• [ 125 ] In patients with carcinoid tumors located in the appendix, age, primary tumor size, histologic features, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis are significant factors in predicting survival. (medscape.com)
  • The average age of patients with carcinoid tumors is 60. (holyname.org)
  • The optimal management of patients with carcinoid tumors involves a multidisciplinary team of health care providers including an oncologist, gastroenterologist, surgeon, radiologist and nuclear medicine specialist. (medifocus.com)
  • The prognosis (outlook or chance of recovery) for patients with carcinoid tumors is based primarily on size of the tumor and the degree to which it has spread and invaded other tissues in the body. (medifocus.com)
  • These data therefore suggest that the outcomes of patients with carcinoid tumors are highly dependent on the presence of symptoms and the site of origin. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Soga J, Yakuwa Y, Osaka M. Evaluation of 342 cases of mediastinal/thymic carcinoids collected from literature: a comparative study between typical carcinoids and atypical varieties. (medscape.com)
  • Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Bronchopulmonary System (Typical and Atypical Carcinoid Tumors): Current Strategies in Diagnosis and Treatment. (karger.com)
  • Can Typical Carcinoids become Atypical? (mayoclinic.org)
  • A carcinoid tumor that shows atypical characteristics and has borderline malignant potential. (nih.gov)
  • Carcinoids are further divided into atypical and typical, based on mitotic count and presence of necrosis. (who.int)
  • Intraoperative bronchoscopy for bronchial carcinoid parenchymal-sparing resection: a pediatric case report. (medscape.com)
  • Surgical removal of the tumor often requires resection of intestine. (rogelcancercenter.org)
  • In patients where the tumor which has spread to the liver, surgical resection of part of the liver or other treatments to destroy these tumors may help to decrease the amount of hormone produced and thus improve symptoms. (rogelcancercenter.org)
  • Between 1992 and 2000 a total of 70 patients with GI carcinoid tumors underwent surgical resection at our institution. (elsevierpure.com)
  • A C7 corpectomy, en bloc resection of the tumor, and anterior C6-T1 fusion were performed to decompress the spinal cord and nerves and provide stability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • No recurrences were observed among the patients with appendiceal primary tumors treated with appendectomy alone, which supports resection of the appendix without hemicolectomy as the procedure of choice. (oncolink.org)
  • Level of evidence C1] Primary re-excision was not recommended for completely excised tumors smaller than 2 cm except for microscopic/macroscopic residual tumor on the margins of the appendix, in which case cecum resection and pericecal node biopsy was recommended. (oncolink.org)
  • There was no tumor embolus in the vessels and the resection line was free from tumor invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overall, localized carcinoid tumor which is completely resected has an excellent prognosis, the outcome for patients with metastasis, however, remains poor. (medscape.com)
  • There is a very wide spectrum of carcinoid tumors and the prognosis for patients is dependent on how early the tumor is treated. (rogelcancercenter.org)
  • The prognosis for patients with GI carcinoid tumors is diverse. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Despite the larger tumor size and the higher incidence of liver metastases, patients with foregut carcinoids appear to have the same prognosis as those with midgut carcinoids. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Characterization, Prognosis, and Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Lung Carcinoid Tumors. (nih.gov)
  • Tokuhashi Y, Matsuzaki H, Oda H, Oshima M, Ryu J. A revised scoring system for preoperative evaluation of metastatic spine tumor prognosis. (medscape.com)
  • Therapeutic options in patients with progressive and disseminated metastatic neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumors are often limited, and prognosis is often poor ( 1 , 2 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • Although pulmonary carcinoids show relatively good prognosis in comparison to carcinomas, metastatic disease and relapse do occur. (who.int)
  • The most serious complications of carcinoid tumors are carcinoid syndrome /crisis and metastasis, which is often observed in patients who have foregut tumors and high levels of 5-HIAA. (medscape.com)
  • The PAN Foundation today opened a new patient assistance program for people living with carcinoid syndrome. (curetoday.com)
  • Over the years it became clear that carcinoid tumors can be quite aggressive, can metastasize, and can cause carcinoid syndrome . (medifocus.com)
  • Symptoms are often associated with the site of tumor origin and reflect the tumor obstructing organs involved in normal body function but may be less specific if related to carcinoid syndrome. (medifocus.com)
  • Carcinoid syndrome describes a combination of symptoms that result from hormones or hormone-like substances, (e.g., serotonin, gastrin, ACTH) that are produced by some carcinoid tumors. (medifocus.com)
  • Findings range from no tumor-related symptoms (most carcinoid tumors) to full symptoms of carcinoid syndrome (primarily in adults). (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid syndrome is a disease consisting of a combination of symptoms, physical manifestations, and abnormal laboratory findings. (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • Carcinoid syndrome is seen in individuals who have an underlying carcinoid tumour with spread to the liver. (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • Only about 10% of the people with a carcinoid tumor will develop carcinoid syndrome. (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • Carcinoid syndrome occurs when the tumor produces excessive amounts of serotonin in an individual with liver metastases. (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • thus, carcinoid syndrome does not occur. (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • Using medications to block hormones secreted by the tumor may reduce the signs and symptoms of carcinoid syndrome and slow tumor growth. (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • Telotristat (Xermelo) is a pill that is sometimes used in combination with octreotide or lanreotide to further try to improve the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • Carcinoid syndrome may occur if the tumor spreads to the liver or other parts of the body. (myacare.com)
  • If the tumor has spread to the liver and the liver enzymes cannot destroy the extra hormones made by the tumor, high amounts of these hormones may remain in the body and cause carcinoid syndrome. (myacare.com)
  • Carcinoid-syndrome: recent advances, current status and controversies. (nih.gov)
  • Treatment focuses on control of the underlying carcinoid syndrome, targeting subsequent valvular heart disease and managing consequent heart failure. (karger.com)
  • Malignant carcinoid syndrome occurs in fewer than 10% of patients with a carcinoid tumor. (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoids do not produce the malignant carcinoid syndrome until they are no longer confined to the small bowel or mesentery, perhaps because the liver breaks down the secretory products of tumors restricted to those locations. (medscape.com)
  • If a patient is thought to have carcinoid syndrome, blood and urine tests must be performed to determine levels of bioactive substances secreted by carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Approximately 3,000 new cases of lung carcinoid tumors are diagnosed in the United States each year. (medifocus.com)
  • I have a lung carcinoid. (mayoclinic.org)
  • I appreciate your sharing about your lung carcinoid. (mayoclinic.org)
  • In the meantime, here is a link to an American Cancer Society website that discusses lung carcinoids, https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-carcinoid-tumor.html . (mayoclinic.org)
  • Carcinoid tumors have high potential for metastasis. (medscape.com)
  • We report an intramedullary spinal cord metastasis from a bronchial carcinoid, and discuss its mechanisms and management. (elsevierpure.com)
  • To our knowledge, an intramedullary spinal cord metastasis from a bronchial carcinoid has been described only once previously. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Shin, John H. / Intramedullary spinal metastasis of a carcinoid tumor . (elsevierpure.com)
  • Background: Tumor size and lymphovascular invasion are known high-risk factors for lymph node and distant metastasis in patients with rectal carcinoid tumors. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We reviewed the literature and found 414 previously reported cases that provided complete information regarding tumor size, mesoappendiceal invasion, and presence of metastasis. (usuhs.edu)
  • A section of a rare lymph node metastasis from adenocarcinoid tumor (250 X). Image courtesy of Professor Pantaleo Bufo, University of Foggia, Italy. (medscape.com)
  • Approximately 8,000 new cases of carcinoid tumors are diagnosed each year in the United States and the incidence seems to be rising. (holyname.org)
  • A cumulative analysis of all types of carcinoid tumors in the SEER group indicates that in 45.3% metastases are already evident at the time of diagnosis. (nih.gov)
  • Tumors are also called neoplasm. (carcinoid.org)
  • However, the tumor biopsy revealed a malignant neoplasm that originating from neuroendocrine cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine origin neoplasm and may produce serotonin or other functional peptide hormones. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies support the appendiceal carcinoid as being the primary neoplasm. (usuhs.edu)
  • Even though these tumors have the potential to be fatal, those afflicted with NETs typically live for many years and sometimes for a normal lifetime. (mountsinai.org)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) both incorporate mitotic count and Ki-67 proliferation for the classification of gastroenteropancreatic NETs (GEP-NETs). (medscape.com)
  • Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) can occur throughout the body including in the intestine, lungs, stomach or pancreas. (rogelcancercenter.org)
  • Go to the Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) Support Group. (mayoclinic.org)
  • These are less common tumors, which, despite the name, are not carcinoid tumors or NETs. (mskcc.org)
  • Signs and symptoms of carcinoid tumors vary greatly and depend on the tumor location and size as well as on the presence of metastases. (medscape.com)
  • Moreover, the size of the primary tumor and the presence of liver metastases were not independent predictors of survival. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Central nervous system involvement is rare and has been reported either as metastases to the brain and spine or primary tumors involving the sacrococcygeal spine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Intramedullary spinal cord metastases from any cancer are rare, and bronchial carcinoids account for only a small fraction of lung cancers. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Approximately 74% of all carcinoid tumors arise from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the liver is a common site for metastases [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and asthma attacks-caused by vasoactive hormones secreted by metastases from carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Imaging studies also must be performed to detect the sites of either primary tumors or metastases. (medscape.com)
  • At present, the only cure for a carcinoid tumor or any other neuroendocrine tumor is the surgical removal of the tumor. (mountsinai.org)
  • Depending on the location of the tumor and whether the tumor has spread throughout the body, treatment options can include medication treatment and/or surgical removal of the tumor. (rogelcancercenter.org)
  • Methods: Patients with rectal carcinoid tumors treated between January 1990 and March 2010 were identified retrospectively and classified into low- and high-risk groups. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Results: In total, 83 patients with rectal carcinoid tumors were included, 53 (64 %) of whom were identified as low-risk and 30 (36 %) as high-risk. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Neuroendocrine tumors can cause symptoms-which may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, heartburn, and weight changes-either by secreting chemicals or by growing so large they intrude on healthy tissues. (mountsinai.org)
  • Some people may not notice symptoms of carcinoid tumors, while others could experience abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, flushing skin, rectal pain, or rectal bleeding. (mountsinai.org)
  • Patients with carcinoids may also develop diarrhea, heart valve problems and abdominal pain or intestinal obstruction. (rogelcancercenter.org)
  • Treatment of abdominal carcinoid tumors. (rogelcancercenter.org)
  • The patients were grouped into three categories based on the origin of the carcinoid tumor: foregut, midgut, hindgut. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Patients with foregut or midgut lesions had lower 5-year disease-free survivals than those with hindgut tumors. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We herein present what we believe is only the 47th reported case of a primary carcinoid tumor occurring in the extrahepatic bile ducts. (springer.com)
  • We report the first case of a primary carcinoid tumor of the cervical spine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We report the first case, to the best of our knowledge, of a primary carcinoid tumor in the cervical spine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They are distributed throughout the body, but the most common places for tumors to develop from them are in the lungs, small intestines and pancreas. (mdanderson.org)
  • Carcinoid tumors were initially identified in 1888 and were thought to clinically and histologically (cellular appearance under a microscope) resemble carcinoma cells (highly malignant cancer cells) but behave in a more benign fashion than true cancer cells. (medifocus.com)
  • A rare type of tumor, they can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). (mountsinai.org)
  • Tumors can be benign (not cancerous), or malignant (cancerous). (carcinoid.org)
  • In some of the older systems for classifying neuroendocrine tumors, pathologists would describe them as either "benign" (non-cancerous) or "malignant" (cancerous), based on the appearance of the tumor cells under a microscope. (mdanderson.org)
  • Syringomas are small benign tumors. (healthline.com)
  • These benign tumors also tend to be more common in women than men. (healthline.com)
  • Soft tissuefibrohistiocytic tumors - Benign fibrous histiocytoma (superficial). (healthline.com)
  • [ 4 ] but Oberndorfer called a group of small, benign-appearing tumors karzinoide tumoren (carcinoid) for the first time in 1907. (medscape.com)
  • Hindgut Carcinoid Tumors - These tumors originate in the large intestines, specifically in the transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum. (medifocus.com)
  • abstract = "Gastrointestinal (GI) carcinoids are neuroendocrine tumors originating in multiple locations throughout the GI tract. (elsevierpure.com)
  • abstract = "The possible causes and genetic mechanisms of pulmonary carcinoid tumor development are unclear. (edgehill.ac.uk)
  • I was diagnosed in April 2016 with a Typical Carcinoid Tumor in my right lower lobe, approx. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A single-institution retrospective review identified 45 cases of neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors in children and adolescents between 2003 and 2016. (oncolink.org)
  • However, carcinoid tumor cells are distinguished from most other types of tumors in that they secrete various hormone-like substances (e.g., serotonin, noradrenalin, histamines) which may cause symptoms throughout the body rather than symptoms localized to the organ where the tumor originates. (medifocus.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors are slow-growing tumors and most do not cause symptoms until they interfere with daily function or metastasize. (medifocus.com)
  • Carcinoid crisis - when all of the above symptoms occur at the same time. (medifocus.com)
  • Carcinoid and related neuroendocrine tumors are diagnosed based on symptoms, blood work, and radiology tests that may include x-ray, CT scans, MRI, ultrasound, and isotope. (mountsinai.org)
  • If removing the entire tumor isn't an option, it's often possible to remove critically situated tumor tissue in order to relieve symptoms. (mountsinai.org)
  • Due to their vague and intermittent symptoms, diagnosis of carcinoid tumors may be delayed, especially in children, in whom the tumor is rare and the diagnosis is unexpected. (medscape.com)
  • What are the symptoms for endocrine tumors, carcinoid type? (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • In some situations, surgeons may try to remove as much of the tumor as possible, to help control signs and symptoms. (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • In very small, early tumors the cure rates are excellent, while in more advanced cases control of symptoms can be obtained with a combination of medical and surgical treatments. (rogelcancercenter.org)
  • Some gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors have no signs or symptoms in the early stages. (myacare.com)
  • Signs and symptoms may be caused by the growth of the tumor and/or the hormones the tumor makes. (myacare.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), colon, and rectum sometimes cause signs or symptoms as they grow or because of the hormones they make. (myacare.com)
  • What are the most common symptoms of neuroendocrine tumors? (mdanderson.org)
  • These symptoms occur because the tumor is physically pushing on another structure. (mdanderson.org)
  • Other patients in this group will exhibit hormonal symptoms, which point doctors in the direction of a tumor as the source. (mdanderson.org)
  • Yet, when a purely histopathologic definition of DIPNECH was applied, 40% of isolated carcinoids also met the diagnostic criteria for DIPNECH, even in the absence of symptoms and/or radiologic abnormalities. (unipr.it)
  • The intent was to treat all patients because of uncontrolled tumor disease ( n = 21), contraindication to chemotherapy or surgery ( n = 7), or uncontrolled and badly tolerated clinical symptoms ( n = 4). (snmjournals.org)
  • Pejorative events were defined as side effects due to therapy, relapse in clinical symptoms, tumor progression, tumor laboratory marker increase, and death. (snmjournals.org)
  • Laboratory diagnosis of carcinoid tumors depends on the identification of the characteristic biomarkers of the disease. (medscape.com)
  • The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society Consensus Guidelines for Surveillance and Medical Management of Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors. (nih.gov)
  • In three tumours somatostatin was identified by immunocytochemistry in most tumour cells. (bmj.com)
  • The importance of these unusual features is discussed, and it is suggested that these glandular carcinoids are a specific subgroup of endocrine cell tumours which appear to have potentially important clinical and pathological associations. (bmj.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors are well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours with secretory properties, releasing serotonin, along with a number of other active peptides. (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • How are carcinoid tumours treated? (onco.com)
  • Dr. Ashwathy Susan Mathew, Consultant Radiation Oncologist, Apollo Proton Cancer Centre, Chennai, explains how carcinoid tumours are identified and treated. (onco.com)
  • Pulmonary carcinoids are well differentiated low to intermediate grade lung neuroendocrine tumours (LNETs), that belong to the group of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms which also include highly aggressive lung neuroendocrine carcinomas (LNECs). (who.int)
  • Additionally, we identified six tumours, termed supra-carcinoids, that displayed genuine carcinoid-like morphology, but had clinical and molecular characteristics of LNECs. (who.int)
  • Carcinoid tumors are slow growing cancers that typically start in the digestive tract or the lungs, but can develop throughout the body. (holyname.org)
  • Neuroendocrine tumors have been called "cancers in slow motion" due to their slow rate of growth. (mountsinai.org)
  • Basically, neuroendocrine tumors are cancers that can develop anywhere endocrine cells are present. (mdanderson.org)
  • Neuroendocrine tumors can are related to endocrine, hormone-producing cells and can produce different hormones, including serotonin. (rogelcancercenter.org)
  • The pathophysiology of CHD is related to vasoactive substances secreted by the tumor, of which serotonin is most prominent in the pathophysiology of CHD. (karger.com)
  • The name was chosen to separate these tumors from ordinary malignancies (carcinomas), but by the 1950s, the fact that carcinoids could be malignant was obvious, thanks to Erspamer and Asero (1952), who identified serotonin production by carcinoid tumors. (medscape.com)
  • The next most common site for the development of carcinoid tumors is in the lungs. (medifocus.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors are a type of neuroendocrine tumor that typically originates in the digestive tract. (mountsinai.org)
  • It is often done to detect certain tumors in the digestive tract ( carcinoid tumors ) and to track a person's condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The PLCC has a multi-disciplinary team of experienced and skilled medical oncologists , surgical oncologists , radiologists, nurses and support staff to treat carcinoid tumors. (holyname.org)
  • If feasible, the treatment of choice for carcinoid tumors is surgical excision. (medscape.com)
  • The surgical technique may vary according to the type or location of the tumor. (medscape.com)
  • Complete surgical removal of all tumor tissues, when feasible, is the best treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Cabozantinib is a chemotherapy drug known as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and it targets specific tyrosine kinase receptors, that when blocked, may slow tumor growth. (stanford.edu)
  • ParetoTI theory identified four tumour archetypes within the tetrahedron, corresponding to the three previously reported molecular groups, and the fourth enriched for the aggressive supra-carcinoids. (who.int)
  • Integrative and comparative genomic analyses identify clinically relevant pulmonary carcinoid groups and unveil the supra-carcinoids. (who.int)
  • Primary hepatic carcinoid tumor (PHCT) is very rare and difficult to diagnose before biopsy or operation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They are a type of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor (NET). (mskcc.org)
  • Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors form from a certain type of neuroendocrine cell (a type of cell that is like a nerve cell and a hormone -making cell). (myacare.com)
  • The diagnostic criteria of diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) are not well defined, and DIPNECH can be mistaken for carcinoids associated with neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (NECH). (unipr.it)
  • In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) applied the term carcinoid to all tumors of the diffuse endocrine system (synonymous with amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation [APUD] and neuroendocrine cell system). (medscape.com)
  • Carcinoid tumors and small-cell carcinomas of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts: a comparative study based on 221 cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Most carcinoid tumors are now known to be slow growing malignant tumors that have their own specific biological and clinical characteristics. (medifocus.com)
  • According to the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), approximately 11,500 people in the United States are diagnosed each year with a carcinoid tumor. (medifocus.com)
  • [ 6 ] In its 2015 consensus statement on best practices for pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, the ENETS noted that tumor grading based on a combination of KI-67, mitotic rate, and necrosis may be of clinical importance but lacks validation. (medscape.com)
  • The clinical and pathological features of four cases of duodenal carcinoid tumour are presented. (bmj.com)
  • The focus of our work is to better understand the biological and clinical characteristics of these molecular groups of carcinoids. (who.int)
  • To address this aim we have designed the lungNENomics study, an international cohort of over 250 cases of pulmonary carcinoids, with clinical data and central pathology review, as well as whole-genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, DNA methylation array, and digital spatial profiling data. (who.int)
  • [ 9 ] ) Carcinoid tumors represent 90% of appendiceal tumors. (medscape.com)
  • The hormones produced can vary depending on the place in the body where the tumor originates. (mdanderson.org)
  • In this study, participants with multiple types of advanced (unresectable and/or metastatic) solid tumors who have progressed on standard of care therapy will be treated with pembrolizumab (MK-3475). (msdoncologyclinicaltrials.com)
  • The information in this article contains billing, coding or other guidelines that complement the Local Coverage Determination (LCD) for MolDX: Next Generation Sequencing for Solid Tumors L38045. (cms.gov)
  • The highest percentage of nonlocalized lesions were noted for pancreatic (76.1%), colonic (71.2%), and small intestinal carcinoids (70.7%) and this corresponded to their poor 5-year survival rates (34.1%, 41.6%, and 55.4%, respectively). (nih.gov)
  • The tumor had invaded the adjacent pancreatic tissues. (springer.com)
  • Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors) Treatment. (myacare.com)
  • The diagnosis of a carcinoid tumor requires blood and urine tests as well as imaging studies which often include a CT scan. (rogelcancercenter.org)
  • Carcinoid tumors share some properties with other cancer cells such as uncontrolled, overproduction of the cells that results in tumor formation and malignant potential. (medifocus.com)
  • Patients with poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma, high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma without specification of differentiation status, adenocarcinoid tumor, or goblet cell carcinoid tumor are not eligible. (stanford.edu)
  • In a previous study we introduced the concept of molecular groups of carcinoids: A1, A2, and B, which, importantly, contained a mixture of the two histological types. (who.int)
  • Chemotherapy is typically not very effective in treating carcinoid tumors. (holyname.org)
  • Chemotherapy uses strong drugs to kill tumor cells. (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • Chemotherapy is sometimes recommended for treating advanced carcinoid tumors that can't be removed with surgery. (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • Targeted drug therapy is usually combined with chemotherapy for advanced carcinoid tumors. (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • Treatment for a carcinoid tumor depends on the tumor's location, whether cancer has spread to other areas of the body, the types of hormones the tumor secretes, your overall health and your own preferences. (brainandnervecenter.com)
  • In this study, we examined genetic alterations at the MEN1 locus in archival material from 15 pulmonary carcinoids. (edgehill.ac.uk)
  • While progress has been made in recent years in the characterisation of pulmonary carcinoids, little is known about the underlying biology or developmental origins of these molecular groups, hampering efforts to identify predictive markers and suitable therapeutic options. (who.int)