AflatoxinsAspergillusToxinsHighly carcinogenicMutagenicContaminationRisk of introducinExposureMoldsGrainsTypes of mycotoxinsCommon mycotoxinLevels of mycotoxIdentify mycotoxinTrichothecenesDangerous mycotoxinContaminateCropsPatulinFumonisinsOchratoxinNaturallyHumans and animalsHepatotoxicFungi produceSpeciesRisksConsumptionCornAntibioticsCommonlyLivestockSporesNephrotoxicityClavicepsSubstancesAdverse effectsPotentCitrininImmune systemOxidationContaminantsLiver cancerIndoorFoodborneFoodstuffsPenicilliumProduceAcuteProductionDetectFungusScientists
Aflatoxins25
- For example, foodborne aflatoxins may enhance the carcinogenic potential of hepatitis B virus. (cabi.org)
- Aflatoxins are among the most important fungal mycotoxins with carcinogenic properties. (magiran.com)
- It doesn't contain carcinogenic mycotoxins and aflatoxins and it has a positive impact on platelet function. (lifehack.org)
- According to a research study out of Health Canada , cocoa butter found in white chocolate doesn't contain carcinogenic mycotoxins and aflatoxins, unlike dark chocolate that showed existence of the toxins during analysis. (lifehack.org)
- Aspergillus -derived mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, and fumonisins (members of the fusariotoxin group) can cause pathological damage to vital organs, including the kidney or liver. (frontiersin.org)
- Other concerns about chemical contamination centre on mycotoxins (e.g. aflatoxins and ochratoxins) and heavy metals such as lead, mercury and cadmium. (who.int)
- Aflatoxins are very carcinogenic (cancer causing) chemicals produced by several Aspergillus species. (knowthecause.com)
- Produced by Aspergillus species , aflatoxins are a group of chemicals considered carcinogenic (cancer-causing) to animals and humans. (kemin.com)
- Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins that have adverse health effects on both humans and animals consuming contaminated food and feed, respectively. (vicam.com)
- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Aflatoxins, highly carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, frequently contaminate crops such as peanut, corn, wheat and sesame leading to irreversible loss in the quality and yield of agricultural products and posing serious threats to food safety. (bvsalud.org)
- For example, â ¼25 genes responsible for the biosynthesis of carcinogenic aflatoxins by Aspergillus section Flavi species are grouped in a â ¼70 Kb cluster. (bvsalud.org)
- Aflatoxins represent aggressive group of mycotoxins. (rsglobal.pl)
- Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins that contaminate a variety of crops worldwide. (cdc.gov)
- The main difference between mycotoxins and aflatoxins is that mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by fungi whereas aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxin, genotoxic, and cause DNA damage and cause cancer. (pediaa.com)
- So, briefly, both mycotoxins and aflatoxins are two types of toxins in fungi . (pediaa.com)
- Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi, such as A. flavus and A. parasiticus . (pediaa.com)
- Aflatoxins are very poisonous, and carcinogenic, and they are mutagens that cause DNA damage. (pediaa.com)
- Mycotoxins and aflatoxins are two types of toxic substances produced by fungi. (pediaa.com)
- Mycotoxins refer to a toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the kingdom Fungi and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals while aflatoxins refer to various poisonous carcinogens and mutagens that are produced by certain molds, particularly Aspergillus species. (pediaa.com)
- Usually, mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi while aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxins. (pediaa.com)
- Mycotoxins are produced by fungi while aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus . (pediaa.com)
- Mycotoxins can be poisonous, carcinogenic, and mutagenic while aflatoxins are carcinogenic and can cause liver cancer. (pediaa.com)
- In brief, mycotoxins and aflatoxins are two types of poisonous substances in fungi. (pediaa.com)
- A. flavus produces aflatoxins, the most toxic and potent hepato-carcinogenic natural compounds ever characterized. (mountainenvironmentals.com)
- Health Effects: In addition to the carcinogenic effect of aflatoxins, A. flavus is the second leading cause of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. (mountainenvironmentals.com)
Aspergillus11
- The most common fungi that produce mycotoxins include Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. (wikipedia.org)
- In the 1960s, about 100,000 turkey poults died near London, England due to peanut meal that was contaminated by Mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. (wikipedia.org)
- Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by a variety of fungi, including Aspergillus, Penicillium , and Fusarium species. (frontiersin.org)
- Contamination with mycotoxins is a recurrent problem in Brazil nuts and is caused mainly by post-harvest infection with Aspergillus section Flavi species. (researchgate.net)
- Thomas C. Pearson adapted a commercially available grain sorter to detect two types of mycotoxins that commonly infest corn: aflatoxin, which is produced by some strains of the fungus Aspergillus flavus, and fumonisin, produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. (usda.gov)
- Pigs are exposed to mycotoxins due to their cereal-based diet and are particularly susceptible to Aspergillus mycotoxins. (frontiersin.org)
- Mycotoxins are low-molecular-weight naturally occurring organic contaminants and are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi, mainly Aspergillus , Penicillium, and Fusarium ( Bennett and Klich, 2003 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Aspergillus growth and mycotoxin contamination is common in poorly stored human and animal foodstuffs- especially corn and peanuts. (knowthecause.com)
- Aspergillus flavus is a mycotoxigenic fungus that contaminates many important agricultural crops with aflatoxin B1, the most toxic and carcinogenic natural compound. (bvsalud.org)
- Micotoxina carcinógena que producen en gran cantidad algunas cepas de mohos comunes, Aspergillus versicolor, A. nidulans, y una especie no identificada de Bipolaris. (bvsalud.org)
- A carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds, Aspergillus versicolor, A. nidulans, and an unidentified species of Bipolaris. (bvsalud.org)
Toxins10
- The toxicity of emerging mycotoxins such as the Alternaria toxins alternariol (AOH), its monomethyl ether (AME) or tentoxin (TEN) has not been fully assessed or data are clearly lacking to classify these toxins. (frontiersin.org)
- Once the crop is infected the fungus has the potential to secrete toxins, the most carcinogenic of which is aflatoxin. (usda.gov)
- The combined use of several different software applications could speed up the acquisition of knowledge on toxins known as mycotoxins, which are produced by certain types of mould growing in food. (anses.fr)
- Not only are there hundreds of different mycotoxins, all produced by different fungi and environmental factors, but each category of toxins and each toxin within those categories can impact animals and birds differently. (kemin.com)
- For producers, that means becoming aware of the major toxins and knowing the signs and symptoms of toxin exposure are critical to reduce the risk of mycotoxins eroding animal health and performance. (kemin.com)
- Furthermore, inclusion of mold inhibitors, to control mold growth, as well as use of flow agents to neutralize toxins in diets can help producers minimize the impacts of mycotoxins on animal health and performance. (kemin.com)
- When coffee beans are heated and roasted, the antioxidants in the beans are destroyed and carcinogenic toxins are produced. (naturopathy-uk.com)
- A study by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment showed that 70 percent expect food without pesticide residues, and the same is probably true for other potentially harmful substances such as moulds (so-called mycotoxins) or plant toxins. (boku.ac.at)
- If the same strict limits were applied to mould toxins (mycotoxins) as to pesticides, it would no longer be possible to market bread and pasta products," says Krska. (boku.ac.at)
- Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins produced by certain moulds (fungi) and can be found in food. (puremaintenancesb.com)
Highly carcinogenic1
- Want to know what is highly carcinogenic? (askmen.com)
Mutagenic4
- This innovative approach has been used by ANSES scientists to identify mycotoxins that may be mutagenic and/or carcinogenic. (anses.fr)
- Chemical contamination may have severe consequences for human health, including mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects. (who.int)
- Mycotoxins are also carcinogenic and mutagenic. (pediaa.com)
- Ochratoxin A has a strong liver and kidney toxicity, and has teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. (mzfoodtest.com)
Contamination3
- Current surveillance indicates widespread mycotoxin contamination of primary and processed plant products with global implications for human health. (cabi.org)
- Currently the assessment of individual exposure to mycotoxins in man and animals is usually based on the analysis of toxin and/or metabolite contamination in the blood or urine. (frontiersin.org)
- Together this means low level toxin exposure and/or mycotoxin co-contamination may have a greater effect in animal production systems than the acute toxic effects associated with consumption of high levels of mycotoxins. (kemin.com)
Risk of introducin1
- The use of plant-based ingredients, such as corn, in aquafeeds enhances both the risk of introducing mycotoxins into the feed at the point of feed manufacturing and mycotoxin production during storage of compounded feed (Spring and Fegan 2005). (thefishsite.com)
Exposure8
- In conclusion, the method facilitates the determination of mycotoxins at ultra-trace levels in breast milk, enabling the generation of occurrence data necessary for comprehensive co-exposure assessment. (frontiersin.org)
- However, mothers are likely exposed to food contaminants such as mycotoxins due to exposure via naturally contaminated foodstuffs. (frontiersin.org)
- The problem is recent research demonstrates that chronic, long-term exposure to dietary mycotoxins - when fed below regulatory threshold levels - may impact the immune system, intestinal integrity and physiology of animals. (kemin.com)
- Many chemicals on the market and in the environment have not undergone exhaustive carcinogenicity testing, and significant knowledge gaps remain on the potential carcinogenic effects of low levels of exposure to combinations of chemicals throughout our lifetime. (europa.eu)
- Exposure to carcinogenic chemicals comes from multiple sources and pathways, including outdoor and indoor air pollution, smoking, either directly or second hand, consumer products, drinking water and food, and in relation to several occupations. (europa.eu)
- Apart from carcinogenic chemicals, UV radiation and asbestos, occupational exposure to metals, dusts, ionising radiation, stress and other factors related to work organisation and working conditions have also been linked to cancer. (europa.eu)
- Indoor air quality is a critical area of concern with respect to mold and mycotoxin exposure. (puremaintenancesb.com)
- While studies exploring the correlation to so-called "sick building syndrome" stop just short of determining causation, scientific data and anecdotal evidence supporting the dangers of mold, mold spore, and mycotoxin exposure are abundant. (puremaintenancesb.com)
Molds6
- The problem lies in the fact that molds have spores which are harmful to us as well as the fact that they produce mycotoxins. (moldfactor.com)
- A more straightforward illustration would be that molds kind of fight off each other for territory and the strongest wins, so they release mycotoxins to kill other competing molds. (moldfactor.com)
- Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that form from some molds and are toxic to humans, especially in large amounts. (winning-homebrew.com)
- Mycotoxin is the umbrella term for compounds produced by molds and fungi, which sometimes form after or during the coffee harvesting process. (phillyfairtrade.com)
- A naturally occurring carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by molds in stored crops. (atlassian.net)
- Mycotoxins are toxic chemical substances that certain types of molds produce. (puremaintenancesb.com)
Grains5
- In temperate countries, mycotoxin residues in cereal grains are largely the result of fungal disease of standing crops in the field. (cabi.org)
- Implementation of a comprehensive mycotoxin testing program for incoming grains at the feed mill can also help identify mycotoxin risks in ingredients before manufacturing feeds. (kemin.com)
- The biggest risk of dangerous mycotoxins in grains grown for U.S. consumption is economic losses for farmers, who may have to discard an entire crop if infections are extreme, Bluhm said. (agfax.com)
- The mycotoxin is commonly found on a mold that grows on foods, such as grains, rice, and corn. (cleanwaterpartners.org)
- The potent hepatotoxin and carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common mycotoxin contaminant of grains used in animal feeds. (mdpi.com)
Types of mycotoxins1
- There are six known types of mycotoxins that affect animals. (wikipedia.org)
Common mycotoxin1
- The most common mycotoxin is aflatoxin. (wikipedia.org)
Levels of mycotox1
- Mold spore counts may underestimate the mycotoxins in feed , and even "safe" levels of mycotoxins may become unsafe when they accumulate in the animals. (askmen.com)
Identify mycotoxin1
- β 2 -microglobulin (β 2 -MG) and N -acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) are the dominant biomarkers employed routinely in environmental toxicology research, while kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are also emerging as effective markers to identify mycotoxin induced nephropathy. (frontiersin.org)
Trichothecenes2
- C. purpurea produces the ergot alkaloids, while the principal Fusarium mycotoxins include the trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins. (cabi.org)
- Given the frequency of infestation by Stachybotrys and the toxicity of its mycotoxins, it is critical that any mycotoxin testing include testing for the macrocyclic trichothecenes, and not just simple trichothecenes such as T-2, which is produced by Fusarium, not generally considered to be an indoor toxic mold. (mountainenvironmentals.com)
Dangerous mycotoxin2
- Mycotoxins," a mobile app developed by the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture can help corn growers spot dangerous mycotoxin issues and learn what to do about them. (agfax.com)
- Taking a sip won't hurt you in most cases, but if you were to drink several bottles of the stuff, you might end up with dangerous mycotoxin buildup that could have significant adverse effects. (winning-homebrew.com)
Contaminate1
- The preponderance of specialized fungi in particular niches determines the type and range of mycotoxins that may contaminate food or indoor environment. (cabi.org)
Crops4
- The way the crops are stored after harvesting also plays an important role in staying mycotoxin free. (wikipedia.org)
- Occurring on corn, cottonseed, wheat and other crops, they can cause serious illness in animals and livestock and are considered carcinogenic to humans. (usda.gov)
- The "Mycotoxins" app can help growers be confident in the health and safety of their crops and also to help them mitigate the disease. (agfax.com)
- Coffee crops are susceptible to mould (mycotoxins) which when consumed have been known to cause liver, kidney and brain damage. (naturopathy-uk.com)
Patulin1
- However, there are indications that patulin has carcinogenic quality. (cleanwaterpartners.org)
Fumonisins1
- Fumonisins were the most recent mycotoxin found to affect humans and animals negatively. (wikipedia.org)
Ochratoxin3
- The effects of heavy metal ions, phthalates and ochratoxin A on oxidation of carcinogenic aristolochic acid I causing Balkan endemic nephropathy. (nel.edu)
- Hence, we investigated whether other factors considered as potential causes of BEN [a mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA), Cd, Pb, Se and As ions and organic compounds (i.e. phthalates) released from lignite deposits in BEN areas] can influence detoxication of AAI, whose concentrations are crucial for BEN development. (nel.edu)
- One of the most prevalent mycotoxins found on coffee is Ochratoxin A, which studies show is toxic to your kidneys, brain, and immune system. (phillyfairtrade.com)
Naturally2
- Other methods of prevention include planting species that are able to defend naturally against mycotoxins, proper fertilization, weed control, and proper crop rotation. (wikipedia.org)
- Mycotoxins are chemical agents produced naturally by various species of mold and fungi that are toxic to animals, including humans. (puremaintenancesb.com)
Humans and animals2
- It can be very carcinogenic to both humans and animals. (wikipedia.org)
- Among mycotoxins, aflatoxin is considered the most dangerous for humans and animals, Bluhm said. (agfax.com)
Hepatotoxic2
- AFB1 is a very potent hepatotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin which is frequently reported as a food contaminant. (nih.gov)
- It has been demonstrated to be Nephrotoxic, Hepatotoxic, and Carcinogenic and is a potent teratogen and immune-suppressant. (mountainenvironmentals.com)
Fungi produce2
- Many species of fungi produce secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. (wikipedia.org)
- Because mold and other fungi produce mycotoxins, it stands to reason that you are likely to discover mycotoxins anywhere you might find a species of mold that produces them. (puremaintenancesb.com)
Species5
- As in other animal species, aflatoxin exerts carcinogenic effects in fish (Spring and Fegan 2005). (thefishsite.com)
- Some species of Penicillium mold release mycotoxin, a substance that makes many homeowners around the world worried. (cleanwaterpartners.org)
- These mold species usually grow on foods such as cheese and fruits, and the mycotoxin finds its way toward human's digestive system through oral consumption. (cleanwaterpartners.org)
- Although not a mycotoxin, his substance commonly in various Penicillium mold species. (cleanwaterpartners.org)
- Furthermore, one mold species may produce many different mycotoxins, and several species may produce the same mycotoxin. (pediaa.com)
Risks3
- Mycotoxins like aflatoxin are dangerous health risks to human and animal consumers, Bluhm said, and under strict health regulations, they can cause huge economic losses for corn growers. (agfax.com)
- Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene / views and expert opinions of an IARC working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Lyon, 12-19 February 2002. (who.int)
- Cumulative cross index to IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, p. 557-590. (who.int)
Consumption2
- Upcoming studies will look at how the machine can be calibrated to detect mycotoxins on white corn intended for human consumption and on wheat. (usda.gov)
- Some studies claim that most cases of mycotoxicosis (mycotoxin-related illnesses) arise from the consumption of mycotoxins in contaminated food. (puremaintenancesb.com)
Corn3
- An Agricultural Research Service engineer, through the use of near-infrared spectroscopy, has transformed a standard grain sorter into a fast and highly effective detector of the mycotoxins that cost the corn industry millions of dollars each year. (usda.gov)
- Mycotoxins are commonly associated with corn ear rot, Blum said. (agfax.com)
- The app includes descriptions and high-resolution images that can help growers identify mycotoxins in their corn based on what they see in their fields. (agfax.com)
Antibiotics1
- All of these substances, from antibiotics and growth hormones to mycotoxins and carbon monoxide, eventually end up in your body when you eat FFM. (askmen.com)
Commonly1
- 2015). For example, from the priority list of 16 groups of commonly used hazardous substances in the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) (HBM4EU, 2022), in which the EEA participated), six groups of substances (anilines, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mycotoxins and PAHs) include known or presumed carcinogens as set out in the EU Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation and by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (europa.eu)
Livestock4
- The use of contaminated feedstocks in livestock nutrition may result in the transfer of mycotoxins to animal products, particularly milk and offal. (cabi.org)
- Although the kidney functions as the major excretory system in mammals, monitoring and screening for mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity is only now a developmental area in the field of livestock feed toxicology. (frontiersin.org)
- Mycotoxins are a costly, complicated problem for livestock and poultry producers. (kemin.com)
- Of the hundreds of known mycotoxins, the five main profit-robbing mycotoxins of concern to livestock and poultry producers are: aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, T-2 Toxin, zearalenone and fumonisin. (kemin.com)
Spores2
- In the RealTime Labs environmental testing, the presence of the macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins (produced by Stachybotrys) are found 3X as often as spores of the mold. (mountainenvironmentals.com)
- For now, all you need to understand is that these mycotoxins and mold spores are microscopic, so you won't see them, but they nevertheless proliferate in both outdoor and indoor environments. (puremaintenancesb.com)
Nephrotoxicity1
- In this review, the currently available techniques are summarized, which are used for screening mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity in farm animals. (frontiersin.org)
Claviceps1
- Some other fungi that are known to produce mycotoxins include Claviceps and Alternaria. (wikipedia.org)
Substances3
- But the substances in and on coffee aren't all the same, and many standard grocery store coffees contain ingredients most of us wouldn't be thrilled to be ingesting, including pesticides, mycotoxins, and herbicides, all of which CAN be toxic in large enough quantities. (phillyfairtrade.com)
- The HBM4EU priority list is just a small sample of the wide variety of toxic substances with carcinogenic properties found in the environment and the workplace. (europa.eu)
- It is quite worrying that average food consumers are exposed to a mixture of potentially carcinogenic chemical substances every day," says Prof. Rudolf Krska, head of the Institute for Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics at the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna at the IFA-Tulln site, on the occasion of the publication of his book "Essen ohne Gift? (boku.ac.at)
Adverse effects1
- Mycotoxins induce adverse effects in humans and other vertebrate animals. (cabi.org)
Potent1
- Aflatoxin B1 is the most potent carcinogen and is the major mycotoxin produced by A. flavus. (mountainenvironmentals.com)
Citrinin1
- OTA has been linked with the incidence of Balkan (and possible Tunisian) endemic nephropathy, but the co-occurrence of OTA with citrinin suggests an interaction between the 2 mycotoxins. (cabi.org)
Immune system2
- Mycotoxins damage the immune system. (moldfactor.com)
- If the doctors you go over to don't realize that you are experiencing these symptoms because of mycotoxins, they just think you have an autoimmune reaction in which your own immune system fights everything including your own body, and they will put you on steroids which are immune system suppressants. (moldfactor.com)
Oxidation1
- During cooking and storage process, white chocolate undergoes remarkably little oxidation , which makes it a safe, non-carcinogenic option. (lifehack.org)
Contaminants1
- Hence, breast milk may serve as a vehicle to transport these contaminants, including mycotoxins, from mothers to their infants. (frontiersin.org)
Indoor3
- This mycotoxin is found in Penicillium verrucosum , a type of indoor mold often grows in granaries or seed storage. (cleanwaterpartners.org)
- These mycotoxins have been demonstrated to be present in the indoor air of Stachybotrys infested buildings. (mountainenvironmentals.com)
- Pure Maintenance of Santa Barbara supports good health by restoring the health of homes and businesses, so my focus will be on how mycotoxins affect indoor air quality. (puremaintenancesb.com)
Foodborne1
- Consequently, humans may be exposed to combinations of different foodborne mycotoxins. (cabi.org)
Foodstuffs1
- Mycotoxins are present in foodstuffs despite the industry's best preventative measures. (puremaintenancesb.com)
Penicillium1
- Penicillium citreonigrum is producing Citreoviridin is a mycotoxin , Penicillium toxicarium , and Penciillium charlesii . (cleanwaterpartners.org)
Produce4
- The good news is many university extension services produce documents to help producers learn to prevent or minimize mycotoxin production. (kemin.com)
- But not all ear rots produce dangerous mycotoxins. (agfax.com)
- You need to understand that one mold will not only produce one mycotoxin, but one mold will produce a series of mycotoxins. (moldfactor.com)
- Mycotoxins: Stachybotrys has been demonstrated to produce a number of Macrocyclic Trichothecene mycotoxins including Satratoxin G, Satratoxin H, Isosatratoxin F, Roridin A, Roridin E, Roridin H, Roridin L-2, Verrucarin A and Verrucarin J. These are among the most toxic of all mycotoxins. (mountainenvironmentals.com)
Acute2
- Although mycotoxins may be graded according to acute lethality tests, the major concerns in human health relate to epidemiological evidence. (cabi.org)
- In general, acute toxic effects of the major mycotoxins are readily observed, and producers can take remediation quickly. (kemin.com)
Production4
- Consequently, host-pathogen interactions are important components in mycotoxin production. (cabi.org)
- Increased temperature, elevation in carbon dioxide, and extremes in water availability can influence the occurrence and/or frequency of mycotoxin production. (frontiersin.org)
- Cycloleucine inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production highlights its potential as an agent for removing mycotoxins in environmental pollution. (bvsalud.org)
- Moreover, they proliferate under the right conditions and form colonies, increasing the production of mycotoxins. (pediaa.com)
Detect1
- Possible approaches are considered, which could be used to detect mycotoxin induced nephropathy. (frontiersin.org)
Fungus2
- Once the crop is infected the fungus has the potential to secrete one or more mycotoxins, the most carcinogenic of which is aflatoxin. (usda.gov)
- A mycotoxin is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals. (puremaintenancesb.com)
Scientists1
- However, in 1962 scientists discovered mycotoxins . (winning-homebrew.com)