• Glycobiology is the study of the structure, function and biology of carbohydrates, also called glycans, which are widely distributed in nature. (neb.com)
  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 6th Edition. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Molecular Biology of the Channel Catfish Gonadotropin Receptors: 2. (biolreprod.org)
  • This is fundamental and interesting molecular biology you need anyway, and another secret of life. (physicsforums.com)
  • Also, the specific binding of different proteins with cell surface carbohydrate receptors is the most decisive event in governing cell functioning. (europa.eu)
  • In summary, the person is trying to get their head around the basic structure, formulas and meanings of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids and lipids. (physicsforums.com)
  • I have been trying to get my head around the basics for these four (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Amino Acids and Lipids) for about a week and I just don't understand the basic structure, formulas and such. (physicsforums.com)
  • The brains of adults who live on a high-carbohydrate diet lose the ability to synthesize the key enzymes needed to metabolize ketones. (medscape.com)
  • For structural analysis of asparagine-linked carbohydrates, sugars are released from the protein backbone by enzymes such as PNGase F ( NEB #P0704 ). (neb.com)
  • The PdaA structure provides a template for interpreting the wealth of sequence data on family 4 carbohydrate esterases in a structural context and represents a first step towards understanding the reaction mechanism of this family of enzymes. (rcsb.org)
  • 6]. Some of the best examples of high-molecular-weight sectors, workers are at increased risk of becoming sensitized occupational allergens are the fungal enzymes. (cdc.gov)
  • Carbohydrate modifying enzymes, Polysaccharides and microbial carbohydrate utilization (prebiotics, probiotics - food ingredients), Thermophiles and thermostable enzymes. (lu.se)
  • These include small numbers of intake studies, differing approaches to analysing carbohydrate, a variety of terms used to describe sugars intakes and a dearth of information about starch intakes. (nature.com)
  • Digestible dietary carbohydrates comprising two main categories-starch and sugars. (nature.com)
  • The first speaker was Luc Tappy, University of Lausanne, who gave an informative and brief introduction to what carbohydrates are and how they are divided into sugars, starches and fibers. (lu.se)
  • Compare and contrast the essential features in the digestion and absorption of carbohydrate, lipid and protein. (dal.ca)
  • Excess dietary carbohydrate, but not fat, led to markedly increased FGF21 secretion in humans, notably without protein restriction, and affected glucose and lipid homeostais. (ku.dk)
  • Studies were also presented on novel molecules involved in the recognition of carbohydrate antigens such as specific intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-grabbing nonintegrins, which are C-type lectins that show substantial expression in many tissues, and toll-like receptors, which function as pattern recognition receptors for conserved pathogen structures and serve as key links between innate and adaptive immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • This chapter would like to be a pragmatic user's guide in the non-trivial and yet challenging task of designing effective synthetic receptors for molecular recognition of carbohydrates. (rsc.org)
  • In the next pages the reader will go through a critical overview of the recent literature focused on systematic studies concerned with the understanding of the structural and functional features that can lead to effective recognition of carbohydrates. (rsc.org)
  • The development of these concepts took longer than foreseen and two years of research has been insufficient to implement this system for carbohydrate recognition. (europa.eu)
  • The work performed in this project has covered several aspects related to the main scope, which is the development of dynamic combinatorial chemistry on multivalent nanoparticles as tool to develop carbohydrate recognition. (europa.eu)
  • The concept of DCC on gold nanoparticles was validated using metal ions as analytes, rather than carbohydrates, because of the higher strength of interaction with the recognition modules. (europa.eu)
  • The combination of monolayer protected gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and DCC might add a new dimension for the development of protein-like receptors or sensors for carbohydrates due to several attractive features i) multivalency, ii) high stability of the nanosystems in physiologically relevant conditions, iii) intrinsic photochemical properties originating from the gold core. (europa.eu)
  • However, when energy contribution from dietary protein is lowered, other macronutrients, such as carbohydrates, must be increased to meet eucaloric balance. (ku.dk)
  • Here we studied the role of dietary carbohydrates on the levels of circulating FGF21 and concomitant physiologic effects by feeding healthy men a carbohydrate rich diet without reducing protein intake. (ku.dk)
  • In this context, the NANOCARB project has the objective to build up an original method for the development of an innovative class of carbohydrate receptors using dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) on the surface of a gold nanoparticle. (europa.eu)
  • For example, he ranks sugar-sweetened beverages as the most efficient energy-providing carbohydrate-rich food, but also the food with the strongest evidence for adverse effects. (lu.se)
  • Obese, hypertensive, type 2 diabetic rats SHR/NDmcr-cp were given, for 12 weeks, either a normal, middle-carbohydrate/middle-fat diet (MC/MF group) or a high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet (HC/LF group). (hindawi.com)
  • Altogether, these data identify a specific role of body weight control by a high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet in the progression of DN. (hindawi.com)
  • The observation that a high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet reduces effectively body weight without calorie restriction [ 13 , 14 ] led us to use a similar isocaloric diet in our rat model to better identify factors mediating the weight-related factors involved in the genesis of DN. (hindawi.com)
  • SHR/NDmcr-cp rats given a normal middle-carbohydrate/middle-fat diet (MC/MF group) were thus compared with similar rats fed a high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet (HC/LF group). (hindawi.com)
  • SHR/NDmcr-cp rats, aged 5 weeks, were randomly divided into two groups and given for 12 weeks either a normal diet (CE-2, CLEA Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan) with tap water (MC/MF group, 10 rats), or a high carbohydrate/low fat diet (CE-2 with tap water containing 30% sucrose) (HC/LF group, 10 rats). (hindawi.com)
  • Coincident with the increases in absolute abundance, rhamnose and mannose increased as a fraction of the total carbohydrate yield in concert with surface area, indicating these monomers were preferentially represented in carbohydrates associated with surfaces. (usgs.gov)
  • 12.8 " Overall, the evidence from both prospective cohort studies and randomised controlled trials indicates that total carbohydrate intake appears to be neither detrimental nor beneficial to cardio-metabolic health and colo-rectal health . (zoeharcombe.com)
  • Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK. (rcsb.org)
  • Carbohydrates are one of the most fundamental molecules in living systems. (europa.eu)
  • Biochemists describe life by applying the molecular approach of chemistry to the study of biological molecules. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Dietary supplementation with complex carbohydrates is known to alter the composition of gut microbiota, and optimal implementation of the use of these so called "prebiotics" could be of great potential in prevention and possibly treatment of obesity and associated cardiometabolic and inflammatory diseases via changes in the gut microbiota. (frontiersin.org)
  • We then reviewed whether the reported changes in gut bacterial members found to be established by complex carbohydrates would benefit or harm the cardiometabolic and immunological health of the host taking into account the alterations in the microbiome composition and abundance known to be associated with obesity and its associated disorders. (frontiersin.org)
  • We conclude that supplemental complex carbohydrates that increase Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, without increasing the deleterious Bacteroides , are most likely promoting cardiometabolic and immunological health in obese subjects. (frontiersin.org)
  • Well well, back to three domains of carbohydrate quality and its' relations to cardiometabolic health. (lu.se)
  • The goals of this workshop were to examine the mechanisms involved in generating an appropriate immune response to selected carbohydrate antigens, highlight recent and novel advances, and discuss how this information could be used in the development of effective vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • The meeting was organized into 7 sessions on such topics as genetic and cellular mechanisms of carbohydrate immunity, carbohydrate antigens for vaccines, and new tools for studying carbohydrates. (cdc.gov)
  • Genetics and molecular research : GMR 2014 13 (1): 2200-7. (cdc.gov)
  • Contain hydroxyl groups and one aldehyde or ketone General molecular formula (CH 2 O) n Contains C,H and O in a 1:2:1 proportion. (slideserve.com)
  • The aim of this narrative review is to outline the intakes of digestible carbohydrates and their role in health and disease, including the development of food preferences, as well the consequences of excess carbohydrate. (nature.com)
  • Finally, the consequences of excess carbohydrate are reviewed, in each case by providing a summary of the available literature including, where available, the results of published systematic reviews of the issue. (nature.com)
  • Understanding the mechanistic aspects of the genetic control and the cellular pathways of the immune response to bacterial carbohydrate antigens should provide insights into ways to enhance the immune response and thus facilitate vaccine development. (cdc.gov)
  • Metabolomics is a promising molecular tool for identifying novel etiological pathways leading to cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Glucose and galactose increase postprandially and several other carbohydrates contained in milk do not. (medscape.com)
  • In summary, with the carbohydrate quality definition provided by Tappy, fructose is clearly a shit-food, starch is quite OK, and sucrose falls in the middle (probably because it's also a combination of fructose and glucose in its molecular composition). (lu.se)
  • The neutral monomeric carbohydrate composition, lignin oxidation product yields, total organic carbon, and total nitrogen contents were determined independently for each size fraction, in addition to sediment surface area and abundance of biogenic opal. (usgs.gov)
  • In infants, minimum carbohydrate (mainly lactose) intake should be 40% of total energy, gradually increasing to 55% energy by the age of 2 years. (nature.com)
  • This raises the possibility that intake of a diet rich in carbohydrates may induce an increase in plasma FGF21 levels per se. (ku.dk)
  • For diet-driven alterations of gut microbial composition particularly the type and proportion of complex indigestible carbohydrates that reach the colon turn out to be of great importance ( 18 , 19 , 21 - 24 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Conformation of cyclohexanes - the importance of stereochemistry to reactivity - carbohydrates. (bath.ac.uk)
  • The session was named Importance of Carbohydrate Quality and was sponsored by Nestlé Research and Development. (lu.se)
  • Whereas the phenomenology of water-1H tions of bulk water (14), and similar ideas regarding long- relaxation in tissue is well documented (1-3), the under- range ordering and slowing down of water motions have lying molecular mechanism remains controversial (4 -9). (lu.se)
  • Functional analysis of genes related to the growth and virulence is crucial to revealing the molecular mechanism of the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. (bvsalud.org)
  • According to the carbohydrate-insulin model, low-carbohydrate diets would be the most effective in causing long-term weight loss. (wikipedia.org)
  • Available evidence does not support the existence of a long-term advantage in weight loss for low-carbohydrate diets. (wikipedia.org)
  • Systematic reviews with pairwise and network meta-analyses of the best available evidence have failed to show the superiority of low-carbohydrate diets on long-term clinical weight loss outcomes or that all sources of carbohydrate behave equally. (wikipedia.org)
  • This paper provides a narrative review of the role and suggested requirements for digestible carbohydrate in the diets of infants and toddlers. (nature.com)
  • The role of very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets (VLCKD) in the long-term management of obesity is not well established. (cambridge.org)
  • For these reasons, fore not fully elucidate the molecular origin of the ob- most mechanistic studies have been carried out on model served relaxation effects. (lu.se)
  • 8. von Schantz L, Schagerlöf H, Nordberg-Karlsson E, Ohlin M. ( 2014 ) Characterization of the substitution pattern of cellulose derivatives using carbohydrate-binding modules. (lu.se)
  • This review details the anatomy, development, physiology, and molecular characteristics of the Lemnaceae to introduce them to the broader plant research community. (osti.gov)
  • The digestibility of dietary carbohydrates depends, among others, on structural properties of the carbohydrate, such as the degree of polymerization (DP) and branching. (frontiersin.org)
  • Molecular structures and how they relate to function, enzyme kinetics and bioenergetics are also fundamental. (unm.edu)
  • Our results could be very useful to guide how much enzyme is needed for a biomass degradation process or determine what aspects of an enzyme to try to modify and what substrates are relevant to test activity on, where small model compounds do not properly mimic the more complex cell wall," said Johan Larsbrink, study researcher and associate professor of molecular enzymology at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. (lu.se)
  • The second speaker was John Sievenpiper, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, who concluded the evidence summarized in meta-analyses of the health effects of carbohydrate quality based on 3 different domains on how to define good carbohydrate quality. (lu.se)
  • Notable proponents of the carbohydrate-insulin model include Gary Taubes and David Ludwig. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is therefore necessary to find proper ways of recognizing carbohydrates not only to understand cellular phenomena but also because carbohydrates are imperative biomarkers as well as therapeutics for different pathologies, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers etc. (europa.eu)
  • Palatinose™) is available as novel functional carbohydrate ingredient for manufacturing of low glycaemic foods and beverages. (cambridge.org)
  • 1,4 linkages in complex carbohydrates and those that contain GlcNAc. (researchgate.net)
  • An alternative to this "microbiocentric view" is the idea that health-promoting effects of certain complex carbohydrates reside in the host, and could secondarily affect the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota. (frontiersin.org)
  • To circumvent this potential interpretational problem, we aimed at providing an overview about whether and how dietary supplementation of different complex carbohydrates changes the gut microbiome in healthy non-obese individuals. (frontiersin.org)
  • By combining these research areas, we aimed to give a better insight into the potential of (foods containing) complex carbohydrates in the treatment and prevention of above-mentioned diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Because certain complex carbohydrates also affect the host's immunity directly, it is likely that host-microbiome interactions in determination of health and disease characteristics are indeed bidirectional. (frontiersin.org)
  • Brown et al, in their attempt to determine whether postprandial changes in plasma carbohydrate and sugar alcohol concentrations are affected by clinical variables such as postnatal age, milk type, feeding volume, or feeding duration in term newborns, found that galactose is almost cleared completely by the neonatal liver. (medscape.com)
  • Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology 2015 Jan 103 (1): 37-44. (cdc.gov)
  • Family 4 carbohydrate esterases deacetylate polymeric carbohydrate substrates such as chitin, acetyl xylan and peptidoglycan. (rcsb.org)
  • In addition, it summarises how digestible carbohydrates are absorbed, their role in the development of food preferences and food choices and in cognition. (nature.com)
  • It also leads to a qualitative explanation for the thermodynamic data on sugar-binding to the lectin, with special emphasis on the role of a tyrosyl residue in the variable loop in the sugar-binding region in generating the carbohydrate specificity of WBAII. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • It is now well recognized that the bacteria living in our gut play an important role in the development and maintenance of the innate and adaptive immune system ( 1 , 2 ) as well as the fermentation of low-, or non-digestible dietary carbohydrates ( 3 - 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Since carbohydrates is not an essential nutrient in any way, the need and role that carbohydrates have is simply to provide energy. (lu.se)
  • The functioning of cellular system like signal transduction, cell-to-cell communication, cell adhesion, and even cancer metastasis are controlled by carbohydrates. (europa.eu)
  • Click molecule labels to explore molecular sequence information. (nih.gov)
  • Total neutral carbohydrate yields in the Peru Margin sediments were found to closely parallel trends in total organic carbon, increasing in abundance among grain size fractions in proportion to sediment surface area. (usgs.gov)
  • Chemically the airway constrictor agent was characterized as a highly water soluble, small molecular weight agent which carries no net charge at neutral pH. (cdc.gov)
  • As a scientist, I have 30 years of experience conducting research on various molecular problems using a range of organisms, from bacteria to plants. (queensu.ca)
  • The airway constrictor agent contained in cotton bracts was purified 15 fold relative to carbohydrate material as assayed by the phenol /sulfuric-acid method. (cdc.gov)