• The FruR regulon in Enterobacteria includes genes from the central carbohydrate metabolism including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, glyoxylate cycle, Entner-Doudoroff pathway, TCA cycle, and phosphotransferase sugar transport systems. (lbl.gov)
  • It resembles the cessation of a measurable metabolism (e.g. glycolysis and amino acid anabolism) during the tun formation, the production of storage metabolites and bioprotectants, such as DNA stabilizers, and the generation of amino acids and cellular components from monosaccharides as carbon and energy source during rehydration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A positive feedback between cholesterol synthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) rather than glycolysis was formed in tumors of c-Myc mice. (nature.com)
  • Gluconobacter oxydans is an industrially important bacterium that lacks a complete Embden-Meyerhof pathway (glycolysis). (rhea-db.org)
  • In the present study, we considered the simulation of the main metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, and the anapleorotic pathways using enzymatic reaction models of E. coli . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The kinetic equations for the glycolysis and the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway have also been developed for E. coli to simulate the transient data obtained by the fast sampling system [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • derived from glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation for carbohydrates and from beta oxidation of fatty acids. (easyomics.org)
  • Accumulation of G6P substrate leads to increased utilization of the glycolysis pathway for energy production, resulting in lactic acidosis. (medscape.com)
  • which exhibited low transcriptional activity, especially of genes involved in secondary bile acid biosynthesis and neuroendocrine signaling (i.e., production of neurotransmitters, indoles and ligands for cannabinoid receptors). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Folate biosynthesis was the only pathway enriched for gene up-regulated upon DR. Four among the down-regulated genes are involved in key regulatory steps within the pentose phosphate pathway, which has been previously associated with lifespan extension in Drosophila. (impactaging.com)
  • In recent decades, many lipid metabolism genes and pathways have been identified, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie species differences in seed oil biosynthesis are not fully understood. (researchsquare.com)
  • Compared to rapeseed and castor bean, fewer lipid biosynthesis genes but more lipid metabolism genes were regulated in the maize embryo. (researchsquare.com)
  • Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy and will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other deficiencies include those of glycolytic enzymes or enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway. (merckmanuals.com)
  • More importantly, most maize genes encoding lipid-related transcription factors, triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthetic enzymes, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and Calvin Cycle proteins were not regulated during seed oil synthesis, despite the presence of many homologs in the maize genome. (researchsquare.com)
  • In castor bean, we observed differential regulation of vital oil biosynthetic enzymes and extremely high expression levels of oil biosynthetic genes, which were consistent with the rapid accumulation of oil in castor bean developing seeds. (researchsquare.com)
  • The brains of adults who live on a high-carbohydrate diet lose the ability to synthesize the key enzymes needed to metabolize ketones. (medscape.com)
  • Unexpectedly, HMGCR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase) and G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), the rate-limiting enzymes of cholesterol synthesis and the PPP, were identified as direct targets of microRNA-206. (nature.com)
  • Characterization of enzymes involved in the central metabolism of Gluconobacter oxydans. (rhea-db.org)
  • Simple carbohydrates require less digestion (the structure has fewer bonds that enzymes need to break) and cause a rapid rise in blood glucose . (selfhacked.com)
  • Complex carbohydrates are a combination of multiple sugars that are bound together and take longer to digest (the structure has more bonds that enzymes need to break). (selfhacked.com)
  • The end result of the reaction essentially is the conversion of the pentose phosphates to intermediates used in the glycolytic pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycolytic Pathway Defects Glycolytic pathway defects are autosomal recessive red blood cell metabolic disorders that cause hemolytic anemia. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The glycolytic pathway is one of the. (merckmanuals.com)
  • At T1, the significantly more abundant enzyme-coding genes were related to threonine metabolism and those genes related to the glycolytic pathway, explained by the abundance of sugars in the medium. (frontiersin.org)
  • [ 3 ] Increased use of the glycolytic pathway also increases lipogenesis, leading to hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia , which can result in hepatic steatosis and pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
  • Exposure to polymyxin B (4 mg/L for S01 and 512 mg/L for S01R) substantially altered energy, nucleotide, and amino acid metabolism and resulted in greater accumulation of lipids in both strains. (bvsalud.org)
  • The udhA gene of Escherichia coli encodes a soluble pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A growing body of evidence shows that lncRNAs play important functional roles in diverse biological processes, such as epigenetic regulation, cell cycle regulation, cellular growth and differentiation, by regulating the level of target genes [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The gut microbiome has recently emerged as a key modifier of human health that can affect the development and progression of obesity, largely due to its involvement in the regulation of food intake and metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Biochemical regulation of gene expression. (entrance-exam.net)
  • Updated content on the control of gene expression reflects the increasing emphasis on gene regulation in contemporary research, and incorporates up-to-date discussions of recent developments. (medicscenter.com)
  • By whole transcriptome analyses, we characterized glucosedependent and CcpA-dependent gene regulation in Clostridium difficile. (studyres.com)
  • About 18% of all C. difficile genes are regulated by glucose, for which 50% depend on CcpA for regulation. (studyres.com)
  • One of the most challenging goals of metabolic engineering is to design the cell metabolism based on the analysis of metabolic regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • FruR binds to its palindromic operator in the absence of effectors, fructose 1-phosphate or fructose 1,6-phosphate. (lbl.gov)
  • or anabolic - the building up (synthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). (wikipedia.org)
  • The genome of E. coli MG1655 is 4,641,642 bp, corresponding to 4702 genes encoding 4328 proteins. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The genome size of E. coli strain K-12 MG1655 is 4,641,652 bp, corresponding to 4702 genes encoding 4328 proteins, 228 RNA genes, and 146 pseudogenes. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • It is preferred to model the whole of the main metabolic pathways in Escherichia coli , allowing for the estimation of energy generation and cell synthesis, based on intracellular fluxes and that may be used to characterize phenotypic growth. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Glucose and galactose increase postprandially and several other carbohydrates contained in milk do not. (medscape.com)
  • Brown et al, in their attempt to determine whether postprandial changes in plasma carbohydrate and sugar alcohol concentrations are affected by clinical variables such as postnatal age, milk type, feeding volume, or feeding duration in term newborns, found that galactose is almost cleared completely by the neonatal liver. (medscape.com)
  • The pulse of acetogenesis appears to have been collectively catalyzed by a number of different organisms and metabolisms, most prominently pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. (frontiersin.org)
  • This pathway map also shows the Entner-Doudoroff pathway where 6-P-gluconate is dehydrated and then cleaved into pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3P [MD:M00008]. (easyomics.org)
  • This Hydrogenophaga strain also expressed genes indicative of chemolithoautotrophy, including CO 2 fixation, H 2 oxidation, S-compound oxidation, and denitrification. (frontiersin.org)
  • Carbohydrate oxidation by Pseudomonas fluorescens. (rhea-db.org)
  • Krebs cycle) is an important aerobic pathway for the final steps of the oxidation of carbohydrates and fatty acids. (easyomics.org)
  • In the non-oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway, RPIA converts Ru5P to R5P which then is converted by ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase to xylulose-5-phosphate (figure 3). (wikipedia.org)
  • The oxidative branch of the pathway is a major source for NADPH which is needed for biosynthetic reactions and protection against reactive oxygen species. (wikipedia.org)
  • High abundance of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cancer cell also increases flux into other metabolic pathways such as hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)
  • Compared to oil seed (rapeseed and castor bean), less oil biosynthetic genes were regulated during the seed development in non-oil seed (maize). (researchsquare.com)
  • Efficient growth and associated production and yield of desired products depend on the efficient sugar transport capabilities, sugar catabolism through the central carbon catabolism, and the efficient carbon flux through specific biosynthetic pathways. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Whole-genome gene expression studies have typically revealed hundreds to thousands of differentially expressed genes in response to DR, and a key open question is which subset of genes mediates longevity. (impactaging.com)
  • Whether this will still hold true after the discoveries that the Human Genome Project and CRISPR gene editing will make possible is not known. (medscape.com)
  • Using combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation and genome sequence analysis, we detected 55 CcpA binding sites corresponding to 140 genes directly controlled by CcpA. (studyres.com)
  • The understanding of this process has been studied by the application of high-throughput sequencing technologies, which grants a better assessment of the different microbial taxa and their genes involved in this microbial succession. (frontiersin.org)
  • At T2, the genes linked to the metabolism of ceramides and hopanoids lipids were clearly dominant, which are associated with the resistance of microbial species to extreme temperatures and pH values. (frontiersin.org)
  • The results obtained in this study provided insights into the potential functionality of microbial community succession correlated to gene function, which could improve cocoa processing practices to ensure the production of more stable quality end products. (frontiersin.org)
  • Overall, these results highlight the complex nature of organic matter transformation in NRZs and the microbial metabolic pathways that interact to mediate redox status and elemental cycling. (frontiersin.org)
  • The CO 2 production rate could be used to estimate cell yield, and the specific NADPH production rate could be used to determine the flux of the oxidative PP pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pentose phosphate pathway is a process of glucose turnover that produces NADPH as reducing equivalents and pentoses as essential parts of nucleotides. (easyomics.org)
  • Reactome pathway gene sets in the MSigDB facilitated identification of the liver proteasome transcriptional switch that acts as the fasting timer in intermittent fasting in work published by Wei et al. (reactome.org)
  • Accepted August 23, 2012 ABSTRACT The catabolite control protein CcpA is a pleiotropic regulator that mediates the global transcriptional response to rapidly catabolizable carbohydrates, like glucose in Gram-positive bacteria. (studyres.com)
  • These metabolic transitions are only just beginning to be understood, often relying on transcriptional data to infer metabolism, rather than actual metabolic outputs. (conditionmed.org)
  • These data propose selleck chemical that NO activates Ets one sig naling and its transcriptional activity by means of a Ras/MEK/ ERK signaling pathway rather than through PKCa activation. (checkpointinhibitor.com)
  • Most informatively we find 144 genes rapidly switched to the same level observed in the DR cohort and are hence strong candidates as proximal mediators of reduced mortality upon DR. This class was enriched for genes involved in carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism. (impactaging.com)
  • This dataset includes 4641 differentially methylated probes corresponding to 2929 unique genes between schizophrenia patients (n=24) and controls (n=24). (uth.edu)
  • It is quite important to simulate the metabolic changes of a cell in response to the change in culture environment and/or specific gene knockouts particularly for the purpose of application in industry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The comparison of the simulation result with the experimental data indicates that the present model could simulate the effect of the specific gene knockouts to the changes in the metabolisms to some extent. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, we show that specific gene knockouts in i SO595 exhibit dynamic anomalies compatible with experimental observations, further demonstrating the value of this model as a tool to probe the metabolic dynamic of Prochlorococcus . (biorxiv.org)
  • GO and KEGG analyses indicated that numerous DE lncRNAs might be involved in diverse biological processes related to phosphate, such as lipid metabolic processes, catalytic activity, cell membrane formation, signal transduction, and nitrogen fixation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Metabolism of Nitrogen containing compounds: nitrogen fixation, amino acids and nucleotides. (entrance-exam.net)
  • By using random sampling in the ensuing flux space, we found that storage of glycogen or exudation of organic acids are favored when the growth is nitrogen limited, while exudation of amino acids becomes more likely when phosphate is the limiting resource. (biorxiv.org)
  • Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (Rpi) encoded by the RPIA gene is an enzyme (EC 5.3.1.6) that catalyzes the conversion between ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) and ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P). (wikipedia.org)
  • The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-ribose-5-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The only known naturally occurring genetic mutation results in ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, discussed below. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by RPIA gene is an enzyme, which catalyzes the reversible conversion between ribose-5-phosphate and ribulose-5-phosphate in the pentose-phosphate pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutations in this gene cause ribose 5-phosphate isomerase deficiency. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked enzymatic defect common in people with African ancestry that can result in hemolysis after acute illnesses or intake of oxidant. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down ( hemolysis ) when the body is exposed to certain foods, drugs, infections or stress. (rareguru.com)
  • It is caused by mutations in the G6PD gene. (rareguru.com)
  • What are the signs and symptoms of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency? (rareguru.com)
  • This is because males have only one copy of the G6PD gene. (rareguru.com)
  • However, while females have two copies of the G6PD gene, some females are as severely affected as males. (rareguru.com)
  • This can be the case in females who have a mutation in both copies of the G6PD gene, or even in females who have only one mutation. (rareguru.com)
  • Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is caused by mutations in the G6PD __ gene. (rareguru.com)
  • This gene gives the body instructions to make an enzyme called G6PD, which is involved in processing carbohydrates. (rareguru.com)
  • Mutations in the G6PD gene lower the amount of G6PD or alter its structure, lessening its ability to play its protective role. (rareguru.com)
  • How is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency inherited? (rareguru.com)
  • However, females can be affected if they have a mutation in both copies of the G6PD gene, or in some cases, if they have only one mutation. (rareguru.com)
  • Most of the known defects of carbohydrate metabolism appear to be due to point mutations. (medscape.com)
  • GSD Ia may be explained by mutations of the catalytic unit gene of the G6Pase complex, unlike GSD type Ib and GSD type Ic. (medscape.com)
  • The G6PC gene that codes for G6Pase is located on chromosome 17q21, and various mutations have been identified that lead to its abnormal function in GSD Ia. (medscape.com)
  • Jensen-Shannon and Grantham scores were computed for mutations in protein-coding genes to evaluate whether they affected protein function. (cdc.gov)
  • The analysis approach for this study serves as a workflow to investigate the biology linked to expression changes across a time course and from these changes, to identify target genes that could serve as biomarkers linked to pilot performance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They can provide information on key target genes that may be useful for future experimental manipulation of oil production in oilseed crops. (researchsquare.com)
  • Approach to the Patient With a Suspected Inherited Disorder of Metabolism Most inherited disorders of metabolism (inborn errors of metabolism) are rare, and therefore their diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The remaining disorders of carbohydrate metabolism are the rare inborn errors of metabolism (ie, genetic defects). (medscape.com)
  • The inability to effectively use metabolites of carbohydrates accounts for. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The functional module identifies relationships among changed metabolites (e.g. spermidine) and reactions and provides first insights into important altered metabolic pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pathway also supplies important precursor metabolites including 2-oxoglutarate. (easyomics.org)
  • Transcriptome analyses showed that more than 61% of the lipid- and carbohydrate-related genes were regulated in rapeseed and castor bean, but only 20.1% of the lipid-related genes and 22.5% of the carbohydrate-related genes were regulated in maize. (researchsquare.com)
  • To understand the development of adiposity, it is crucial to identify the genes which expression is associated with adipogenic differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Proliferation cluster comprised 1028 genes up-regulated from days 3 to 8 of culture meanwhile the differentiation cluster was characterized by 2140 induced genes from days 15 to 21. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On the other hand, the terminal differentiation phase was enriched with genes involved in energy production, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overall, our study demonstrates the coordinated expression of functionally related genes during proliferation and differentiation of rainbow trout adipocyte cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Her research interests include gene expression and differentiation in early embryonic development. (medicscenter.com)
  • Scientists can use the tools of biochemistry and molecular biology to explore all aspects of an organism-from basic questions about its chemical composition, through inquiries into the complexities of its metabolism, differentiation, and development, to analysis of its evolution, and even its behavior. (com.pk)
  • This indicates the intricate control of metabolism and redox balance for survival of cancer cells that can be targeted by therapeutic agents. (degruyter.com)
  • Genomic analysis revealed a novel in-frame deletion at position V258 of PhoQ in S01R, potentially leading to lipid A modification with 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose (L-Ara4N) despite the absence of polymyxin B. Comparative metabolomic analysis revealed slightly elevated levels of energy production and amino acid metabolism in S01R compared to their levels in S01. (bvsalud.org)
  • The depletion of DOM over time was strongly correlated with increases in expression of many genes associated with heterotrophy (e.g., amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism) belonging to a Hydrogenophaga strain that accounted for a relatively large percentage (~8%) of the metatranscriptome. (frontiersin.org)
  • The present study used shotgun metagenomics to determine the enzyme-coding genes of the microbiota found in two different groups of cocoa beans varieties during the fermentation process. (frontiersin.org)
  • Changes in the microbiota enzyme-coding genes over time pointed to the distinct ordering of fermentation at 24-48 h (T1), 72-96 h (T2), and 120-144 h (T3). (frontiersin.org)
  • Plants have evolved numerous adaptive developmental and metabolic responses to cope with growth under phosphate-limited conditions, and these responses include modifying the root system architecture (RSA), increasing acid phosphatase activity (APA), and the release of low-molecular-weight organic acids [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)