between BDNF and miR-195 in ischemic cardiomyocyte apoptosis. (ijbs.com)
Apoptosis in both hypoxic and H 2 O 2 -treated cardiomyocytes were markedly reduced and cell viability was increased by miR-195 inhibitor. (ijbs.com)
Up-regulation of miR-195 in ischemic cardiomyocytes promotes ischemic apoptosis by targeting Bcl-2. (ijbs.com)
Numerous studies have documented that cardiomyocyte apoptosis occurs in border zone of infarct scars and in the remote zone of non-infarcted myocardium [ 2 - 4 ], which exacerbates the post-MI remodeling and aggravates cardiac dysfunction [ 5 ]. (ijbs.com)
Studies have also suggested that both acute substantial cardiomyocyte loss and chronic low levels of apoptosis contributed to the development of heart failure [ 6 , 7 ]. (ijbs.com)
Thus, successfully reversal of cardiomyocyte apoptosis during early stage of MI is crucial for repairing the injured heart and ameliorating cardiac function [ 8 ]. (ijbs.com)

Coronary atherosclerosis appears in the majority of the diabetes population, with the mortality of up to 20% diabetic subjects caused by myocardial infarction ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
New data from the laboratory indicates that increasing glycolytic rate in cardiomyocytes markedly protects the heart from myocardial infarction. (einsteinmed.edu)
Cardiovascular complication including myocardial infarction is one of the major causes of death in diabetic patients. (uaeu.ac.ae)
In addition, several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of empagliflozin on myocardial infarction (MI) in diabetic animal models 10 , 11 , prompting us to investigate the real-time ATP change in cardiac energy production in an ischemic-reperfusion model of MI. (nature.com)
Her work has elucidated the role of a "neuronal isoform" of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in cardiomyocytes in the regulation of adrenergic responses, excitation-contraction coupling, atrial repolarization and myocardial remodeling after myocardial infarction. (mcgill.ca)

Treatment with resveratrol significantly attenuated endogenous ADMA accumulation and cardiac dysfunction, increased myocardial mitochondrial DNA and ATP contents, as well as upregulated PGC-1α expression in the myocardium of resveratrol-treated diabetic rats compared with untreated diabetic rats. (diabetesjournals.org)
Cardiomyocyte passive tension (Fpassive) was higher in LV and RV cardiomyocytes of ZDF rats than in those receiving preventive vardenafil treatment. (unideb.hu)
Ca2+-sensitivity of isometric force production (pCa50) was significantly higher in LV (but not in RV) cardiomyocytes of ZDF rats than in their counterparts in the Lean or Lean + Vard groups. (unideb.hu)
Diabetic cardiomyopathy was induced in rats through a high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin and the rats were then treated with G-CSF for 5 days. (e-dmj.org)
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on gene expression of calcium channel of ryanodine receptors (RyR2), SERCA2a and phospholamban (PLB) in the heart of diabetic male rats. (ac.ir)
[5] Other rat studies conducted on pain note that both diabetic and non-diabetic rats experience reduction in pain at 75-300mg/kg Benfotiamine (10mg/kg not being statistically significant). (examine.com)
Oxidative damage to DNA has been well documented in cardiac cells isolated from diabetic patients and rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM). (ru.nl)
Methods: To analyze the mechanism of overexpression of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and inhibition of cyclin D(1) expression in cardiomyocytes of diabetic rats we examined the methylation status of these genes by MS-PCR and assessed the possibility of epigenetic control of their expression. (ru.nl)
Meanwhile, BDNF protein level was rapidly increased in MI rats and H 2 O 2 -treated cardiomyocytes. (ijbs.com)

Also, the diabetic patient may show subtle signs of diabetic cardiomyopathy related to decreased left ventricular compliance or left ventricular hypertrophy or a combination of both. (wikipedia.org)
Here we aimed to characterize RV and left ventricular (LV) remodeling and its prevention by vardenafil (a long-acting phosphodiesterase5A (PDE-5A) inhibitor) administration in a diabetic HFpEF model. (unideb.hu)
After 48 hours of exposure, these mice showed persistent cardiac inflammation and oxidative tissue damage that caused sarcomeric disruption, cardiomyocyte death, left ventricular dysfunction, and cardiomyopathy, while control hearts showed minimal damage. (jci.org)

Four pathways, enumerated below all explain part of the diabetic complications. (wikipedia.org)
Among the various complications of diabetes, cardiovascular complications are believed to be the leading causes of disability and death among diabetic patients, particularly for diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) ( Cai and Kang, 2003 ). (frontiersin.org)
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthases, is associated with diabetic cardiovascular complications and reported to have cross-talk with lysine acetylation in cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction are frequent complications of diabetic cardiomyopathy. (unideb.hu)
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the most important complications of diabetes and is one of the major causes of death in diabetic patients. (ac.ir)
Adrenomedullin (AM), an ubiquitous regulatory peptide with different actions, is known to be elevated in different clinical situations, including diabetes mellitus (DM), but its potential role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications is not clear. (phoenixpeptide.com)
Cardiac complications are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Congenital anomalies and some metabolic and cardiac complications are specific to LGA infants of diabetic mothers. (msdmanuals.com)

Research have shown a reduced plasma degree of retinol in type 1 diabetics and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic pet versions [92,93] which eating supplementation of supplement A inhibits the introduction of type 1 diabetes [94]. (researchassistantresume.com)

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized functionally by ventricular dilation, enlargement of heart cells, prominent interstitial fibrosis and decreased or preserved systolic function in the presence of a diastolic dysfunction. (wikipedia.org)
Etiologically, four main causes are responsible for the development of heart failure in diabetic cardiomyopathy: microangiopathy and related endothelial dysfunction, autonomic neuropathy, metabolic alterations that include abnormal glucose use and increased fatty acid oxidation, generation and accumulation of free radicals, and alterations in ion homeostasis, especially calcium transients. (wikipedia.org)
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are important mechanisms of ventricular remodeling, predisposed to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in type 2 diabetes mellitus. (mdpi.com)
We explore the cellular mechanisms of glucose metabolism dysfunction in an in vitro model of cultured cardiomyocytes, with the aim of transposing our in vitro results to an animal model of diabetic cardiomyopathy. (unige.ch)
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is defined as a ventricular dysfunction initiated by alterations in cardiac energy substrates in the absence of coronary artery disease and hypertension. (hindawi.com)
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a substantial contributor to morbidity and mortality in diabetics, is seen as a ventricular dysfunction, within the lack of coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension. (researchassistantresume.com)
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to congestive cardiac failure due to dilation and systolic dysfunction of the ventricles (predominantly the left ventricle). (medscape.com)
They are the most informative noninvasive tests for diagnosing the type of cardiomyopathy and the degree of dysfunction in the heart muscle. (medscape.com)
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to congestive cardiac failure secondary to dilatation and systolic dysfunction (with or without diastolic dysfunction) of the ventricles (predominantly the left ventricle) in the absence of congenital, valvular, or coronary artery disease or any systemic disease known to cause myocardial dysfunction. (medscape.com)

This review will first consider the role of metabolism and more specifically the insulin sensitive glucose transporter GLUT4 in diabetic cardiac disease, before addressing how we may use exercise to intervene in order to beneficially impact key functional clinical outcomes. (strath.ac.uk)
During an ischemic event, as occurs with coronary occlusion, the first line of defense for the myocardium is the stimulation of glucose transport and glycolysis in the cardiomyocytes. (unige.ch)
Furthermore, at reperfusion, should it happen, ATP obtained from anaerobic metabolism of glucose is preferentially used to restore the ionic gradients that are necessary for the survival and proper function of the cardiomyocytes. (unige.ch)
Using a recombinant endonuclease-deficient Cas9-based gene promoter pulldown approach coupled with mass spectrometry, we found that MCUb is upregulated in the T2D heart due to loss of glucose homeostasis regulator nuclear receptor corepressor 2 repression, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α as a mediator of MCUb gene expression in T2D cardiomyocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
Diabetes results in a cardiomyopathy characterized by decreased cardiomyocyte function, increased myocardial fatty acid utilization, decreased glucose utilization, increased myocardial oxygen consumption, and decreased cardiac efficiency ( 4 , 5 ), primarily as the result of changes in metabolism and Ca 2+ handling within the myocyte ( 3 , 6 , 7 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Rat H9c2 cardiac cells were cultured under high glucose conditions as an in vitro model of diabetic cardiomyopathy. (e-dmj.org)
H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes were cultured under a high glucose (HG) condition to induce diabetic cardiomyopathy in vitro . (e-dmj.org)
Palmitate impairs insulin signaling by a decrease in insulin‐stimulated phosphorylation of Akt that corresponds to an 87% decrease in insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake in HL‐1 cardiomyocytes. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)
This may explain the problem the diabetic heart is facing with the simultaneous impairment of glucose uptake and lipid transport. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)

This study was to determine the role of ADMA in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy, whether resveratrol could revise ADMA-induced pathological changes and elucidate the underlying mechanisms in rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (diabetesjournals.org)
Summary: Recent findings will allow for greater insight into the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy and allow for the development of novel therapeutic targets. (elsevierpure.com)

Given that diabetic cardiomyopathy's definition excludes concomitant atherosclerosis or hypertension, there are no changes in perfusion or in atrial natriuretic peptide levels up until the very late stages of the disease, when the hypertrophy and fibrosis become very pronounced. (wikipedia.org)
In particular among the 30% of infants without congenital cardiac diseases born from diabetic mothers, the echocardiographic exam presents an interventricular septum and ventricular walls hypertrophy with a ratio from interventricular septal / left posterior ventricle wall higher than 1,3 [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
On the mobile level, cardiac redecorating is seen as a cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibroblast hyperplasia associated with a rise in collagen deposition inside the interstitial matrix (fibrosis) and cell loss of life. (researchassistantresume.com)
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is defined by ventricular hypertrophy. (cdc.gov)
However, the broader phenotype includes abnormal cardiomyocyte orientation (disarray), myocardial ischaemia and electrical abnormalities, which seem to manifest before overt hypertrophy. (cdc.gov)

These mechanisms are impaired in the diabetic myocardium, in part due to chronic exposure to a surfeit of circulating lipids. (unige.ch)
In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. (elsevierpure.com)
Therefore, we investigated whether the mechanisms underlying of the anti-apoptotic effects of G-CSF were associated with autophagy using a rat model of diabetic cardiomyopathy. (e-dmj.org)
This study evaluates possible molecular mechanisms for early events in the development of DM-induced cardiomyopathy. (ru.nl)
In this review, we summarize the biological function of MG53 with its potential mechanisms in cardiac tissue (Fig. 1 ), discuss current debates regarding the role of MG53 in diabetic cardiomyopathy (Table 1 ), and potential clinical applications of recombinant MG53 protein in the management and treatment of heart diseases (Table 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, the lab is actively engaged in studies examining regulation of contractility by microtubules and other cytoskeletal elements, cardiotoxicity associated with VEGF-anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors, disease-associated shifts in cardiac metabolism, mechanisms of inherited cardiomyopathies, advanced myocardial phenotyping using digital pathology and machine learning techniques, and integrated genomic inquiries designed to identify molecular mechanisms of myocardial pathology. (upenn.edu)

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a long-lasting process that affects the myocardium in patients who have no other cardiac conditions. (uscjournal.com)
Chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to the apoptotic cell death in the myocardium, thereby playing a critical role in the development of cardiomyopathy. (nih.gov)
Once SARS-CoV-2 enters the body it can elicit a hyper inflammatory response characterized by high levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) that can damage the myocardium or through direct infection of cardiomyocytes which can damage the heart. (springer.com)

This review summarizes the regulatory role of MG53 in cardiac tissues, current debates regarding MG53 in diabetes and diabetic cardiomyopathy, as well as highlights potential clinical applications of MG53 in treating cardiac pathologies. (biomedcentral.com)

Defects in cellular processes such as autophagy and mitophagy are thought to contribute to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. (wikipedia.org)
Our results suggest that the anti-apoptotic effect of G-CSF might be significantly associated with the up-regulation of autophagy in diabetic cardiomyopathy. (e-dmj.org)

In mice (either diabetic by streptozotocin or normal mice) given Benfotiamine at 100mg/kg for 14 days was able to normalize the glutathione:glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratio in the cerebral cortex (by decreasing GSSG to control levels), although it did not affect normal mice. (examine.com)
HO-1) pathway was tested for defense of mitochondrial quality control in cardiomyocyte-specific Hmox1 KO mice (HO-1[CM] -/- ) exposed to oxidative stress (100% O 2 ). (jci.org)
To aid these in?vitro data with in?vivo experiments we utilized CAV1 null mice fed regular or high‐extra fat diet programs and isolated cardiomyocytes after 12?weeks to check their insulin‐dependent blood sugar uptake rates. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)
In addition to in vitro experiments with primary cardiomyocytes and cell lines, we also use mice with cardiac-specific metabolic gene alterations. (unl.edu)

The contribution of altered mitochondrial Ca 2+ handling to metabolic and functional defects in type 2 diabetic (T2D) mouse hearts is not well understood. (diabetesjournals.org)
Inflammatory signaling in cardiomyocytes usually occurs as an early response to myocardial injury and entails cytosolic and mainly mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)

Conclusions: Oxidative damage contributes to the development of cardiomyopathy via p53-dependent activation of cardiac cell death. (ru.nl)
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in mouse hearts and hypoxia/oxidative stress in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes have been associated with a downregulation of MG53. (biomedcentral.com)

For in vitro studies, a cardiomyocyte cell line of human origin, AC16, was treated with palmitate and the PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516. (nih.gov)

A search of Medline for 'diabetic cardiomyopathy' in November 2018 retrieved 1,002 articles published in the past 5 years (almost 50% of total published articles), which indicates that interest in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is growing. (uscjournal.com)

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in newborns is a rare condition with heterogeneous etiologies. (biomedcentral.com)
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in newborns is a rare pathological condition in which disruption of the myocardial structures creates a thickening of the heart muscle [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequences are primary defects of cardiogenesis and asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with a thickening of the interventricular septum and lower posterior ventricular wall [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Detection of subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. (cdc.gov)
CRISPR gene-editing therapies for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. (cdc.gov)
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary cardiac disorder characterized by abnormal heart muscle thickening and caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. (cdc.gov)
Rare and Common Genetic Variation Underlying the Risk of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a National Biobank. (cdc.gov)
What are the contributions of rare and common genetic variation to risk of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)? (cdc.gov)

Diabetic cardiomyopathy may be associated with restrictive (HFPEF) and dilated phenotypes (HFREF). (wikipedia.org)

Beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists, ACE inhibitors, endothelin-receptor antagonist (Bonestan®), adrenomedullin, hormones (insulin, IGF-1) and antioxidants (magniferin, metallothionein, vitamins C and E) reduce interstitial fibrosis and improve cardiac function in diabetic cardiomyopathy. (uaeu.ac.ae)

We quantified CXCL10 in human CKD plasma and tested the response of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and primary cardiac fibroblasts to serum from CKD donors. (biomedcentral.com)

As the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) imposes enormous burden on individuals and public health. (frontiersin.org)

Hyperglycaemia is a major aetiological factor in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy in patients suffering from diabetes. (uaeu.ac.ae)

Stimulation of connective tissue growth factor and the formation of advanced glycation end products in extracellular matrix proteins induces collagen cross-linking and contribute to the fibrosis observed in the interstitium of the heart of diabetic subjects. (uaeu.ac.ae)

Since cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated cells with limited self-renewal capacity, and membrane rupture is a major cause of cardiomyocyte cell death following injury, membrane repair is a necessary process for preserving cardiomyocyte viability [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In humans, we found increased plasma CXCL10 concentrations in advanced CKD, and identified the production of CXCL10 in cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. (biomedcentral.com)

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC) is characterized by abnormal cardiac structure and function in the absence of other cardiac risk factors and is often undiagnosed in patients with type 2 diabetes. (unl.edu)

Our data illustrate partially overlapping myofilament protein alterations for LV and RV cardiomyocytes in diabetic rat hearts upon long-term PDE-5A inhibition. (unideb.hu)
The initial ischemia in AMI causes biochemical and metabolic alterations in cardiomyocytes. (springeropen.com)

We have also initiated new studies to examine the development of heart failure in diabetic cardiomyopathy. (einsteinmed.edu)
Early molecular events in the development of the diabetic cardiomyopathy. (ru.nl)

Gene therapy displacement of endogenous MCUb with a dominant-negative MCUb transgene (MCUb W246R/V251E ) in vivo rescued T2D cardiomyocytes from metabolic inflexibility and stimulated cardiac contractile function and adrenergic responsiveness by enhancing phospholamban phosphorylation via protein kinase A. We conclude that MCUb represents one newly discovered molecular effector at the interface of metabolism and cardiac function, and its repression improves the outcome of the chronically stressed diabetic heart. (diabetesjournals.org)

Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance are major inducers of the chronic low-grade inflammatory state that characterizes the diabetic heart. (hindawi.com)

However, the relationship between BDNF and microRNA (miRNA) in cardiomyocytes are unclear. (ijbs.com)

About 50% of diabetics with diabetic cardiomyopathy show pathologic evidence for microangiopathy such as sub-endothelial and endothelial fibrosis, compared to only 21% of non-diabetic heart failure patients. (wikipedia.org)

In accordance, the phosphorylation levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) were lower in LV (but not in RV) cardiomyocytes of ZDF animals than in their counterparts of the Lean or Lean + Vard groups. (unideb.hu)

Our results indicate that G-CSF might have an anti-apoptotic effect through down-regulation of miR-34a in a diabetic cardiomyopathy rat model. (e-dmj.org)

In vitro force measurements, biochemical and histochemical assays were employed to assess cardiomyocyte function and signaling. (unideb.hu)

miR-195 mimic, inhibitor or negative control was transfected into the cardiomyocytes. (ijbs.com)

These results suggest that ADMA-induced PGC-1α hyperacetylation may serve as potential therapeutic targets for resveratrol to improve diabetic cardiomyopathy. (diabetesjournals.org)

However, accumulating evidence suggests that MG53 has a potentially protective role in heart tissue, including in ischemia/reperfusion injury of the heart, cardiomyocyte membrane injury repair, and atrial fibrosis. (biomedcentral.com)

in 1971 [ 2 ], diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by the direct effect of diabetes on cardiac structure and function in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, or other cardiac pathologies. (hindawi.com)

Shape 5 Lack of CAV3 abolishes insulin level of sensitivity in HL‐1 cells and in major isolated cardiomyocytes. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)

Despite the overwhelming incidence of diabetes, diabetic cardiomyopathy still remains a poorly understood disorder for which no established cause or specific treatment exists. (elsevierpure.com)
Infants of diabetic mothers show an incidence of congenital cardiac disease of about 3.6%, compared to 0.8% in the general population [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

reported a series of pathological changes in myocardial tissue in four patients with diabetic glomerulosclerosis. (uscjournal.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms5

Diseases36

Chemicals and Drugs14

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Phenomena and Processes12

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Health Care2

Apoptosis15

Myocardial infarction5

Rats9

Left ventricular3

Complications8

Streptozotocin-induced1

Dysfunction9

Glucose9

Pathogenesis2

Hypertrophy5

Mechanisms6

Myocardium3

Diabetes and Diabetic Cardiomyopathy1

Autophagy2

Mice4

Mitochondrial2

Oxidative2

PPAR1

20181

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy8

HFPEF1

Antioxidants1

Primary cardiac1

Morbidity and morta1

Hyperglycaemia1

Heart of diabetic1

Viability1

Fibroblasts1

Abnormal1

Alterations2

Development2

Metabolism1

Inflammatory1

MiRNA1

Endothelial1

Protein1

Regulation1

Employed to assess1

Inhibitor1

Therapeutic targets1

Fibrosis1

Function1

Sensitivity1

Incidence2

Pathological changes1