• Anti-Norovirus (VLP major capsid protein of GI and GII) monoclonal antibody, clone C2049N - 1mg - 1 vial is backordered and will ship as soon as it is back in stock. (karlan.com)
  • Chakroborty, Sayan, "Expression and characterization of major capsid protein (MCP) of a giant marine virus: Cafeteria roenbergensis virus (CroV)" (2013). (utep.edu)
  • Nucleotide sequences encoding the major capsid protein VP1 were determined for each isolate. (cdc.gov)
  • The role of electrostatic interactions in the viral capsid assembly process was studied by comparing the assembly process of a truncated hepatitis B virus capsid protein Cp149 with its mutant protein D2N/D4N, which has the same conformational structure but four fewer charges per dimer. (uky.edu)
  • Molecular elucidation of drug-induced abnormal assemblies of the hepatitis B virus capsid protein by solid-state NMR. (pasteur.fr)
  • The extra sequences at the N-termini of viral jelly roll capsid proteins, involved in recognizing the viral genome, likely evolved after the capture of these proteins from cells. (virology.ws)
  • The RSV capsid enclosing the viral genome materials is assembled from 1500 copies of the 237-residue RSV capsid protein CA. In vitro, tubular assembly can be obtained with the CA with similar underlying structural properties as the authentic RSV capsid. (dtic.mil)
  • How can this protein shell be strong enough to remain intact as it enters a host cell, and yet quickly open up to release the viral genome after replication? (elifesciences.org)
  • The prohead usually contains a protease, which is activated during capsid maturation to destroy the inner core and liberate space for the genome. (rcsb.org)
  • This indicates that herpesviruses withstand the internal pressure that is generated during DNA genome packaging by locally reinforcing the mechanical sturdiness of the vertices, the most stressed part of the capsids. (vu.nl)
  • The virus particle (25-30 nm) has an icosahedral capsid made of protein, without envelope, containing a single strand of ribonucleic acid (RNA) containing a positive encoding of its genome. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • CAMs disturb proper nucleocapsid assembly, by inducing formation of either aberrant assemblies (CAM-A) or of apparently normal but genome-less empty capsids (CAM-E). Classical structural approaches have revealed the CAM binding sites on the capsid protein (Cp), but conformational information on the CAM-induced off-path aberrant assemblies is lacking. (pasteur.fr)
  • E proteins made by the viral genome promote the activation of host DNA replication mechanisms that can then be used by the virus during its own replication. (medscape.com)
  • It binds in the cytoplasm the human BAF protein which prevent autointegration of the viral genome, and might be included in virions at the ration of zero to 3 BAF dimer per virion. (proteopedia.org)
  • In Nature the genome of viruses are protected by protein capsids. (lu.se)
  • The capsid serves two purposes: to protect the genome from the outside and to trick cel s into incorporating the virus. (lu.se)
  • Herpesviruses consist of a double-stranded DNA genome contained within a protein shell, termed the capsid, that is surrounded by an unstructured protein layer and a lipid-envelope. (lu.se)
  • We recently discovered a high internal DNA pressure of tens of atmospheres in HSV-1 capsids, resulting from tight genome confinement and repulsive DNA-DNA interactions. (lu.se)
  • An analysis of the sequence an structure of major virion proteins has identified likely ancestors in cellular proteins. (virology.ws)
  • Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex in the virion. (proteopedia.org)
  • A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. (bvsalud.org)
  • It seems likely that viral structural proteins originated from cellular genes. (virology.ws)
  • Alignment with capsid protein genes of other Trichoviruses revealed the TaTao ACLSV peach isolate to be phylogenetically closest to Peach mosaic virus, Apricot pseudo chlorotic leaf spot virus and Cherry mottle leaf virus. (csircentral.net)
  • The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. (mdpi.com)
  • L genes encode viral capsid proteins. (medscape.com)
  • ORF-2 contains genes encoding the capsid. (medscape.com)
  • Disruption of E1 and E2 allows for dysregulated downstream genes and the expression of E6 and E7 proteins, which are selectively maintained in virally induced tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Using atomic force microscopy imaging and nanoindentation measurements, we investigated the effect of the minor capsid proteins pUL17 and pUL25 on the structural stability of icosahedral herpes simplex virus capsids. (vu.nl)
  • pUL17 and pUL25, which form the capsid vertex-specific component (CVSC), particularly contributed to capsid resilience along the 5-fold and 2-fold but not along the 3-fold icosahedral axes. (vu.nl)
  • Here we show that solid-state NMR can provide such information, including for wild-type full-length Cp183, and we find that in these assemblies, the asymmetric unit comprises a single Cp molecule rather than the four quasi-equivalent conformers typical for the icosahedral T = 4 symmetry of the normal HBV capsids. (pasteur.fr)
  • In spherical viruses capsid proteins forms icosahedral shel s with hundreds of subunits. (lu.se)
  • Capsid lattice stability was studied by solving seven crystal structures (in native background), including P38A, P38A/T216I, E45A, E45A/R132T CA, using molecular dynamics simulations of lattices, cryo-electron microscopy of assemblies, time-resolved imaging of uncoating, biophysical and biochemical characterization of assembly and stability. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The deduced amino acid sequences of the outer capsid protein, VP7, of serotype G1 rotavirus clinical isolates collected over a 6 year period (1990-1995) in Melbourne, Australia, were examined. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Phylogenetic analysis characterized the sequences into two discrete clusters representing two of the four global lineages of human G1 VP7 proteins. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The chip contains the sequences of 15 different capsid proteins converted into more than 5,000 overlapping peptides for high-resolution epitope data. (pepperprint.com)
  • Wild-type (WT) AAV serotypes exhibit different tissue tropism due to different capsid protein sequences or variable regions interacting with disparate cell surface receptors, and thus can be utilized for different target tissues 3 . (nature.com)
  • Protein sequences were clustered by the pairwise sequence similarity using CLANS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The complete sequences of the coat protein (CP) gene of 26 isolates of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) from India were determined. (csircentral.net)
  • Our observations suggest that different stages of uncoating can be controlled independently with the interplay between different capsid-binding regulators likely to determine the overall uncoating kinetics. (elifesciences.org)
  • Retroviral structural proteins also appear to have originated from cell proteins, with clear homologies with matrix, capsid, and nucleocapsid proteins. (virology.ws)
  • SCOP: Structural Classification of Proteins and ASTRAL. (berkeley.edu)
  • Missing from these hypothesis is how nucleic acids became virus particles - that is, how they acquired structural proteins. (virology.ws)
  • Many cell proteins have jelly role motifs, and some form 60-subunit virus-like particles in cells. (virology.ws)
  • At some point these genetic elements acquired structural proteins from the cells and became bona fide virus particles. (virology.ws)
  • Interestingly, this protein-based block copolymer could be self-assembled via two mechanisms into two different, well-defined nanocapsules: (1) pH-induced assembly yielded 28 nm virus-like particles, and (2) ELP-induced assembly yielded 18 nm virus-like particles. (psu.edu)
  • For some negative-strand RNA viruses (e.g., vesicular stomatitis virus and Ebola virus), the viral matrix (M) protein contains all of the information needed for budding, since virus-like particles (VLPs) are efficiently released from cells when the M protein is expressed from cDNA. (nih.gov)
  • Conversely, truncation of the F protein cytoplasmic tail was not inhibitory and did not affect the ability of coexpressed wt HN protein to direct the budding of particles. (nih.gov)
  • Adherence was not affected by pretreatment of the cells with virus particles or viral proteins. (lu.se)
  • Also cleaves Nef and Vif, probably concomitantly with viral structural proteins on maturation of virus particles (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)
  • 2021). Virus-like particles (VLP), self-assembled HPV L1+L2 protein capsids that resemble intact virions, are used as antigen in the assay. (cdc.gov)
  • Virus particles and purified capsids have found many applications in nanotechnology, biotechnology and medicine. (lu.se)
  • To understand the intrinsic capsid disassembly pathway and how it can be modulated, we have developed a single-particle fluorescence microscopy method to follow the real-time uncoating kinetics of authentic HIV capsids in vitro immediately after permeabilizing the viral membrane. (elifesciences.org)
  • We observed that the WNV-Cp protein is a pathogenic protein, which drives apoptosis in vitro through the mitochodrial/caspase-9 pathway. (cdc.gov)
  • Our results establish a structural view on assembly modulation of the HBV capsid, and they provide a rationale for recently observed differences between in-cell versus in vitro capsid assembly modulation. (pasteur.fr)
  • Fourth-generation HIV immunoassays detect viral p24 protein in the blood (as well as patient antibodies against the virus). (wikipedia.org)
  • Available with linear or cyclic constrained peptides for linear or conformational epitope mapping, the PEPperCHIP ® Pan-AAV Capsid Protein Microarray can be used to analyze patient and animal sera as well as research and diagnostic anti-AAV antibodies on the epitope level. (pepperprint.com)
  • Modified versions of AAVs range from genetic alterations of the viral cap gene to conjugation of proteins such as streptavidin or antibodies to promote interaction with specific cells. (nature.com)
  • The immune system responds to antigens by producing cells that directly attack the pathogen, or by producing special proteins called antibodies . (khanacademy.org)
  • Although more adeno-associated virus AAV-based drugs enter the clinic, vector tissue tropism remains an unresolved challenge that limits its full potential despite that the tissue tropism of naturally occurring AAV serotypes can be altered by genetic engineering capsid vie DNA shuffling, or molecular evolution. (nature.com)
  • The cryo-electron-microscopy structures enable modelling by large-scale molecular dynamics simulation, resulting in all-atom models for the hexamer-of-hexamer and pentamer-of-hexamer elements as well as for the entire capsid. (nature.com)
  • Mass spectrum (MS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were performed to analyze the molecular weight and hydrodynamic diameter of the fusion protein. (utep.edu)
  • In this project we wil use molecular engineering to custom- make virus capsids and going beyond the confines of Natures natural variety. (lu.se)
  • In this application note, we profile capsid protein peptides from AAV5 and AAV9, digested with trypsin using a Biozen™ Peptide XB-C18 reversed phase column. (phenomenex.com)
  • 15 different wild type AAV capsid proteins are converted into overlapping peptides and printed onto glass slides. (pepperprint.com)
  • We demonstrated that AAV9 capsid modified with N -ethyl Maleimide (NEM) increased its tropism more towards murine bone marrow (osteoblast lineage ) while decreased transduction of liver tissue compared to the unmodified capsid. (nature.com)
  • Nucleocapsid protein p7 encapsulates and protects viral dimeric unspliced (genomic) RNA. (proteopedia.org)
  • Some viruses have an outer envelope consisting of protein and lipid, surrounding a protein capsid complex with genomic RNA or DNA and sometimes enzymes needed for the first steps of viral replication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, lowering charge beyond a certain point resulted in capsid aggregation and precipitation. (uky.edu)
  • X-ray structure of the Norwalk virus capsid, with the inset showing details of the structure of the subunits. (bcm.edu)
  • The core is constituted by capsid protein hexamer subunits. (proteopedia.org)
  • Virus capsids, filaments, flagel a, and other large protein complexes that are central to many biological processes are generated by protein self-assembly, whereby protein subunits spontaneously organize to form functional complexes. (lu.se)
  • The shel s of many viruses are made up by only a single type of subunit and can often form from a solution of purified protein subunits (they self-assemble). (lu.se)
  • HIV-1 capsid (CA) stability is important for viral replication. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this study, we reported that capsid protein (CP) of red-spotted grouper NNV (RGNNV) suppressed the IFN antiviral response to promote RGNNV replication in Lateolabrax japonicus brain cells , which depended on the ARM , S, and P domains of CP. (bvsalud.org)
  • The largest, ORF-1, codes for the nonstructural proteins responsible for viral replication. (medscape.com)
  • It undergoes DNA replication and synthesis of viral capsid proteins inside the cell. (medscape.com)
  • E1 protein has helicase activity for replication, and E2 encodes DNA-binding protein for regulation of transcription. (medscape.com)
  • In alphaviruses, this process is thought to be mediated, at least in part, by the viral protease (nsP2) which is responsible for processing the nonstructural polyproteins (P123 and P1234) into individual proteins (nsP1-nsP4), forming the viral replication complex. (bvsalud.org)
  • We have previously discussed the idea that viruses originated from selfish genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons when these nucleic acids acquired structural proteins (see A plasmid on the road to becoming a virus ). (virology.ws)
  • The second big part is a protein coat to protect the nucleic acid. (biology4kids.com)
  • It consists of a CAPSID plus enclosed nucleic acid. (bvsalud.org)
  • The matrix Z proteins of arenaviruses are related to cellular RING domain proteins, and the matrix proteins of some negative strand RNA viruses are related to cellular cyclophilin. (virology.ws)
  • Multidisciplinary studies with mutated HIV-1 capsid proteins reveal structural mechanisms of lattice stabilization. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Once the provirus is integrated into the host cell DNA, it is transcribed using typical cellular mechanisms to produce viral proteins and genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)
  • I want to explore in more detail the idea that the structural proteins of viruses likely originated from cell proteins ( link to paper ). (virology.ws)
  • There are many more examples, providing support for the hypothesis that viruses evolved on multiple instances by recruiting different cell proteins. (virology.ws)
  • Given this information on the origin of viral capsid proteins, we can modify the three hypotheses for the origin of viruses into one. (virology.ws)
  • Now, the question if of course - is it of viral origin or is it a cellular protein co-opted by viruses? (virology.ws)
  • Unlike the capsids of many other viruses, those of HIV have irregular structures that rapidly fall apart once removed from the virus. (elifesciences.org)
  • Many large viruses, including tailed dsDNA bacteriophages and herpesviruses, assemble their capsids via formation of precursors, called procapsids or proheads. (rcsb.org)
  • These viruses have many facets and a seemingly hard shell of capsomeres (pieces of a capsid). (biology4kids.com)
  • Lali K. Medina-Kauwe (2013) Development of adenovirus capsid proteins in targeting gene and drug delivery, Therapeutic Delivery , 4(2):267-77. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • One example is syncytin , a retroviral protein used for the construction of the mammalian placenta. (virology.ws)
  • The capsid-binding inhibitor PF74 accelerates capsid opening but stabilizes the remaining lattice. (elifesciences.org)
  • enables researchers to measure how molecules produced by host cells interact with the viral capsid, a structure that is fundamental for the virus to establish an infection. (elifesciences.org)
  • To further expand the tropism and thus potential applications of AAV vectors, we utilized an alternative approach that employs chemical modifications to covalently link small molecules to reactive exposed Lysine residues of AAV capsids. (nature.com)
  • The outside and inside of capsids have been modified to attach functional molecules, such as quantum dots. (lu.se)
  • X-ray crystallographic structure of the Norwalk virus capsid. (expasy.org)
  • Norwalk virus is a small virus that consists of a single strand of RNA , which comprises the genetic material of the virus, surrounded by multiple copies of a single protein assembled into a protective coat that is called the capsid. (bcm.edu)
  • A protein shell called a capsid protects the virus during this journey. (elifesciences.org)
  • The capsid not only protects the genetic material of the virus, but also helps in host-virus recognition, which is the critical initial step for viral infection. (utep.edu)
  • The capsid protects the core but also helps the virus infect new cells. (biology4kids.com)
  • In this project we wil rebuild one of these amazing protein assemblies, spherical virus capsids, to function as nanoscale chemical reactors and containers for gene delivery of proteins into human cel s. (lu.se)
  • abstract = "ELP-CP, a structural fusion protein of the thermally responsive elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) and a viral capsid protein (CP), was designed, and its assembly properties were investigated. (psu.edu)
  • This revealed that capsids differ widely in their stability. (elifesciences.org)
  • These observations reconcile seemingly contradictory observations made by different research groups about how this drug affects the stability of the capsid. (elifesciences.org)
  • Mutagenesis studies confirm that hydrophobic residues in the centre of the three-helix bundle are crucial for capsid assembly and stability, and for viral infectivity. (nature.com)
  • Finally, we use a eukaryotic cell-free system to reveal how CAMs modulate capsid-RNA interactions and capsid phosphorylation. (pasteur.fr)
  • A very common motif among viral capsid proteins is called the single jelly roll , made up of eight beta strands in two four-stranded sheets. (virology.ws)
  • In most cases, the virus's genetic material, DNA, is enclosed within a protective protein shell called a capsid. (lu.se)
  • A research group at Lund University is working to understand the process by which the virus ejects its genetic material from the capsid and into cells and what causes the virus's DNA to be released. (lu.se)
  • It was found that M protein in the form of VLPs was only secreted from cells, with an efficiency comparable to authentic virus budding, when M protein was coexpressed with one of the two glycoproteins, HN or F, together with the nucleocapsid (NP) protein. (nih.gov)
  • Detection of norovirus capsid protein in authentic standards and in stool extracts by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and nanospray mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
  • Profile antibody responses against the most important wild type AAV capsid proteins with the PEPperCHIP ® Pan-AAV Capsid Protein Microarray. (pepperprint.com)
  • Antibody fingerprinting workflow using the PEPperCHIP® Pan-AAV Capsid Protein Microarray. (pepperprint.com)
  • Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a tubular HIV-1 capsid-protein assembly at 8 Å resolution and the three-dimensional structure of a native HIV-1 core by cryo-electron tomography. (nature.com)
  • The envelope is made of lipids and proteins in the way a regular cell membrane is structured. (biology4kids.com)
  • 2019) HER3-targeted protein chimera forms endosomolytic capsomeres and self-assembles into stealth nucleocapsids for systemic tumor homing of RNA interference in vivo. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • The individual protein subunit of the virus capsid and formed in repetitive sequence. (innvista.com)
  • The core proteins of alphaviruses (think Semliki Forest virus) has structural similarity with chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. (virology.ws)
  • We found that gp21 and the herpesvirus proteases have similarity with proteins forming the tubes of phage tails and bacterial type VI secretion systems, suggesting their common evolutionary origin. (rcsb.org)
  • This capsid restriction by TRIM5 is one of the factors which restricts HIV-1 to the human species (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)
  • Interestingly, two types of hexameric protein arrangements were observed for each virus type. (elsevierpure.com)
  • also found that a small molecule drug called PF74 causes the capsid to crack open rapidly, but the remaining shell is then stabilized against further disassembly. (elifesciences.org)
  • CroV is covered by a protein shell (capsid) comprised of major capsid proteins (MCP) and minor capsid proteins (mCP). (utep.edu)
  • Though subtle, the different colors represent different regions of the organism's outer protein shell, or capsid. (cdc.gov)
  • The localization pattern of capsid expression was analyzed by immunofluorescent assay in HeLa, 293-T, RD, or SH-SY5Y cells by using anti-His tag antibody as described ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Profile antibody responses against 15 AAV capsid proteins in one single assay. (pepperprint.com)
  • Capsid gene delivery into the striatum of mouse brain or interskeletal muscle resulted in cell death and inflammation, likely through capsid-induced apoptosis in vivo. (cdc.gov)
  • We report that the WNV-capsid (Cp) by itself induces rapid nuclear condensation and cell death in tissue culture. (cdc.gov)
  • For a caspase-9-specific test, 5 μg of pcWNV-Cp-DJY or pcWNV-CpWT was cotransfected with a dominant negative caspase-9 (DN caspase-9) construct, and cleavage of procaspase-9 protein was determined by Western blot analysis with antihuman caspase-9 antibody (MBL, Nagoya, Japan). (cdc.gov)
  • Monitor antibody responses to AAV capsid proteins. (pepperprint.com)
  • The viral core protein retains protease activity, needed for cleavage from a protein precursor. (virology.ws)